Post on 15-Jul-2015
SOAPS
What is a soap?
Introduction
Preparation of soaps
Difference between soaps and detergents
Cleansing action
Soaps And Detergents are used for washing. It dissolves dirt, but some dirt will not dissolve in water. Soaps and detergents help water to remove dirt.
INTRODUCTION
Soap is a sodium salt or Potassium salt of long chain fatty acids that has cleansing action in water.
WHAT IS A SOAP?
SOAPS
They are metal salts of long
chain higher fatty acids.
These are prepared from
vegetable oils and animal
fats.
They cannot be used
effectively in hard water as
they produce scum i.e.,
insoluble precipitates of
Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ etc.
DETERGENTS
These are sodium salts of
long chain hydrocarbons like
alkyl sulphates or alkyl
benzene sulphonates.
They are prepared from
hydrocarbons of petroleum
or coal.
These do not produce
insoluble precipitates in hard
water. They are effective in
soft, hard or salt water.
Differences between soaps and
detergents
DETERGENTS
Properties of Detergents
What are detergents?
Cleansing action of detergents
Advantages
Disadvantages
We use detergents every day, in one form or another. Like
plastics and alkanols, most detergents are made from
petroleum products.TOOTHPASTE
SHAMPOO
SOAP BODY LOTION FACE
CLEANING
LOTION
WASHING
POWDER
DISH-WASHING
LIQUID
CAR WASH
WHAT ARE DETERGENTS?
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning
properties in dilute solutions. These substances are usually
alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to
soap but are more soluble in hard water.
1. As a wetting agentA detergent reduces the surface tension of water. As a result of this,
water spreads over the surface and wets it more easily. A detergent
thus acts as a wetting agent.
tap waterdetergent
solution
A detergent increases the wetting power of water. Tap water does not wet
this piece of cloth easily, but a detergent solution does.
PROPERTIES OF DETERGENTS
Oil and water do not mix. An oil-water emulsion is unstable. On
standing, the tiny oil droplets rapidly join together and grow
larger to form a separate oily layer again.
2. As an emulsifying agent
An oil-water emulsion is stabilized by a
detergent.
CLEANSING ACTION OF DETERGENTSDETERGENTS are cleansing agents. They work by reducing the surface
tension of water, enabling it to wet things more effectively, and by
emulsifying grease.
Since detergents are the salts of strong acids they
do not decompose in acidic medium. Thus detergents
can effectively clean fabric even if the water is acidic.
Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water than
soaps.
They have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
As detergents are derived from petroleum they save
on natural vegetable oils, which are important as
essential cooking medium
ADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Many detergents are resistant to the action of biological agents and thus are not biodegradable. Their elimination from municipal wastewaters by the usual treatments is a problem.
They have a tendency to produce stable foams in rivers that extend over several hundred meters of the river water. This is due to the effects of surfactants used in their preparation. Thus they pose a danger to aquatic life.
They tend to inhibit oxidation of organic substances present in wastewaters because they form a sort of envelope around them.
DISADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
SOAPLESS SOAP
How is it different from normal soap?
What is a soapless soap?
How is it made?
Advantages
Disadvantages
SOAP-LESS SOAP
"Soap-less soaps" are generally
referred to as non-soap cleansers.
Soap-less soaps refers to a soap
free liquid cleanser with a slightly
acidic pH .
They come in liquid and powder
forms, and are used to clean and
disinfect objects and surfaces, as
well as clothing and skin.
HOW IS IT MADE?
Soapless soap is made from the aromatic
hydrocarbons found in crude oil.
These hydrocarbons are mixed with acid with a high
sulfuric content and then the solution is neutralized
and stabilized with sodium hydroxide to make it
functioning and usable.
When combined with water, soapless soap becomes
a cleaning agent, capable of dissolving grease,
disinfecting and removing particles from the surface
it is cleaning.
How is soap-less soap different from a normal
soap??
In true soap, a fat or an oil (often derived from animal
products) is combined with an alkali (like salt) to create a
chemical reaction. The soap breaks the surface tension of
water and helps bind dirt and grim to that water so you can
wash clean.
A non-soap cleanser performs the same cleaning function
but with a synthetic, chemically generated reaction rather
than the natural reaction of true soap. Non-soap cleansers
are often recommended for people with dry skin or certain
skin conditions.
ADVANTAGES
They are formulated not to leave soap scum in hard
water.
can be used in hard as well as soft water. They wet
fabrics more quickly and readily than soap.
dissolve freely even in cool water.
DISADVANTAGES
soapless soaps are non-biodegradable, making them more
dangerous to the environment.
soapless soap contain a high pH balance, they can react
poorly with skin causing irritations or allergies.
When biodegradable soapless soaps degrade, they
consume much of the oxygen in the water, which can be
harmful to the surrounding life supported by the water.