Post on 14-Dec-2015
Seasonality & Interannual variability in photosynthetic metabolism of Amazon rainforests: insights from remote sensing
Kamel Didan, Scott Saleska, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Alfredo Huete
Seasonality & Interannual variability in photosynthetic metabolism of Amazon rainforests: insights from remote sensing
Kamel Didan, Scott Saleska, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Alfredo Huete
What controls the seasonality of photosynthesis across the Amazon basin?: A cross-site analysis of eddy flux tower measurements from the Brasil Flux networkNatalia Restrepo-Coupe, Scott R. Saleska, Humberto R. da
Rocha, Bart Kruijt, Antonio D. Nobre, and Renata G. Aguiar, Alessandro C. da Araujo, Laura S. Borma, Osvaldo M. R. Cabral, Plinio B. de Camargo, Fernando L. Cardoso, Antonio C. Lola da Costa, David R. Fitzjarrald, Michael L. Goulden, Lucy R. Hutyra, Jair M. F. Maia, Yadvinder S. Malhi, Antonio O. Manzi, Scott D. Miller, Celso von Randow, Leonardo D. da Abreu Sá, Ricardo K. Sakai, Julio Tota, Steven C. Wofsy, Fabricio B. Zanchi
Motivation: What is the seasonality of ecosystem metabolism? – Early results from Tapajos National Forest (K67 site) showed unexpected seasonality
A
B
NE
E (
flux
to a
tmos
pher
e)
k
g C
ha-1
mon
th-1
Rtot ▲GPP ▼
TEM ○ ○Data
IBIS X X
upta
kelo
ss to
at
mos
pher
e
GP
P o
r R
tot,
kg C
ha-1
mon
th-1
Saleska et al. (2003) Science.
Observations Models
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
-500
-250
0
250
500
Dry Season
Composite annual cycle, 2001-2003
Motivation: What is the seasonality of ecosystem metabolism? – Early results from Tapajos National Forest showed unexpected seasonality – focus on photosynthesis
Jan Apr Jul Oct500
1000
1
2
3
Models
Data
GP
P (
MgC
ha-1
mo-1
)P
AR
(
mol
m-2 s
-1)
Dry Season
Is this typical of sites across the Amazon? If not, what are the differences?
What mechanisms control seasonal variation in ecosystem GPP?
How do Amazonian ecosystems allocate carbon seasonally?
(= Gross Primary Production, GPP)
Questions:
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°BrasilFlux Sites - annual rainfall
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67, K83 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°BrasilFlux Sites – Central Amazon
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67, K83 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°BrasilFlux Sites – Southern Amazon
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67, K83 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°BrasilFlux Sites – Southern Savanna
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67, K83 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
0
7.5
15
GE
P
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
PEG
0
300
600
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
2001 2002 2003 2004200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
BrasilFlux Sites – Raw data series
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67
CAXK83Ecuador
Bolivia
Peru
Brasil
FrenchGuyana
Surinam
GuyanaVenezuela
Colombia
Pe-de-Gigante (PDG)
0
7.5
15
GE
P
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
K34
0
300
600
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
2000 2002 2004 2006200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Manaus (K34)
Gross Ecosystem Productivity, GEP
Ecosystem Respiration, Re
NEE = eddy-flux + change in canopy storage
(when missing, canopy storage is filled)
0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Local Time (hr)
NE
E ( m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
BrasilFlux Sites and Methods
Gross Ecosystem Productivity, GEP
Ecosystem Respiration, Re
NEE = eddy-flux + change in canopy storage
(when missing, canopy storage is filled)
0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Local Time (hr)
NE
E ( m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
BrasilFlux Sites and Methods
0 500 1000 1500 2000-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
K67: May 09 - May 25, 2002
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
GE
P ( m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
Pc=19.24
GP
P (
g C
m-2 d
ay-1
)
PAR (umol m-2 sec-1)
Define:Photosynthetic Capacity (Pc)= GPP at PAR: 700 -900
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
Results: Seasonal GPP and Pc
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K67
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Central Amazon Forests
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
Results: Seasonal GPP and Pc
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
CAX
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K34
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K67
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Central Amazon Forests
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
Results: Seasonal GPP and Pc
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
CAX
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K34
