SEAWEED CULTURE TECHNIQUES

MUHAMMAD NAFIS BIN RAHMAT 1118337KAMARUDDIN BIN MANSUR 1114219AMIR SAFWAN BIN HAMZAH 1120219HANISAH BINTI UJANG 1110546NUR SYAMIMI BINTI MOHD NAIL 1120234

SBT 4435 MARINE ECOLOGY

HISTORY OF SEAWEED FARMING

History of Seaweed Farming

• One of the earliest records of seaweed farming – Tokyo Bay, Japan, 1670

• 1970s – larger scale cultivation was considered

• For over three decades since the Second World War, production of carrageenan was restricted by the availability of natural stocks

• End of 1960s – search for more diverse supply began

• First seaweed farm established in 1969, in the Tawi-Tawi province of south Philipines – joint effort between Marine Colloids Inc. and the University of Hawaii Professor Maxwell Doty

World Aquacultur

e Production

of Seaweed

• Major producers – China – Indonesia– Philippines– Republic of Korea

• Others – Japan– Malaysia– Zanzibar– Solomon Islands– Vietnam

SEAWEED CULTURE

TECHNIQUES

BASIC METHODS

OF SEAWEED CULTURE

1. Selection of Site and Species

2. Seed Preparation3. Planting4. Harvesting5. Drying6. Storage

SELECTION OF SITE AND SPECIES

Selection of Species

• Easy availability • Rapid growth • Easy cultivability• Mode of reproduction• Tolerance to wide

range of physical and chemical factors

• Nutritional and market value

Selection of Site

• Availability of sunlight • Temperature• Water quality • Salinity • Depth• Waves and currents

SEED PREPARATION

Seed Preparatio

n

• Seedstock can be bought or obtained from the wild or by harvesting from the farm

• Healthy strong branches should be chosen

• Free from foreign materials and epiphytes

PLANTING

Planting1. Bottom Monoline Method2. Suspended Monoline Method3. Long Line Floating System4. Bamboo Raft Method5. Spider Web Method 6. Lantay Method7. Hanging Rope Culture Method

Bottom Monoline

Method

• Short stakes are used and then erected on the seabed.

• Arranged in rows and the seeded lines have not floating.

• Very shallow areas or exposed to spring tides.

• Procedures:i. Using a mallet, drive wooden posts to

the bottom one meter apart in rows and 10 meters between rows.

ii. Tie nylon monolines at both ends of the posts, parallel to each other.

iii. The distance of the line from the bottom should be about 20–25 cm (8–10 inches).

Bottom Monoline

Method

• Advantage – The structure is easy to

construct.

• Disadvantages– It cannot be farmed on rocky

seabeds and supply of stakes will getting low.

– The minimum of water movement will barely affect the seaweed

– Susceptible to grazing by marine organisms.

Suspended Monoline

Method

• It uses long stakes around 1 to 1.5 meters long that areerected on seabed and arranged huge distance between rows.

• Long seeded lines that float on seawater.

• Suitable for use in submergedareas with 0.5 to 1.5 meters of water depth at spring low tides.

• The monolines are attached to a wooden or bamboo frame, the size of which varies depending on the available frame materials.

• The units are anchored to the substrate from their corners, using nylon ropes.

• Floatation materials are attached to the corner of the rafts to increase their buoyancy.

Suspended Monoline

Method

• Advantage– the water movement is good even

with small wave action and the distance of seaweed fromwater surface is stable.

• Disadvantages– Cannot be used on rocky

seabed as it might disrupt the stakes.

– The supply of stakes willgetting low(sedimentation).

– The seaweed are vulnerable to grazing.

Long Line Floating System

• The long line floating system use ropes that are suspended by floats and theyare anchored by weights.

• The seeded lines are floating on the seawater.

• This technique can be applied on the area with water depth of 1.5 meters or more at spring low tide.

Long Line Floating System

• Advantages– The water movement is good

even with light wave action, – The distance from water

surface ispersistent

– The seaweeds are less susceptible to grazing organisms.

• Disadvantage– It is quiet complicated to

construct the structure of the suspended ropes and line techniques.

Bamboo Raft

Method

• The use of bamboo polesas floating tools and weight as anchors

• The seeded lines may or may not havefloats.

• This method is suitable for use in areas with 1.0 meter water depth or moreat spring low tides.

• The steps to construct this technique are:i. Tie each corner to a large coral with a

cord so that the net is stretchedtightly.

ii. And then, cut one meter piece of bamboo and tie one piece to each cornerof the net.

iii. Lastly, add additional net to the previously constructed one.

Bamboo Raft

Method

• Advantages – Water movement is good

even with light wave action,– the distance from water

surface ispersistent

– the seaweeds are less susceptible to grazing organisms.

• Disadvantages– The bamboos are not easy to

get and somehowit is expensive to buy.

– The construction of the bamboos is rather complicated anddifficult.

Spider Web

Method

• Also known as tumbo tumbo.• Similar to bamboo raft method

except suspension is done by floaters.

• Wide surface area allows higher yield.

• Flexible and environmental friendly.• Difficult to set up, and poses threats

to transportations.

Floating Basket

Method

• Also known as floating cage or lantay method.

• Use cage, basket, or bamboo frame covered with net.

• Seaweed plantlets are tied on the mesh.

• Protects seaweed from strong wave action and natural predators.

Hanging Rope

Culture Method

• A single floating raft rope connected with culture ropes at certain intervals.

• The raft rope is anchored using bamboo stakes.

• The culture ropes are attached to weights at their ends.

• Simple and easy to manage.• Lower seaweeds get less sunlight,

and the culture ropes may intertwine.

HARVESTING

Harvesting

DRYING

Drying

STORAGE

Storage • The seaweed should be stored in a rainproof shed or warehouse.

• Not recommended to store more than 6-months

• Must be kept dry to avoid fermentation that could degrade the quality of the carrageenans.

• Marketing:– Multinational buyers– Seaweed processing factories

ADVANTAGES, PROBLEMS, &

CHALLENGES OF SEAWEED CULTURE

Advantages of

Seaweed Culture Simple

technology and

requires low initial

capital

Short growth cycle (6 weeks)

Favorable price, rapid

and high return on

investment

Economic Impact of Seaweed

CultureSource of important ingredient (carrageenan) in food and other industrial application

Source of income

Significant production for export market

Bioremediation Potential Integration of seaweed cultivation

with fish farming to utilize the nutrients from the fish farm

Nutrient bioremediation capability to remove up to 90% nutrient discharge

Reduce the risk of eutrophication

Benefit economy and environment in sustainable manner

Problems &

Challenges of

Seaweed Culture

Unavailability of good quality

seedling

Pollution in production

area

Shortage and poor quality of

dried raw material

Lack of capital

Lack of research and development

activitiesSeaweed diseases

Ice-Ice Disease

Seaweeds emit moist organic substances that attract bacteria

Induce whitening and hardening the branches

Unfavorable environment i. Water qualityii. Light intensityiii. Temperatureiv. Salinity

Water movement Leads to significant decrease of

seaweed production and carrageenan yield

Epiphytes Infestation

& Silting

Natural Predators/

Grazers

Rocky and coral reefs area Longline culture method is less

vulnerable

Climate

Vulnerable to bad weather– Rough sea– Heavy rain

Choose site that are well protected from tidal waves and strong winds

Mobilize and harvest seaweed to avoid any loss

THANK YOU