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Sodiumbicarbonate
Names
IUPACnameSodiumhydrogencarbonate
OthernamesBakingsoda,bicarbonateofsoda,nahcolite
IdentifiersCASNumber 144558
BeilsteinReference
4153970
ChEBI CHEBI:32139
ChEMBL ChEMBL1353
ChemSpider 8609
DrugBank DB01390
ECNumber 2056338IUPHAR/BPS 4507
Jmolinteractive3D
Image(http://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BNa%2B%5D.OC%28%5BO%5D%29%3DO)
KEGG C12603
MeSH Sodium+bicarbonate
SodiumbicarbonateFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Sodiumbicarbonate[note1](IUPACname:sodiumhydrogencarbonate)isachemicalcompoundwiththeformulaNaHCO3.Itisasaltcomposedofsodiumionsandbicarbonateions.Sodiumbicarbonateisawhitesolidthatiscrystallinebutoftenappearsasafinepowder.Ithasaslightlysalty,alkalinetasteresemblingthatofwashingsoda(sodiumcarbonate).Thenaturalmineralformisnahcolite.Itisacomponentofthemineralnatronandisfounddissolvedinmanymineralsprings.ItisamongthefoodadditivesencodedbyEuropeanUnion,identifiedasE500.Sinceithaslongbeenknownandiswidelyused,thesalthasmanyrelatednamessuchasbakingsoda,breadsoda,cookingsoda,andbicarbonateofsoda.[note2]Thewordsaleratus,fromLatinsalratusmeaning"aeratedsalt",waswidelyusedinthe19thcenturyforbothsodiumbicarbonateandpotassiumbicarbonate.
Contents
1 History
2 Production
3 Mining
4 Chemistry
4.1 Thermaldecomposition
5 Applications
5.1 Pestcontrol
5.2 Paintandcorrosionremoval
5.3 pHbalancer
5.4 Milddisinfectant
5.5 Fireextinguisher
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PubChem 516892
RTECSnumber
VZ0950000
UNII 8MDF5V39QO
PropertiesChemicalformula
NaHCO3
Molarmass 84.0066gmol1
Appearance Whitecrystals
Odor odorless
Density 2.20g/cm3[1]
Meltingpoint 50C(122F323K)(decomposestosodiumcarbonate)
Solubilityinwater
9g/100mL
69g/L(0C)[2]
96g/L(20C)[3]
165g/L(60C)[3]
236g/L(100C)[2]
Solubility 0.02%wtacetone,2.13%wtmethanol
@22C.[4]insolubleinethanol
logP 0.82
Acidity(pKa) 10.329[5]
6.351(carbonicacid)[5]
Refractiveindex(nD)
1.3344
StructureCrystalstructure
monoclinic
ThermochemistrySpecificheatcapacity(C)
87.61J/molK
Stdmolarentropy(So298)
102J/molK
Stdenthalpyof
947.7kJ/mol
5.5 Fireextinguisher
5.6 Cooking
5.6.1 Withacids
5.6.2 Byheating
5.7 Neutralisationofacidsandbases
5.8 Medicaluses
5.9 Personalhygiene
5.10 Insports
5.11 Asacleaningagent
5.12 Asabiopesticide
5.13 Cattlefeedsupplements
6 Inpopularculture
6.1 Film
7 Differencebetweenbakingsodaandbakingpowder
8 Seealso
9 Notes
10 References
11 Furtherreading
12 Externallinks
History
TheancientEgyptiansusednaturaldepositsofnatron,amixtureconsistingmostlyofsodiumcarbonatedecahydrate,andsodiumbicarbonate.Thenatronwasgroundup,solvated,andusedaspaintforhieroglyphics.
InChI
SMILES
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formation(fHo298)
Gibbsfreeenergy(fG)
851.9kJ/mol
Pharmacology
ATCcode B05CB04(http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=B05CB04)B05XA02,QG04BQ01
Routesofadministration
Intravenous,oral
Hazards
Mainhazards Causesseriouseyeirritation
Safetydatasheet
ExternalMSDS(http://siri.org/msds/f2/bdm/bdmjw.html)
NFPA704
Flashpoint incombustible
Lethaldoseorconcentration(LD,LC):
LD50(Mediandose)
4220mg/kg(rat,oral)[6]
RelatedcompoundsOtheranions SodiumcarbonateOthercations Ammoniumbicarbonate
Potassiumbicarbonate
Relatedcompounds
Sodiumbisulfate
Sodiumhydrogenphosphate
Exceptwhereotherwisenoted,dataaregivenformaterialsintheirstandardstate(at25C[77F],100kPa).
verify(whatis ?)