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K67
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Central Amazon Forests
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
All sites maintain high or increasing dry season GPP No evidence of seasonal water limitation
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K67
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K77
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400p
rec
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Results: Seasonal GPP and Pc Central Amazon: Forest vs. Agriculture
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
RJA
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Results: Seasonal GPP and Pc Southern Amazon Forests
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
JAV
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
RJA
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
FNS
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Results: Seasonal GPP and Pc Southern Amazon Forests and Pasture
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
JAV
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Pasture Forest Forest
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K67
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Results: Seasonal GPP and Pc
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
RJA
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Forest: K34 (Manaus) K67 (Santarem) CAX (Caxiuana) RJA (Res. Jaru) JAV (Bananal)Pasture/Ag: K77 (Santarem) FNS (Ji Parana)Cerrado PDG (Sao Paulo)
Central versus Southern Amazon Forests
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
PDG
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600P
AR
(m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
Results: Seasonal GPP and Pc Southern Savanna
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
JAV
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
CAX
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67
CAXK83Ecuador
Bolivia
Peru
Brasil
FrenchGuyana
Surinam
GuyanaVenezuela
Colombia0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
RJA
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K34
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
FNS
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K67
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
K77
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
0.5
1
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
PDG
0
0.5
1
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
Results: Seasonal GPP and Pc
Results: GPP, Pc Seasonality, relative to start-date
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 3600
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Days since dry season onset
Pc
Pc m
ax-1
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 3600
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Days since dry season onset
GE
P G
EP
max
-1
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
Results: Seasonal Climate, Central Amazon
200
400
600
PA
R m
ol m
-2 s
-1 K67
200
350
500
TO
Air
rad
ian
ce
(W m
-2)
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
0
200
400
ET
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R m
ol m
-2 s
-1 CAX
200
350
500
TO
Air
rad
ian
ce
(W m
-2)
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
0
200
400
ET
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R m
ol m
-2 s
-1 K77
200
350
500
TO
Air
rad
ian
ce
(W m
-2)
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
0
200
400
ET
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R m
ol m
-2 s
-1 K34
200
350
500
TO
Air
rad
ian
ce
(W m
-2)
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
0
200
400
ET
(mm
mo
-1)
Radiation:Low variability in top-of-atmosphere radiation, +Surface PAR controlled by clouds
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
200
400
600
PA
R m
ol m
-2 s
-1 RJA
200
350
500
TO
Air
rad
ian
ce
(W m
-2)
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
0
200
400
ET
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R m
ol m
-2 s
-1 JAV
200
350
500
TO
Air
rad
ian
ce
(W m
-2)
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
0
200
400
ET
(mm
mo
-1)
200
400
600
PA
R m
ol m
-2 s
-1 FNS
200
350
500
TO
Air
rad
ian
ce
(W m
-2)
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
0
200
400
ET
(mm
mo
-1)
Results: Seasonal Climate, Southern AmazonRadiation:
Higher variability in top- of-atmosphere Radiation (with latitude), +Shift in timing of dry season:TOA solar minimum corresponds to dry season little seasonal variation in surface radiation
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67K83
CAX
Colombia
VenezuelaGuyana
Surinam FrenchGuyana
Brasil
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
300 0 300 600 Kilometers
20° 20°
15° 15°
10° 10°
5° 5°
0° 0°
5° 5°
10° 10°
80°
80°
75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
55°
55°
50°
50°
45°
45°
40°
40°
35°
35°
200
400
600
PA
R m
ol m
-2 s
-1 PDG
200
350
500
TO
Air
rad
ian
ce
(W m
-2)
J FMAMJ J A SOND0
200
