Skeletal Organization7.5 p. 205 – p. 259

206 bones in human body

Made up of 2 parts:◦ Axial Skeleton◦ Appendicular Skeleton

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Basics

Skull◦ Cranium◦ Face

Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage

◦ Ribs ◦ Sternum

Axial Skeleton

Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs

Appendicular Skeleton

Condyle Crest Epicondyle Facet Fissure Fontanel Foramen Fossa Head Linea

Meatus Process Ramus Sinus Spine Suture Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity

Terms Used to Describe Skeletal Structures (Table 7.4 p. 208)

Axial Skeleton

Cranial bones

Facial bones

Skull

Cranial Bones

Frontal bone Parietal Bone Temporal Bones Occipital Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone

Cranial Bones

Frontal Bone◦ Forehead◦ Bone under eyebrows◦ Superior portion of eye

orbits Parietal Bones

◦ Most superior and lateral walls of cranium

◦ Sagittal suture at midline◦ Coronal suture where

they meet the frontal bone

Cranial Bones

Temporal Bones: inferior to the parietal bones◦ Joined at squamous sutures◦ External acoustic meatus◦ Styloid process◦ Zygomatic process◦ Mastoid process◦ Jugular foramen◦ Internal acoustic meatus◦ Carotid

Cranial Bones

Occipital Bone◦ Joined to parietal bones anteriorly by the

lambdoid suture◦ Foramen magnum

Surrounds lower part or brain, allows spinal cord to connect to brain

◦ Occipital condyles

Cranial Bones

Sphenoid Bone◦ Spans width of the skull◦ Forms floor of cranial cavity◦ Stella turcica◦ Foramen ovale◦ Optic canal◦ Superior orbital fissure◦ Sphenoid sinuses

Cranial Bones

Ethmoid Bones◦ Anterior to

sphenoid bone◦ Forms roof of nasal

cavity◦ Crista galli◦ Cribriform plates◦ Superior and

middle nasal conchae

Cranial Bones

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Cranial Bones Link

Facial Bones

Maxillae Palantine Bones Zygomatic Bones Lacrimal Bones Nasal Bones Vomer Bone Inferior Nasal Conchae Mandible

Facial Bones

Maxillae (maxillary bones) ◦ Upper jaw◦ Keystone bones – all other bones join with the

maxillae bones◦ Upper teeth in alveolar margin◦ Palantine processes – anterior portion of hard

palate◦ Paranasal sinuses

Palantine Bones: form posterior portion of hard palate◦ Failure to develop forms a cleft palate

Facial Bones

Zygomatic Bones◦ Cheek bones◦ Eye sockets

Lacrimal Bones◦ Medial portion of each eye socket◦ Groove to serve as passage way for tears

Nasal bones◦ Small bones forming bridge of the nose

Facial Bones

Vomer Bone◦ Nasal septum

Inferior Nasal Conchae◦ Thin, curved bones from the lateral walls of the

nasal cavity Mandible

◦ Lower jaw◦ Body◦ Rami◦ Lower teeth in alveoli (alveolar margin)

Facial Bones

Only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with another bone

Suspended in neck approximately 2cm above the larynx

Movement of tongue Attachment for neck muscles

Hyoid Bone

Use your books and computers to summarize the development of the skull. Focus in fetal development through adolescence.

Bullet points or paragraph

Be prepared to present all or a portion to the class.

Skull Development

Vertebral Column Regions:

◦ Cervical◦ Thoracic◦ Lumbar◦ Sacral

Shapes vary Intervertebral discs

◦ Separate and cushion vertebrae

Body / centrum Vertebral arch Vertebral

foramen Pedicles

Vertebral Column Terminology

Transverse processes Spinous processes Superior and inferior articular

facets Anterior/posterior longitudinal

ligaments

C1 – C7 Neck region of spine First two vertebrae: atlas and axis

Cervical Vertebrae

Cervical Vertebrae Smallest vertebrae Transverse process contains foramina for

the vertebral arteries to pass through

T1 – T12 Larger than cervical vertebrae Connect with ribs

Thoracic Vertebrae

L1 – L5 Sturdiest vertebrae Massive bodies, short spinous processes

Lumbar Vertebrae

Fusion of 5 vertebrae Superiorly connects with L5 inferiorly connects with coccyx Alae: articulate with hips Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral canal Sacral haitus

Sacrum

Fusion of three irregularly shaped vertebrae “tailbone”

Coccyx

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Parts of Vertebrae

Identify the pictures using your notes.

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, axis, atlas

Thoracic Cage

- Ribs- Sternum- Costal Cartilage

12 pairs of ribs (24 total) True Ribs

◦ First 7 pairs of ribs◦ Vertebrosternal ribs

False ribs:◦ Next 5 pairs of ribs◦ Do not reach sternum directly◦ Last 2 pairs of the false ribs are sometimes called

floating ribs

Ribs

Sternum Midline of anterior

portion of thoracic cage

3 parts:◦ Manubrium◦ Body◦ Xiphoid process

Appendicular Skeleton

Shoulder girdle Clavicles Scapulae (scapula)

Support of upper limb and muscle attachment

Pectoral Girdle

Slender, rod like bones

Elongated S-shape Base of the neck Run from the

manubrium to the scapulae

Clavicle

Broad, triangular in shape

Either side of the upper back

Spine Acromion process and

coracoid process form the top of the shoulder

Glenoid cavity – articulates with the head of the humerus

Scapulae

Humerus Radius Ulna Hand

◦ Carpals◦ Metacarpals◦ Phalanges

Upper Limb

Scapula elbow Head fits into the

glenoid cavity of the scapula

Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle

◦ Both provide muscle attachment

Humerus

Thumb side of the forearm

Shorter than the ulna

Head articulates with the ulna (radial notch) and the humerus

Radius

Longer than the radius

Articulates with the humerus (trochlear notch)

Ulna

Wrist◦ 8 small carpals in two

rows◦ All together called

carpus Palm

◦ 5 bones, in line with each finger

Fingers◦ Phalanges◦ 2 bones in thumb◦ 3 bones in fingers

Hands

Hip bones◦ Ilium◦ Ischium◦ Pubis

Symphysis pubis

Male pelvis is more slender than the female pelvis◦ Female ilium

is wider

Pelvic Girdle

Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Foot:

◦ Tarsals◦ Metatarsals◦ Phalanges

Lower Limb

Longest bone in the body

Connects hip to knee

Greater trochanter, lesser trochanter

Lateral and medial chondyle articulate with tibia

Femur

Kneecap Covers joint

between femur and tibia

Patella

Tibia: shin bone Larger of the two Articulates at the

knee with the femur

Medial portion of lower leg

Fibula Bears no body

weight Lateral portion of

the leg Protrudes from

ankle

Fibula and Tibia

Tarsals (form the tarsus)◦ Talus: forms medial

portion of ankle◦ Calcaneus: heel bone

Metatarsals: 5 bones◦ Form foot

Phalanges◦ Toes

Big toe (2 bones) other 4 toes (3 bones)

Foot