Infoboxreferences
In1791,aFrenchchemist,NicolasLeblanc,producedsodiumcarbonate,alsoknownassodaash.In1846,twoNewYorkbakers,JohnDwightandAustinChurch,establishedthefirstfactorytodevelopbakingsodafromsodiumcarbonateandcarbondioxide.[7]
Thiscompound,referredtoassaleratus,ismentionedinthenovelCaptainsCourageousbyRudyardKiplingasbeingusedextensivelyinthe1800sincommercialfishingtopreventfreshlycaughtfishfromspoiling.[8]
Production
NaHCO3ismainlypreparedbytheSolvayprocess,whichisthereactionofsodiumchloride,ammonia,andcarbondioxideinwater.CalciumcarbonateisusedasthesourceofCO2andtheresultantcalciumoxideisusedtorecovertheammoniafromtheammoniumchloride.Theproductshowsalowpurity(75%).Pureproductisobtainedfromsodiumcarbonate,water,andcarbondioxideasreportedinoneofthefollowingreactions.Itisproducedonthescaleofabout100,000tonnes/year(asof2001).[9]
NaHCO3maybeobtainedbythereactionofcarbondioxidewithanaqueoussolutionofsodiumhydroxide.Theinitialreactionproducessodiumcarbonate:
CO2+2NaOHNa2CO3+H2O
Furtheradditionofcarbondioxideproducessodiumbicarbonate,whichatsufficientlyhighconcentrationwillprecipitateoutofsolution:
Na2CO3+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3
Commercialquantitiesofbakingsodaarealsoproducedbyasimilarmethod:sodaash,minedintheformoftheoretrona,isdissolvedinwaterandtreatedwithcarbondioxide.Sodiumbicarbonateprecipitatesasasolidfromthismethod:
Na2CO3+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3
00 1
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Mining
Naturallyoccurringdepositsofnahcolite(NaHCO3)arefoundintheEoceneage(55.833.9Mya)GreenRiverFormation,PiceanceBasininColorado.Nahcolitewasdepositedasbedsduringperiodsofhighevaporationinthebasin.Itiscommerciallyminedusinginsituleachtechniquesinvolvingdissolutionofthenahcolitebyheatedwaterpumpedthroughthenahcolitebedsandreconstitutedthroughanaturalcoolingcrystallisationprocess.
Chemistry
Sodiumbicarbonateisanamphotericcompound.Aqueoussolutionsaremildlyalkalineduetotheformationofcarbonicacidandhydroxideion:
HCO3+H2OH2CO3+OH
Sodiumbicarbonatecanbeusedasawashtoremoveanyacidicimpuritiesfroma"crude"liquid,producingapurersample.Reactionofsodiumbicarbonateandanacidproduceasaltandcarbonicacid,whichreadilydecomposestocarbondioxideandwater:
NaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2CO3H2CO3H2O+CO2(g)
Sodiumbicarbonatereactswithaceticacid(foundinvinegar),producingsodiumacetate,water,andcarbondioxide:
NaHCO3+CH3COOHCH3COONa+H2O+CO2(g)
Sodiumbicarbonatereactswithbasessuchassodiumhydroxidetoformcarbonates:
NaHCO3+NaOHNa2CO3+H2O
Sodiumbicarbonatereactswithcarboxylgroupsinproteinstogiveabriskeffervescencefromthe
formationofCO2.Thisreactionisusedtotestforthepresenceofcarboxylicgroupsinprotein.
Thermaldecomposition
Above50C,sodiumbicarbonategraduallydecomposesintosodiumcarbonate,waterandcarbondioxide.Theconversionisfastat200C:[10]
2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2
Mostbicarbonatesundergothisdehydrationreaction.Furtherheatingconvertsthecarbonateintotheoxide(atover850C):[10]
Na2CO3Na2O+CO2
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TheseconversionsarerelevanttotheuseofNaHCO3asafiresuppressionagent("BCpowder")insomedrypowderfireextinguishers.
Applications
Sodiumbicarbonatehasawidevarietyofuses.