400
pre
c
(mm
mo
-1)
0
200
400
ET
(mm
mo
-1)
Results: Seasonal Climate, Southern SavannaPAR sunlight:
Even higher variability in top- of-atmosphere Radiation (with latitude):TOA solar minimum corresponds to dry season dry-season dip in surface radiation
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-51.50x+0.89R2=0.06 p=0.005K34
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-36.45x+0.96R2=0.06 p=0.025K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-79.97x+1.10R2=0.20 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=-257.15x+1.29R2=0.15 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=139.74x+0.20R2=0.42 p=0.000CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=70.78x+0.60R2=0.08 p=0.021JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-73.76x+0.95R2=0.12 p=0.009RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=0.64x+0.65R2=0.00 p=0.989FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=210.73x+-0.36R2=0.32 p=0.000PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-51.50x+0.89R2=0.06 p=0.005K34
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-36.45x+0.96R2=0.06 p=0.025K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-79.97x+1.10R2=0.20 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-257.15x+1.29R2=0.15 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=139.74x+0.20R2=0.42 p=0.000CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=70.78x+0.60R2=0.08 p=0.021JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-73.76x+0.95R2=0.12 p=0.009RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=0.64x+0.65R2=0.00 p=0.989FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=210.73x+-0.36R2=0.32 p=0.000PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-51.50x+0.89R2=0.06 p=0.005K34
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-36.45x+0.96R2=0.06 p=0.025K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-79.97x+1.10R2=0.20 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-257.15x+1.29R2=0.15 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=139.74x+0.20R2=0.42 p=0.000CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=70.78x+0.60R2=0.08 p=0.021JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-73.76x+0.95R2=0.12 p=0.009RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=0.64x+0.65R2=0.00 p=0.989FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=210.73x+-0.36R2=0.32 p=0.000PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-51.50x+0.89R2=0.06 p=0.005K34
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-36.45x+0.96R2=0.06 p=0.025K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-79.97x+1.10R2=0.20 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-257.15x+1.29R2=0.15 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=139.74x+0.20R2=0.42 p=0.000CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=70.78x+0.60R2=0.08 p=0.021JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-73.76x+0.95R2=0.12 p=0.009RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=0.64x+0.65R2=0.00 p=0.989FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=210.73x+-0.36R2=0.32 p=0.000PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
Results: GPP Mechanisms: PAR (not!)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-51.50x+0.89R2=0.06 p=0.005K34
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-36.45x+0.96R2=0.06 p=0.025K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-79.97x+1.10R2=0.20 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-257.15x+1.29R2=0.15 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=139.74x+0.20R2=0.42 p=0.000CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=70.78x+0.60R2=0.08 p=0.021JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-73.76x+0.95R2=0.12 p=0.009RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=0.64x+0.65R2=0.00 p=0.989FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=210.73x+-0.36R2=0.32 p=0.000PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-51.50x+0.89R2=0.06 p=0.005K34
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-36.45x+0.96R2=0.06 p=0.025K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-79.97x+1.10R2=0.20 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-257.15x+1.29R2=0.15 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=139.74x+0.20R2=0.42 p=0.000CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=70.78x+0.60R2=0.08 p=0.021JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-73.76x+0.95R2=0.12 p=0.009RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=0.64x+0.65R2=0.00 p=0.989FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=210.73x+-0.36R2=0.32 p=0.000PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-51.50x+0.89R2=0.06 p=0.005K34
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-36.45x+0.96R2=0.06 p=0.025K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-79.97x+1.10R2=0.20 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-257.15x+1.29R2=0.15 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=139.74x+0.20R2=0.42 p=0.000CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)G
