Post on 20-Aug-2015
The Top 3 North America Data
Center Trends for Cooling
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Joe Capes Business Development Director for Schneider
Electric's Cooling Line of Business
Speaker
Trending the North American
Application of Data Center Cooling
January 16, 2014
Joe Capes
Director – Cooling Business Development, Americas
joe.capes@schneider-electric.com
Schneider Electric 5
Agenda Top 3 NAM trends for Data Center Cooling today
Economizers – types & options
High Performance Cooling – Where is the industry heading?
Selecting the right Cooling solution for your Data Center
Summary
Schneider Electric 6
Agenda Top 3 NAM trends for Data Center Cooling today
Economizers – types & options
High Performance Cooling – Where is the industry heading?
Selecting the right Cooling solution for your Data Center
Summary
Schneider Electric 7
Data center segmentation has changed from business size to
business purpose
PAM: $15.1B (1)
3% - 4% Growth
PAM: $4.9B (1)
15% - 20% Growth
PAM: $2.0B (1)
7% - 9% Growth
Enterprise Data Center as an
Enabler
Cloud & Colo Data Center as a
Business
HPC Data Center as an
Investment
Server deployments
in Cloud & Colo will
increase by 2.5x by
2020
Cloud & Colo server deployments will represent 43% by 2020; up from 18% in 2011
IDC
(2)
(2)
(1) PAM for Current YoY. Source Tier1 & ITB internal estimates
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Cooling represents ~half of the total energy consumed in the Data Center
33% of the total energy consumption is related to the
chillers
Datacenter energy impact: OPEX
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Market Trends
Standards
Regulations
Consolidation
F-Gas
Restriction
ASHRAE TC9.9 Broadening operating ranges
ASHRAE SPC90.1 requires economizers and minimum PUE
- ASHRAE SPC90.4 coming 20XX
AHRI Datacom section
US Department of Energy efficiency mandates
EU code of conduct compliance, MEPS, CCC & others
Segment forecasted to grow at 15-20% YOY
Best served by large capacity units (CRACs and Air Handlers)
Server deployments to increase by 2.5x by 2020
Application needs better performance, low installed cost and faster deployment
SMDC opportunities declining as compute is outsourced or moved off-site
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Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas restrictions are requiring phase-out of all
of the F-Gas refrigerants by 2020
Modules Modular datacenter design becoming more mainstream with a lot of
focus on quick deployment
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ASHRAE 90.1 Climate Zone Economizer Requirement Map
No requirement
Data Centers >19kW
Data Centers >40kW
Basically, if you’re blue, economizer use is mandated!
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Paradigm Shift: Economizer to Become
PRIMARY Mode of Operation
OLD: Use economizer as a supplemental mode
NEW: Use economizer as the primary mode
Reduce/eliminate the use of a compressor system
and move toward a highly efficient Data Center
Cooling system
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Agenda Top 3 NAM trends for Data Center Cooling today
Economizers – types & options
High Performance Cooling – Where is the industry heading?
Selecting the right Cooling solution for your Data Center
Summary
Schneider Electric 13
An Overview of the Economizer Mode
Operating in
economizer
mode saves
energy
It is often a
requirement to
meet efficiency
targets
“Economizer is a mode of operation,
not an object”
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Purpose and Function of Economizer
Modes
The system must do less work to cool the data center
• Cooling systems’ efficiency have improved
For greater efficiency gains
• The development of economizer modes
Bypass compressor
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Factors that Impact Economizer Mode
Operation
Geographic location
Cooling system set
points
Separation of hot
and cold air streams
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Impact of Geography / Ambient
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Impact of Cooling Set Points
● ASHRAE (Technical Committee)9.9 sets the
recommended operating limits within the data center.
● In 2008, the limits were widened to allow for raised rack
inlets temperatures.
