Post on 18-Jan-2017
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual
Socioeconomic Baseline and Areas for Measuring
REDD+ Impacts
By Arnela Maússe
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual03-12-2015
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual
MethodologyCriteria used for site selection included: - Existence of conservation area;- Size of population or density of households;- Existing land use and management regimes;- Frequency of burning; and- Existence or not of DUATS.
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual
Methodology – 16 districts selected
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual
Methodology• The methodology adopted combined both
quantitative and qualitative methods.• A sample of 1,196 households (Manica – 399, Sofala
– 398 and Zambezia-400) was defined for data collection through a Household questionnaire survey.
• Qualitative data collection was done through:- Semi-structured interviews with key informants
(government, community leaders, private sector, NGOs) totalling 30 in Manica, 26 in Zambezia and 15 in Sofala; and
- 36 Focal Group discussions involving 388 respondents from the three provinces.
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual
Methodology – Data Analysis Quantitative data analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical package and qualitative data based on the triangulation method.
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
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Study Results
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual
Household structure • The studied households have a mean of 7 people
(Manica -6, Sofala -7, Zambezia -7);• The households are predominantly headed by men at
81.6% and only 18.4% represent those headed by women;
• 48.4% of household heads can read and write and the majority (52%) didn’t complete primary school level (70.3% - men and 29.7% women);
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual
Main Economic Activities
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual
Main Economic Activities with effects on deforestation - Agriculture (shifting cultivation by smallholders,
cash crop cultivation by smallholder);- Charcoal production;- Timber harvesting;- Beekeeping; and - Mining.
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual
Agriculture (Shifting cultivation)
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
Terceiro Encontro Anual
Agriculture (Shifting cultivation)
Number of Years using the same farm Reasons for shifting cultivation
<5 years
5-10 Years
10-15 Years
15-20 Years
>20 Years
Use the same
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% 45.0%
Zambébia Sofala Manica
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
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Involvement of households on cash crops cultivation
Expansion of farms extension for cash crop cultivation
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Fuelwood (firewood and charcoal)
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Fuelwood (firewood and charcoal)
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Fuelwood (charcoal and firewood)
None efficient traditional kilns Unsustainable practices (cutting trees and burning)
Firewood is mostly used in rural areas. Production of charcoal is currently an important economic activity; huge quantities are being produced to suppy urban areas, which are the main charcoal consumers.
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Timber harvesting
• Simple licence regime;• Forest concession regime;
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Isilda Nhantumbo17/6/2014
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Timber harvesting
Each simple exploration licence covers up to 10.000 hectares while concession licences cover up to 100.000 hectares
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
12 12 14 12 16 18 23 21 19
40
69
121
53 5870 75
61
8 10 14 14 1933
50 4941
159
144
10491
99 9885
131
147
0 0 3 4 4 4 8 10 9
2938
47 46 44 45
74
10295
Number of Forest Exploretion over Time (2005-2013)
Sofala (Forest Con-cession)
Sofala (Simple Licence)
Zambezia (Forest Concession)
Zambezia (Simple Licence)
Manica (Forest Con-cession)
Manica (Simple Licence)
Years
Num
ber o
f For
est E
xplo
retio
n
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Timber harvesting
The potential within each exploration area varies according to several factors: area acessibility; use of forestry management plan; pressure from other land uses such as commercial agriculture; and presence of communities within the forestry exploration area.
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Mining • Mining activities involve about 9% of the population in
the study area;• Although mining has been understood to be a male-
dominated activity due to nomadism associated with it; few women are involved mainly in Sofala Province where lime is extracted and used to paint walls of houses (Table 1: Women involvement in mining)
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Mining
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Community perceptions about their role in deforestation
• The struggle for survival and sustenance in a context that there is low access to sustainable production technologies, is the main reason for practices that lead to D&D.
• Therefore, there are many activities that are being implemented to minimize deforestation and forestry degradation, but the way that these are being promoted are not strong enough to motivate people to abandon the traditional/unsustainable practices.
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Community perceptions about what needs to be done to
minimize D&D
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Potential areas and models for REDD+ investments
• Shifting cultivation, unsustainable timber harvesting, unsustainable charcoal production, unsustainable exploration of NTFPs and mining are the important drivers of D&D that need to be looked at;
• Technological solutions and institutional arrangements to promote the sustainability of these economic activities, enough to ensure sustainable livelihoods as well as the conservation of biodiversity (Is important to look to value and marketing chain);
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Potential areas and models for REDD+ investments
• Due to the multiple causes of D&D, it is fundamental to have models that accommodate all technological solutions for each deforestation driver, it means integrated solutions; and
• The temporal and spatial scale of implementation of the technological solutions for emissions reductions should be robust enough to reduce leakages, facilitate measurement of impacts in different agro ecological zones and promote adoption of both adaptation and mitigation technologies.
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Indicators for measuring impacts of REDD+
• Frequency of fires and area burnt reduces;• Land is cultivated for longer;• Yields rise as a result of conservation agriculture and agroforestry;• Soil fertility improves; and • CA and Agroforestry systems are storing more
carbon (in the soil and above ground biomass) than shifting cultivation areas;
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Indicators for measuring impacts of REDD+
• Wood is converted to charcoal more efficiently, resulting in more carbon being kept in standing trees;The number of short term logging operators who transform to taking on long term forest concessions rises;• Employment rises and tax revenues (from exported timber, from VAT on domestic consumed products, and from income) increase.
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