EP
GE
Pm
ax
-10 0.5 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=70.78x+0.60R2=0.08 p=0.021JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-73.76x+0.95R2=0.12 p=0.009RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=0.64x+0.65R2=0.00 p=0.989FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=210.73x+-0.36R2=0.32 p=0.000PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-51.50x+0.89R2=0.06 p=0.005K34
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-36.45x+0.96R2=0.06 p=0.025K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-79.97x+1.10R2=0.20 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-257.15x+1.29R2=0.15 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=139.74x+0.20R2=0.42 p=0.000CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=70.78x+0.60R2=0.08 p=0.021JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-73.76x+0.95R2=0.12 p=0.009RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=0.64x+0.65R2=0.00 p=0.989FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=210.73x+-0.36R2=0.32 p=0.000PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67
CAXK83Ecuador
Bolivia
Peru
Brasil
FrenchGuyana
Surinam
GuyanaVenezuela
Colombia
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-51.50x+0.89R2=0.06 p=0.005K34
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-36.45x+0.96R2=0.06 p=0.025K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-79.97x+1.10R2=0.20 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-257.15x+1.29R2=0.15 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=139.74x+0.20R2=0.42 p=0.000CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=70.78x+0.60R2=0.08 p=0.021JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-73.76x+0.95R2=0.12 p=0.009RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=0.64x+0.65R2=0.00 p=0.989FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=210.73x+-0.36R2=0.32 p=0.000PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67
CAXK83Ecuador
Bolivia
Peru
Brasil
FrenchGuyana
Surinam
GuyanaVenezuela
Colombia
Contrast predictability GEP vs. ET
Results: GPP Mechanisms
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.01x+9.43R2=0.06p=0.005K34
GE
P (
gC
m-2
d-1
)
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.00x+9.76R2=0.06p=0.025K67
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.01x+12.36R2=0.06p=0.039RJA
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.42x+22.62R2=0.49p=0.000 K34
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
LE
da
ytim
e (
W m
-2)
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.31x+76.94R2=0.39p=0.000 K67
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.24x+84.96R2=0.18p=0.000 RJA
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.01x+9.43R2=0.06p=0.005K34
GE
P (
gC
m-2
d-1
)
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.00x+9.76R2=0.06p=0.025K67
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.01x+12.36R2=0.06p=0.039RJA
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.42x+22.62R2=0.49p=0.000 K34
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
LE
da
ytim
e (
W m
-2)
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.31x+76.94R2=0.39p=0.000 K67
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.24x+84.96R2=0.18p=0.000 RJA
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.01x+9.43R2=0.06p=0.005K34
GE
P (
gC
m-2
d-1
)
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.00x+9.76R2=0.06p=0.025K67
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.01x+12.36R2=0.06p=0.039RJA
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.42x+22.62R2=0.49p=0.000 K34
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
LE
da
ytim
e (
W m
-2)
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.31x+76.94R2=0.39p=0.000 K67
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.24x+84.96R2=0.18p=0.000 RJA
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.01x+9.43R2=0.06p=0.005K34
GE
P (
gC
m-2
d-1
)
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.00x+9.76R2=0.06p=0.025K67
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.01x+12.36R2=0.06p=0.039RJA
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.42x+22.62R2=0.49p=0.000 K34
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
LE
da
ytim
e (
W m
-2)
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.31x+76.94R2=0.39p=0.000 K67
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.24x+84.96R2=0.18p=0.000 RJA
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.01x+9.43R2=0.06p=0.005K34
GE
P (
gC
m-2
d-1
)
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.00x+9.76R2=0.06p=0.025K67
200 400 6000
5
10
y=-0.01x+12.36R2=0.06p=0.039RJA
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.42x+22.62R2=0.49p=0.000 K34
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
LE
da
ytim
e (
W m
-2)
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.31x+76.94R2=0.39p=0.000 K67
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