● This widened envelope allows for efficiency and energy
savings through more hours of economization
ASHRAE TC9.9
2004 Limits
Temp Range: 68-77°F
Humidity Range: 40-55%
2008 Limits
Temp Range: 64.4-80.6°F
Humidity Range: (DP 42°F) –
(60% RH & DP 59°F)
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Impact of Containment
Facilitates higher supply & return air temperatures
COLD-aisle containment HOT-aisle containment
The key benefit of both methods comes from SEPARATION of
cold supply air from hot return air
COLD air free in the room
HOT air free in the room
Cold aisle
Hot aisle
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Let’s focus in on ‘the top 3’
Comparison of Economizer Modes
15 Economizer Types or Modes!!
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Good - A/C bypass using Direct Fresh Air
Key Components
Fans and Louvers
o Draw cold outside air through
filters into the data center
Louvers and Dampers
o Control the hot exhaust air
released to the outdoors and
back into the data center air
supply
Filters
o Filter the supply air
Evaporative assist can be used in this type of economizer mode
Warning: Mixing of outside & inside air can result in particulate contamination
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Better - A/C Bypass via Heat Wheel
Key Components
Fans
o Blows cold outside air through a
rotating heat exchanger
o Separate fans blow heated exhaust
air across the same heat exchanger
Heat Wheel
o Rotating heat exchanger
o Isolates outside air from data center
air
o 100% sensible cooling
Evaporative assist can be used in this type of economizer mode
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Best - A/C Bypass using Air Heat Exchanger
a.k.a. Indirect Evaporative Cooling
Key Components
Fans
o Blows cold outside air over a heat
exchanger
o Separate fans blow heated exhaust
air across the same heat exchanger
Air-to-air Heat Exchanger
o Cools hot data center air and
isolates the air from the outside air
o Eliminates the need for pre-
treatment & filtration
o 100% sensible cooling
Evaporative assist can be used in this type of economizer mode
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Competitive Analysis
1 MW Design Data Center @ 60% Load
System Architecture Partial PUE kW-Hr/Yr Relative Power
Indirect Evaporative Heat Exchange 1.09 466,518 45%
Air Econ w/ Heat Wheel & Evap Assist 1.10 503,999 48%
Fresh Air Econ 1.14 718,159 69%
Water Cooled Chiller w/ Econ 1.14 728,195 70%
Air-Cooled Chiller w/ Econ 1.16 846,039 81%
DX Fluid Cooled CRAC w/ Econ 1.20 1,044,073 100%1) Hot Air Containment 101.5°F Return to A/C
2) Supply Air / Cold Aisle 77°F
3) BIN Weather Data St. Louis, MO
4) Does not reflect humidification losses
5) All systems have fan control proportional to IT load % of design
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Conclusion
In the past, cooling system
economizer modes have not been
seriously considered in most data
centers.
Many economizer options exist with
indirect air heat exchange (w/
evaporative assist) showing best
overall performance and return on
investment.
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Agenda Top 3 NAM trends for Data Center Cooling today
Economizers – types & options
High Performance Cooling – Where is the industry heading?
Selecting the right Cooling solution for your Data Center
Summary
Schneider Electric 26
New Challenge:
Dynamic Power Variation
Past Future
IT load power varies less than 5% with computational load
IT load varies +5% in proportion to computational load
Power and cooling accommodation of IT load changes is manual
Power and cooling automatically adapt based on IT load changes
Both total and individual IT airflow requirements are constant
Total IT airflow changes over time and moves around the data center
Problems like hot spots and overloads are static and can be measured and
modeled with CFD
There is no single state to be modeled. Performance must be
predictable.
To deal with dynamic power variation, use of past design
approaches requires gross over provisioning
Foundational BUSINESS OVERVIEW Rev 1
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Is Liquid Cooling the Answer?
Promise:
• Widespread use of liquid-air & liquid-
liquid HX in gaming PCs, consoles, etc.
• Entry cost is decreasing
• New refrigerants are opening gateways
to the re-application of submersion
technologies
Challenge:
• Implementation is OEM-driven or
requires modification of IT gear that is
substantial
• Entry cost is still far higher than air-
cooling
• ROI is too long for widespread adoption
beyond niche HPC applications
• Some technologies not ‘market ready’
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‘New’ Cooling Technologies:
Technology Summary of our view
Fresh air cooling
Extremely high efficiency in some climates. Climate-
limited application due to humidity issues, and with
danger of particulate contamination to IT gear.
Indirect Air-Air heat
exchanger cooling
Very high efficiency. Can be used in almost any climate.
A general replacement for traditional cooling systems
Thermal storage (water
tanks, phase change)
Cost effective for cases with high swings in time of day
pricing or where value of demand management is high.