Pestcontrol
Usedtokillcockroaches.Onceconsumed,itcausesinternalorgansofcockroachestoburstduetogascollection.[11]
Paintandcorrosionremoval
Sodiumbicarbonateisusedinaprocessforremovingpaintandcorrosioncalledsodablastingtheprocessisparticularlysuitableforcleaningaluminiumpanelswhichcanbedistortedbyothertypesofabrasive.
pHbalancer
Itcanbeadministeredtopools,spas,andgardenpondstoraisepHlevels.[12]
Milddisinfectant
Ithasweakdisinfectantproperties,[13][14]anditmaybeaneffectivefungicideagainstsomeorganisms.[15]Becausebakingsodawillabsorbmustysmells,ithasbecomeareliablemethodforusedbooksellerswhenmakingbookslessmalodorous.[16]
Fireextinguisher
Sodiumbicarbonatecanbeusedtoextinguishsmallgreaseorelectricalfiresbybeingthrownoverthefire,asheatingofsodiumbicarbonatereleasescarbondioxide.[17]However,itshouldnotbeappliedtofiresindeepfryersthesuddenreleaseofgasmaycausethegreasetosplatter.[17]SodiumbicarbonateisusedinBCdrychemicalfireextinguishersasanalternativetothemorecorrosiveammoniumphosphateinABCextinguishers.Thealkalinenatureofsodiumbicarbonatemakesittheonlydrychemicalagent,besidesPurpleK,thatwasusedinlargescalefiresuppressionsystemsinstalledincommercialkitchens.Becauseitcanactasanalkali,theagenthasamildsaponificationeffectonhotgrease,whichformsasmothering,soapyfoam.
Cooking
Withacids
Sodiumbicarbonate,referredtoas"bakingsoda",isprimarilyusedinbaking,asaleaveningagent.Itreactswithacidiccomponentsinbatters,releasingcarbondioxide,whichcausesexpansionofthebatterandformsthecharacteristictextureandgraininpancakes,cakes,quickbreads,sodabread,andotherbakedandfried
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foods.Acidiccompoundsthatinducethisreactionincludephosphates,creamoftartar,lemonjuice,yogurt,buttermilk,cocoaandvinegar.Naturalacidsinsourdoughcanbeleavenedwiththeadditionofsmallamountsaswell.[18]Sodiumbicarbonatecanbesubstitutedforbakingpowderprovidedsufficientacidreagentisalsoaddedtotherecipe.[19]Manyformsofbakingpowdercontainsodiumbicarbonatecombinedwithcalciumacidphosphate,sodiumaluminiumphosphate[20]orcreamoftartar.
Sodiumbicarbonatewassometimesusedincookingvegetables,tomakethemsofter,althoughthishasgoneoutoffashion,asmostpeoplenowpreferfirmervegetables.However,itisstillusedinAsianandLatinAmericancuisinetotenderisemeats.Bakingsodamayreactwithacidsinfood,includingvitaminC(Lascorbicacid).Itisalsousedinbreadingsuchasforfriedfoodstoenhancecrispnessandallowpassagesforsteamtoescape,sothebreadingisnotblownoffduringcooking.
Byheating
Heatcausessodiumbicarbonatetoactasaraisingagentbyreleasingcarbondioxidewhenusedinbaking.Thecarbondioxideproductionstartsattemperaturesabove80C.Sincethereactionoccursslowlyatroomtemperature,mixtures(cakebatter,etc.)canbeallowedtostandwithoutrisinguntiltheyareheatedintheoven.
2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2
Neutralisationofacidsandbases
Sodiumbicarbonateisamphoteric,reactingwithacidsandbases.Itreactsviolentlywithacids,releasingCO2gasasareactionproduct.However,sodiumbicarbonateisnotrecommendedforthecleanupofacidspills.Theheatproducedincreasesthereactivityoftheacid,andthelargeamountofcarbondioxideproducedmayincreasetheareaofthespill.