200 400 600100
150
200
250
300y=0.24x+84.96R2=0.18p=0.000 RJA
PAR (mol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67
CAXK83Ecuador
Bolivia
Peru
Brasil
FrenchGuyana
Surinam
GuyanaVenezuela
Colombia
How much capacity is ‘spent’ on growth (GEP= PAR Pc)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=39.40x+0.09
R2=0.44 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=40.42x+0.11
R2=0.66 p=0.000
K67
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=45.03x+0.06
R2=0.36 p=0.000
K83
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.15x+0.33
R2=0.00 p=0.692
K77
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=34.65x+0.15
R2=0.31 p=0.000
CAX
PARdaytime
(mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=56.57x+0.03
R2=0.29 p=0.000
JAV
PARdaytime
(mmol m-2 s-1)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=45.56x+0.01
R2=0.25 p=0.000
RJA
PARdaytime
(mmol m-2 s-1)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=26.28x+0.19
R2=0.13 p=0.003
FNS
PARdaytime
(mmol m-2 s-1)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=41.78x+0.12
R2=0.21 p=0.002
PDG
PARdaytime
(mmol m-2 s-1)
GPP Mechanisms: fraction of Photosyn-thetic capacity used is predicted by PAR
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
$
$ $$$
$$
$
$
JAV
K34
K77
RJA
FNS
PDG
K67
CAXK83Ecuador
Bolivia
Peru
Brasil
FrenchGuyana
Surinam
GuyanaVenezuela
Colombia
How much capacity is ‘spent’ on growth (GEP= PAR Pc)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=39.40x+0.09
R2=0.44 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=40.42x+0.11
R2=0.66 p=0.000
K67
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=45.03x+0.06
R2=0.36 p=0.000
K83
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.15x+0.33
R2=0.00 p=0.692
K77
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=34.65x+0.15
R2=0.31 p=0.000
CAX
PARdaytime
(mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=56.57x+0.03
R2=0.29 p=0.000
JAV
PARdaytime
(mmol m-2 s-1)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=45.56x+0.01
R2=0.25 p=0.000
RJA
PARdaytime
(mmol m-2 s-1)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=26.28x+0.19
R2=0.13 p=0.003
FNS
PARdaytime
(mmol m-2 s-1)
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=41.78x+0.12
R2=0.21 p=0.002
PDG
PARdaytime
(mmol m-2 s-1)
GPP Mechanisms: fraction of Photosyn-thetic capacity used is predicted by PAR
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=59.83x+0.16
R2=0.28 p=0.000
K34
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=87.25x+0.10
R2=0.69 p=0.000
K67
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=115.38x+0.00
R2=0.25 p=0.000
K83
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=-7.21x+0.30
R2=0.00 p=0.889
K77
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=74.26x+0.15
R2=0.39 p=0.000
CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P P
c-1
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=85.18x+0.17
R2=0.18 p=0.001
JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y=96.13x+0.02
R2=0.24 p=0.000
RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=39.89x+0.27
R2=0.06 p=0.054
FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1y=64.37x+0.21
R2=0.19 p=0.003
PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
Except pasture/ agriculture!
- PAR doesn’t control monthly photosynthesis directly.- PAR influences the fraction of capacity utilized as GPP
What controls the seasonality of photosynthetic capacity?
where:Pc: Ecosystem photosynthetic capacity (gC m-2 d-1)Litter fall, leaf flush (gC m-2 d-1)
Leaf-level parametersA: Photosynthetic assimilation per area of leaf (gC m-2 d-1)SLA: specific leaf area (m2 gC-1)
BrasilFlux Sites and Methods Seasonality of leaf -growth
leaf flush - leaf litter falldPc
A SLAdt
BrasilFlux Sites and Methods Seasonality of leaf -growth
leaf flush - leaf litter falldPc
A SLAdt
Based on EC measurements
Field measurementDry and wet seasonfield measurement
where:Pc: Ecosystem photosynthetic capacity (gC m-2 d-1)Litter fall, leaf flush (gC m-2 d-1)
Leaf-level parametersA: Photosynthetic assimilation per area of leaf (gC m-2 d-1)SLA: specific leaf area (m2 gC-1)
Results: GPP Mechanisms – K67(Tapajos)
leaf-flush
leaf-fall
wood increment
(gC
m-2 d
-1 )
J FM AM J J A SO ND0
1
2
3
4
leaf-flush
leaf-fall
wood increment
(gC
m-2 d
-1 )
J FMAMJ J A SO ND0.3
0.4
0.5
0
1
2
3
4
Results: GPP Mechanisms – K67(Tapajos)
J F M A M J J A S O N D0
5
10
(gC
m-2
d-1
)K67
J F M A M J J A S O N D
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
K34
J F M A M J J A S O N D0
5
10
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
K83
prec (<100 mm mo-1)
Leaf-flush NPP
Wood-increment NPPWood+Leaf
GEP
Results: GPP Mechanisms – 3 forests
Seasonality of photosynthetic capacity determined by leaf phenology.Leaves grow in the dry season when the sun shines (in central Amazon)
Central Amazon Forest Sites Photosynthesis shows little evidence of seasonal water limitation GPP is high -- or even increasing -- as the dry season progresses.