Increase in effectiveness of economizers will make
this a niche application
Liquid cooled IT
Becomes practical as cabinet power passes 20kW.
Suitable only for highly homogeneous IT installations.
May become even more common for HPC installations.
Cooling remains an opportunity for significant energy and
water reductions
Foundational BUSINESS OVERVIEW Rev 1
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Update: Established Technologies
Technology Summary of my view
Perimeter Cooling –
CRAH/CRAC (evolving)
In use for decades, but technology languished. Now
updated through use of high efficiency EC fans, EEVs,
higher efficiency compressors and high SHR designs.
Less use of energy-hogging humidification & reheat.
InRow Cooling (evolving)
Now available in multiple forms of heat rejection. Proven
for use in mid to high density applications. New
economizer solutions. ROI of 3 years or less is common
(vs. legacy CRAC/CRAH)
Containment (adoption)
Rapid expansion in the market. A necessity where
optimized use of Economizers is desired. CACS gaining
popularity in existing Data Centers. HACS popular in
new-build, hybrid and Row-based Cooling applications.
Modular Data Centers
(acceptance)
Effective for all applications – now evolving beyond “IT
Containers”. Expect widespread use in the future.
Combinations of these approaches are how data centers
will improve in the future
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Agenda Top 3 NAM trends for Data Center Cooling today
Economizers – types & options
High Performance Cooling – Where is the industry heading?
Selecting the right Cooling solution for your Data Center
Summary
Schneider Electric 31
Schneider Electric Cooling Portfolio
Room
•Uniflair CRAH/CRAC
• InRow Self-Contained
•Room Air Distribution
•Air Removal Units
•Rack Air Distribution
• InRow Chilled Water
• InRow DX
•Pumped Refrigerant
•Thermal Containment
•EcoBreeze
•Chillers
•Heat Rejection
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Financial Comparison (made by =S=)
Data Center Sizes – 60, 120, 480, 1200 kW
Rack Density – 3, 6, 12, 20 kW per Rack (120 CFM/kW)
Raised Floor Air Distribution for Room Cooling – 100 Euro/ m2 ($8/ft2)
o Raised Floor Pricing range from 30 Euro / m2 to 400 Euro / m2($50/ft2)
o Does not consider fire suppression under floor ($4-$10/ft2)
Drop Ceiling for Room Cooling Hot Aisle Containment – 36 Euro / m2
($4/ft2)
o Based on RSMeans Cost Works Data Base – Typical Drop Ceiling
o Does not consider fire suppression in drop ceiling range ($4-$10/ft2)
Active Floor for Room Cooling with CAC and raised floor for high density (12
and 20 kW per rack)
Piping costs based on RSMeans Cost Works Data Base – Steel Piping
Cost of Energy = 0.1 Euro / kWh
EcoStream Analysis Tool used to determine airflow required for each
scenario
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Cooling Product Positioning
Performance & Form Factor
o Capacity, Airflow (cfm), Efficiency, Size, Type, etc.
Financial
o First Cost
o Operating Cost
o 3 Year TCO (Operating + First Cost)
o Day one budget vs. Pay as you grow
Facility Constraints (Existing Data Centers)
o Out of Capacity
o Stranded Capacity
o Out of Space
Qualitative Criteria
o Reliability / Availability
o Flexibility
Regional considerations and tweaks are always expected
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Selection Chart
>25
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Agenda Top 3 NAM trends for Data Center Cooling today
Economizers – types & options
High Performance Cooling – Where is the industry heading?
Selecting the right Cooling solution for your Data Center
Summary
Schneider Electric 36
A Final Word –
Economizers are here to stay – and if you don’t believe it, the U.S.
government is going to make you believe it
Lots of economizer modes to choose from
o Indirect air-to-air heat exchange has distinct advantages vs. other approaches
Selecting the right solution isn’t always easy
o Understand the application
o Know your metrics and your ‘bulls-eye’
o Go beyond first cost – or you will pay the price later
o Focus on efficiency, performance, flexibility, space consumption and total
return on investment
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Resources List
The Different Types of Air Conditioning Equipment for IT Environments Data Center Science Center White Paper 59
Hot-Aisle vs. Cold-Aisle Containment for Data Centers Data Center Science Center White Paper 135
Ultra High-Efficiency Cooling Modules for Large Data Centers Data Center Science Center White Paper 136
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