Awidevarietyofapplicationsfollowsfromitsneutralisationproperties,includingreducingthespreadofwhitephosphorusfromincendiarybulletsinsideanafflictedsoldier'swounds.[21]
Medicaluses
Sodiumbicarbonatemixedwithwatercanbeusedasanantacidtotreatacidindigestionandheartburn.[22]
Intravenoussodiumbicarbonateisanaqueoussolutionthatissometimesusedforcasesofacidosis,orwheninsufficientsodiumorbicarbonateionsareintheblood.[23]Incasesofrespiratoryacidosis,theinfusedbicarbonateiondrivesthecarbonicacid/bicarbonatebufferofplasmatotheleftand,thus,raisesthepH.Itisforthisreasonthatsodiumbicarbonateisusedinmedicallysupervisedcardiopulmonaryresuscitation.InfusionofbicarbonateisindicatedonlywhenthebloodpHismarkedly(
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treatmentoftricyclicantidepressantoverdose.[27]Itcanalsobeappliedtopicallyasapaste,withthreepartsbakingsodatoonepartwater,torelievesomekindsofinsectbitesandstings(aswellasaccompanyingswelling).[28]
Adversereactionstotheadministrationofsodiumbicarbonatecanincludemetabolicalkalosis,edemaduetosodiumoverload,congestiveheartfailure,hyperosmolarsyndrome,hypervolemichypernatremia,andhypertensionduetoincreasedsodium.Inpatientsconsumingahighcalciumordairyrichdiet,calciumsupplements,orcalciumcontainingantacidssuchascalciumcarbonate(e.g.,Tums),theuseofsodiumbicarbonatecancausemilkalkalisyndrome,whichcanresultinmetastaticcalcification,kidneystones,andkidneyfailure.
Sodiumbicarbonatecanbeusedtotreatanallergicreactiontoplantssuchaspoisonivy,poisonoak,orpoisonsumactorelievesomeoftheassociateditching.[29]
Bicarbonateofsodacanalsobeusefulinremovingsplintersfromtheskin.[30]
Somealternativepractitioners,suchasTullioSimoncini,havepromotedbakingsodaasacancercure,whichtheAmericanCancerSocietyhaswarnedagainstduetobothitsunproveneffectivenessandpotentialdangerinuse.[31]
Sodiumbicarbonatecanbeaddedtolocalanaesthetics,tospeeduptheonsetoftheireffectsandmaketheirinjectionlesspainful.[32]ItisalsoacomponentofMoffett'ssolution,usedinnasalsurgery.
Personalhygiene
Toothpastecontainingsodiumbicarbonatehasinseveralstudiesbeenshowntohaveabetterwhitening[33][33][34][35]andplaqueremovaleffect[36][37]thantoothpasteswithoutit.
Sodiumbicarbonateisalsousedasaningredientinsomemouthwashes.Ithasanticariesandabrasiveproperties.[38]Itworksasamechanicalcleanserontheteethandgums,neutralisestheproductionofacidinthemouth,andalsoactsasanantiseptictohelppreventinfections.[39][40]
Sodiumbicarbonateincombinationwithotheringredientscanbeusedtomakeadryorwetdeodorant.[41][42]Itmayalsobeusedasashampoo.[43]
Sodiumbicarbonatemaybeusedasabufferingagent,combinedwithtablesalt,whencreatingasolutionfornasalirrigation.[44]
Itisusedineyehygienetotreatblepharitis.Thisisdonebyadditionofatablespoonofsodiumbicarbonatetocoolwaterthatwasrecentlyboiled,followedbygentlescrubbingoftheeyelashbasewithacottonswabdippedinthesolution.[45]
Insports
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Smallamountsofsodiumbicarbonatehavebeenshowntobeusefulasasupplementforathletesinspeedbasedevents,suchasmiddledistancerunning,lastingfromaboutonetosevenminutes.[46][47]However,overdoseisaseriousriskbecausesodiumbicarbonateisslightlytoxic[48]andgastrointestinalirritationisofparticularconcern.[47]Additionally,thispracticecausesasignificantincreaseindietarysodium.
Asacleaningagent
Apastefrombakingsodacanbeveryeffectivewhenusedincleaningandscrubbing.[49]Forcleaningaluminiumobjects,theuseofsodiumbicarbonateisdiscouragedasitattacksthethinunreactiveprotectiveoxidelayerofthisotherwiseveryreactivemetal.Asolutioninwarmwaterwillremovethetarnishfromsilverwhenthesilverisincontactwithapieceofaluminiumfoil.[50][51]Apasteofsodiumbicarbonateandwaterisusefulinremovingsurfacerustastherustformsawatersolublecompoundwheninaconcentratedalkalinesolution.[52]Coldwatershouldbeused,ashotwatersolutionscancorrodesteel.[53]
Bakingsodaiscommonlyaddedtowashingmachinesasareplacementforsoftenerandtoremoveodorsfromclothes.Sodiumbicarbonateisalsoeffectiveinremovingheavyteaandcoffeestainsfromcupswhendilutedwithwarmwater.