Southern forest site (Jarú), the converted sites (Santarém K77, and
Ji-Paraná FNS), and the savanna site (PDG) Seasonal patterns consistent with varying degrees of water stress All show dry-season declines in GEP.
Leaf-flush model indicates dry season forest green up at central Amazon forest sites
Complementary patterns in the timing of allocation in central Amazon (wood grows in wet season, leaves flush in the dry season )
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) LBA
0 2 40
1
2
3
4y=-1.46x+2.70
R2 =0.50 p=0.000
K67
leaf
-flu
sh
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
wood-increment
(gC m-2 d-1)
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50
1
2
3y=7.02x+-1.27
R2 =0.27 p=0.000
K67
leaf
-flu
sh
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0.3 0.4 0.50
1
2
3
4y=-9.71x+4.85
R2 =0.78 p=0.000K67
leaf
-flu
sh
(gC
m- 2
d- 1
)
0-40cm (m2 m-2)
Results: GPP Mechanisms – K67(Tapajos)
Soil moisture
At all Amazonian sites Bi-weekly Pc declines with increasing light, contradicting model
assumptions that assume days with high light as more productive than days with low light.
ET and photosynthesis are often thought of as coupled process. Net radiation (Rn) controls ET (R>.30) GEP respond differently to Rn GEP seems to be controlled by complex patterns of production
and loss of photosynthetic capacity The fraction of capacity utilized as GPP, depends on light levels
(GPP Pc- vs. PAR)
Results: GEP Environmental Controls
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-143.86x+1.18R2=0.50 p=0.000K34
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-174.69x+1.30R2=0.58 p=0.000K67
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-193.66x+1.35R2=0.42 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-248.14x+1.31R2=0.17 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-16.91x+0.76R2=0.01 p=0.481CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
Pc
Pc m
ax
-1
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-98.24x+1.04R2=0.09 p=0.014JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-171.40x+1.30R2=0.30 p=0.000RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-69.56x+0.97R2=0.02 p=0.198FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=125.19x+-0.04R2=0.12 p=0.019PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-51.50x+0.89R2=0.06 p=0.005K34G
EP
GE
Pm
ax
-1
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-36.45x+0.96R2=0.06 p=0.025K67
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-79.97x+1.10R2=0.20 p=0.000K83
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-257.15x+1.29R2=0.15 p=0.000K77
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=139.74x+0.20R2=0.42 p=0.000CAX
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
GE
P G
EP
ma
x-1
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=70.78x+0.60R2=0.08 p=0.021JAV
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=-73.76x+0.95R2=0.12 p=0.009RJA
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=0.64x+0.65R2=0.00 p=0.989FNS
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
y=210.73x+-0.36R2=0.32 p=0.000PDG
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
Leaf-flush model additional data
leaf flush - leaf litter falldPc
A SLAdt
200
400
600
PA
R
