Post on 22-Dec-2015
Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1Slide 1
Passenger pigeon
Great auk Dodo Dusky seaside sparrow
Aepyornis(Madagascar)
CHAPTER 18: SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY: THE SPECIES APPROACH
HERE ARE SOME ANIMAL SPECIES THAT WERE DRIVEN TO EXTINCTION BY HUMANS BY HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND OVERHUNTING. THE PASSENGER PIGEON IS NOTEWORTHY DUE TO ITS ASSOCIATION WITH GROSS MISCALCULATIONS OF THE MINIMUM VIABLE POPULATION (NUMBER OF SURVIVORS NEEDED TO MAINTAIN THE SPECIES PERMANENTLY) AND HABITAT WHICH LED TO ITS EXTINCTION.
Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2Slide 2
Figure 18-3 (1)Page 450
Grizzly bear(threatened)
Arabian oryx(Middle East)
White top pitcher plant
Kirtland's warbler
African elephant(Africa)
Mojave desert tortoise (threatened)
Swallowtail butterfly
Humpback chub
Golden lion tamarin (Brazil)
Siberian tiger(Siberia)
THREATENED (VULNERABLE) SPECIES ARE STILL ABUNDANT IN THEIR NATURAL RANGES BUT BECAUSE OF DECLINING NUMBERS
ARE LIKELY TO BECOME ENDANGERED IN THE NEAR FUTURE
Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3Slide 3
West Virginiaspring salamander
Giant panda(China)
Knowlton cactus
Mountain gorilla(Africa)
Swamp pink
Pine barrens tree frog (male)
Hawksbill sea turtle
El Segundo blue butterfly
Whooping crane
Blue whale
ENDANGERED SPECIES ARE ONES WITH SO FEW INDIVIDUALS THAT THE SPECIES WILL SOON BE EXTINCT. TERMS
ENDANGERED AND THREATENED HAVE LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE.
Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4Slide 4
Figure 18-3 (3)Page 451
Florida manatee
Northern spotted owl (threatened)
Gray wolf Florida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa)
Devil's hole pupfish
Snow leopard(Central Asia)
Black-footed ferret
Symphonia(Madagascar)
Utah prairie dog(threatened)
Ghost bat(Australia)
California condor
Black lace cactus
Black rhinoceros(Africa)
Oahu tree snail
CONSIDER SOME EXAMPLES: MANATEE IS DYING FROM
THERMAL POLLUTION;
SPOTTED OWL WAS USED IN AN ATTEMPT TO SET
A LEGAL PRECEDENT ON
TERRITORIAL EXTENT IN ORDER TO PRESERVE A HABITAT – OLD
GROWTH;GRAY WOLF HAS GOTTEN SOME
BAD MEDIA LEADING TO MISGUIDED
EXTERMINATION EFFORTS BY GOVT AND RANCHERS;
CONDOR IS EXAMPLE OF CAPTURE &
RECOVER ZOO APPROACH
Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5Slide 5
Characteristic Examples
Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)
Specialized niche
Narrow distribution
Feeds at high trophic level
Fixed migratory patterns
Rare
Commercially valuable
Large territories
Blue whale, giant panda,rhinoceros
Blue whale, giant panda,Everglades kite
Many island species,elephant seal, desert pupfish
Bengal tiger, bald eagle,grizzly bear
Blue whale, whooping crane,sea turtles
Many island species,African violet, some orchids
Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds
California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther
Figure 18-4Page 452
SOME FEATURES OF SENSITIVE
SPECIES; THESE ARE PROBLEMS WITH WARM AND
FUZZY OR CALENDAR
SPECIES. MOST EXTINCTIONS
ARE HAPPENING WITH LESS
FAMOUS SMALL CRITTERS SUCH
AS INSECTS, FUNGI, ETC.
Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Slide 6Indian Tiger
Range 100 years ago
Range today(about 2,300 left)
Figure 18-6 (1)Page 456
IT IS NOT A GOOD TIME
FOR TOP PREDATORS
ALMOST ANYWHERE ON
THE GLOBE
Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Slide 7Black Rhino
Range in 1700
Range today(about 2,400 left) Figure 18-6 (2)
Page 456
RHINO HABITAT IS SHRINKING
AND THEY ARE HUNTED FOR THEIR HORNS
Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8African Elephant
Probable range 1600
Range today(300,000 left) Figure 18-6 (3)
Page 456
ELEPHANTS ARE
FOLLOWING THE SAME
PATH AS THEIR MASTADON RELATIVES,
YET THIS TIME WE ARE MORE
CERTAIN OF THE CAUSE OF THEIR DEMISE
Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9Slide 9
Figure 18-7Page 457
Florida scrub jay
Sprague’s pipit Bichnell’s thrush Blacked-capped vireo Golden-cheekedwarbler
Cerulean warbler
California gnatcatcher Kirtland’s warbler Henslow’s sparrow Bachman’s warbler
SONGBIRDS PLAY IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL ROLES AND ARE INDICATOR SPECIES OF HABITAT INTEGRITY. DEMISE IS DUE TO
HABITAT LOSS, FRAGMENTATION AND NON-NATIVE BIRDS (STARLING)
10 MOST THREATENED SPECIES
Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10Slide 10
Figure 18-8 (1)Page 458
Purple looselife European starling African honeybee(“Killer bee”)
Nutria Salt cedar(Tamarisk)
Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar(Feral pig)
INTRODUCED SPECIES ARE ONE OF THE MAJOR REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF MANY NATIVE SPECIES
Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11Slide 11
Figure 18-8 (2)Page 458
Sea lamprey(attached to lake trout)
Argentina fire ant Eurasian muffleBrown tree snake Common pigeon(Rock dove)
Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-hornedbeetle
Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae
MANY OF THESE INTRODUCED SPECIES ARE INSECTS AND FISH; SOME ARE GOOD AND INTRODUCED TO CONTROL
PREVIOUS INTRODUCTIONS; MANY EXOTIC SPECIES COME FROM SHIP BALLASTS
Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12Slide 12
CAUSES OF EXTINCTION
• POPULATION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• INCREASE IN RESOURCE CONSUMPTION
• POVERTY
• HABITAT LOSS, DEGRADATION AND FRAGMENTATION
• INTRODUCTION OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES
• OVERFISHING
• CLIMATE CHANGE
• PREDATOR AND PEST CONTROL
• POLLUTION
• COMMERCIAL HUNTING
• POACHING
• HARVEST AND SALE OF EXOTIC PETS, PLANTS, CORAL REEF INHABITANTS, ETC.
Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13
Figure 18-9Page 459
KUDZU WAS AN INTENTIONAL INTRODUCTION IN THE 1930'S. IT WAS INTRODUCED TO CONTROL EROSION AND FIX NITROGEN.
IT BECAME OVERDOMINANT TO SAY THE LEAST.
Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14Slide 14
Atlanticwhite-sideddolphin
Harborporpoise
Commondolphin
Killerwhale
Belugawhale
Bottlenosedolphin
False killerwhale
Pilotwhale
Cuvier'sbeakedwhale
Pygmyspermwhale
Spermwhale
Narwhal
Squid
Baird'sbeakedwhale
Odontocetes (Toothed Whales)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100ft
Figure 18-12 (1)Page 462
CASE STUDY OF CETACEANS: TOOTHED VS.
BALEEN (HORNY PLATES USED AS
FILTERS FOR ACQUIRING
KRILL); EASY PREY DUE TO
SIZE AND NEED TO SURFACE;
FOLLOW TRAGEDY OF
THE COMMONS; 8 OF 11 MAJOR
SPP. ENDANGERED; IWC SET UP TO
REGULATE WHALE HARVEST IN 1946; 1970 U.S.
STOPPED ALL WHALING AND
BANNED IMPORTS; 1986 MORATORIUM
IMPOSED ON ALL WHALING BY IWC
Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15
Humpback whale
Bowhead whale
Right whaleMinke whale
Blue whale
Feeding on krill
Fin whale
Sei whale
Gray whaleMysticetes (Baleen Whales)
Figure 18-12 (2)Page 463
JAPAN, NORWAY, ICELAND AND
RUSSIA OPPOSE BAN; ADDED
TROPICAL COUNTRIES INTO
IWC TO GAIN SUPPORT TO
RESUME HUNTING; REQUEST
RESUMING HUNTING OF MINK, PILOT,
SPERM, BYRDE'S, AND GRAY WHALES
(SPECIES WHOSE POPULATIONS
HAVE RECOVERED
Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16Slide 16
Loggerhead119 centimeters
Olive ridley76 centimeters
Leatherback188 centimeters
Hawksbill89 centimeters
Green turtle124 centimeters
Kemp's ridley 76 centimeters
Black turtle99 centimeters
Australian flatback
99 centimeters
Figure 18-16Page 470
Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17Slide 17
North American-SouthAmerican flyways
European-Africanflyways
Asian flyways
Figure 18-17Page 474
WHALES, TURTLES AND MANY BIRDS HAVE HEMISPHERIC MIGRATORY ROUTES THAT MAKE IT EASY TO DISRUPT THEIR LIFE HISTORY
CYCLES CAUSING POTENTIAL EXTINCTION. MIGRATIONS ALSO MAKE THEM EASY TO HUNT.
Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18Slide 18
Concentration of rare species
Low Moderate High
Top Six Hot Spots
1 Hawaii2 San Francisco Bay area3 Southern Appalachians4 Death Valley5 Southern California6 Florida Panhandle
4
5
2
6
3
1Figure 18-13
Page 467
BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS IN THE U.S.