DuringtheManhattanProjecttodeveloptheatomicbombintheearly1940s,manyscientistsinvestigatedthetoxicpropertiesofuranium.Theyfoundthaturaniumoxidesstickverywelltocottoncloth,butdidnotwashoutwithsoaporlaundrydetergent.Theuraniumwouldwashoutwitha2%solutionofsodiumbicarbonate(bakingsoda).Clothingcanbecomecontaminatedwithdepleteduranium(DU)dust,andthennormallaunderingwillnotremoveit.ThoseatriskofDUdustexposureshouldhavetheirclothingwashedwithabout6ounces(170g)ofbakingsodain2gallons(7.5l)ofwater).[54]
Asabiopesticide
Sodiumbicarbonatecanbeaneffectivewayofcontrollingfungalgrowth,[55]andintheUnitedStatesisregisteredbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyasabiopesticide.[56]
Cattlefeedsupplements
Sodiumbicarbonateissoldasacattlefeedsupplement,inparticularasabufferingagentfortherumen.[57]
Inpopularculture
Film
Sodiumbicarbonate,as'bicarbonateofsoda',wasafrequentsourceofpunchlinesforGrouchoMarxinMarxbrothersmovies.InDuckSoup,Marxplaystheleaderofanationatwar.Inonescene,hereceivesamessagefromthebattlefieldthathisgeneralisreportingagasattack,andGrouchotellshisaide,"Tellhimtotakeateaspoonfulofbicarbonateofsodaandahalfaglassofwater."[58]InANightattheOpera,Groucho'scharacteraddressestheopeningnightcrowdatanoperabysayingoftheleadtenor,"Signor
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Lassparricomesfromaveryfamousfamily.Hismotherwasawellknownbasssinger.Hisfatherwasthefirstmantostuffspaghettiwithbicarbonateofsoda,thuscausingandcuringindigestionatthesametime."[59]
Differencebetweenbakingsodaandbakingpowder
Quitesimply,bakingpowdercontainsbakingsoda,aswellasapowderedacidandcornstarch.Inscientificterms,bakingsodaisapuresubstancebakingpowderisamixture.
Bakingsodaisalkaline,soacidisusedinbakingpowdertoavoidametallictastewhenthechemicalchangeduringbakingcreatessodiumcarbonate.However,toavoidtheoverflavouringofacidictaste,nonacidingredientssuchaswholemilkorDutchprocessedcocoamustbeadded.[60]
Seealso
CarbonicacidSodabreadListofineffectivecancertreatmentsListofmineralsNahcoliteNatronNatrona(disambiguation)TronaWashingsoda
Notes1. Theprefix"bi"in"bicarbonate"comesfromanoutdatednamingsystemandisbasedontheobservationthat
thereistwotimesasmuchcarbonate(CO3)insodiumbicarbonate(NaHCO3)andotherbicarbonatesasinsodiumcarbonate(Na2CO3)andothercarbonates.
2. Incolloquialusage,thenamessodiumbicarbonateandbicarbonateofsodaareoftentruncated.Formssuchassodiumbicarb,bicarbsoda,bicarbonate,bicarb,orevenbicaarecommon.
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40. Zamani,MSharifiTehrani,AAliAbadi,AA(2007)."Evaluationofantifungalactivityofcarbonateandbicarbonatesaltsaloneorincombinationwithbiocontrolagentsincontrolofcitrusgreenmold".Communicationsinagriculturalandappliedbiologicalsciences72(4):7737.PMID18396809.
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19).Retrievedon20100924.49. "Arm&HammerBakingSodaBasicsTheMagicOfArm&HammerBakingSoda".Armhammer.com.
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Furtherreading
Bishop,DEdge,JDavis,CGoodman,C(May2004)."Inducedmetabolicalkalosisaffectsmusclemetabolismandrepeatedsprintability".Medicineandscienceinsportsandexercise36(5):80713.doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000126392.20025.17.ISSN01959131.PMID15126714.DavidR.Lide,ed.(2003).CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics(84thed.).BocaRaton,FL:
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