(m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
-1
1.5
4CAX
200
400
600
-1
1.5
4
term
s 1
& 2
LF
M
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
K67
200
400
600
PA
R
(m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
-1
1.5
4K83
200
400
600
-1
1.5
4
term
s 1
& 2
LF
M
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
K34
200
400
600
PA
R
(m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
-1
1.5
4RJA
200
400
600
-1
1.5
4
term
s 1
& 2
LF
M
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
BAN
200
400
600
PA
R
(m
ol m
-2 s
-1)
-1
1.5
4PDG
Leaf-flush model additional data
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50
1
2
3
4y=5.07x+-0.09R2=0.10 p=0.156K83 prelogg
leaf
-flu
sh
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0.3 0.4 0.50
1
2
3
4
y=-17.00x+9.26
R2=0.43 p=0.001
K83 prelogg
leaf
-flu
sh
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
0-40cm
(m2 m-2)
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50
1
2
3
4y=10.50x+-2.18R2=0.40 p=0.000K83 postlogg
leaf
-flu
sh
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0.3 0.4 0.50
1
2
3
4
y=-9.72x+5.24
R2=0.47 p=0.000
K83 postlogg
leaf
-flu
sh
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
0-40cm
(m2 m-2)
Leaf-flush model additional data
J FMAMJ J A SO ND0.3
0.4
0.5
soil
moi
stur
e
0
1
2
3
4
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
leaf-flush
leaf-fallwood increment
0 2 40
1
2
3
4y=-3.03x+2.66
R2=0.40 p=0.000
K83
leaf
-flu
sh
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
wood-increment
(gC m-2 d-1)
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50
1
2
3
4y=8.41x+-1.37R2=0.26 p=0.000K83
leaf
-flu
sh
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
PAR (mmol m-2 s-1)
0.3 0.4 0.50
1
2
3
4
y=-6.56x+4.26
R2=0.18 p=0.001
K83leaf
-flu
sh
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
0-40cm
(m2 m-2)
Relation GEP and NEE and air temperature
No ta controlHigh par high GEP
20 30 40-20
20
60y=0.03x2+-2.28x+60.76R2=0.03p=0.000K34
ta (degC)
NE
E ( m
olC
m-2
s-1
)
20 30 40-20
20
60y=-0.33x2+17.59x+-214.31R2=0.06p=0.000K67
ta (degC)20 30 40
-20
20
60y=-0.09x2+3.68x+-14.94R2=0.12p=0.000K83
ta (degC)20 30 40
-20
20
60y=-0.30x2+15.66x+-180.85R2=0.16p=0.000CAX
ta (degC)
20 30 40-20
20
60y=-0.12x2+5.49x+-39.18R2=0.12p=0.000RJA
ta (degC)
NE
E ( m
olC
m-2
s-1
)
20 30 40-20
20
60y=-0.03x2+0.76x+14.47R2=0.11p=0.000K77
ta (degC)20 30 40
-20
20
60y=-0.20x2+10.36x+-117.96R2=0.06p=0.000FNS
ta (degC)
NE
E ( m
olC
m-2
s-1
)20 30 40
-20
20
60y=-0.04x2+2.23x+-20.65R2=0.01p=0.000PDG
ta (degC)
2005 Drought
0
300
600p
rec
(mm
mo
nth
-1)
K67 2005 (red) 2002-2004 (black)
200
500
800
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
7.5
15
GE
P
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
JFMA M J JA SOND10
30
50
Pc
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
JFMA M J JA SOND0.02
0.09
0.16
LU
E(g
C
mo
lPA
R)
JFMA M J JA SOND30
75
120
GE
Psa
t
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
J FMA M J J A SOND-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
Le
af-
flush
(gC
m- 2
d-1
)
K67 Leaf-flush 2005 (red) 2002-2006 (black)
J FMA M J J A SOND-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
Le
af-
flush
(gC
m- 2
d-1
)
K67 K67 Leaf-flush 2005 (red) 2002-2004 (black)
0
300
600
pre
c
(mm
mo
nth
-1)
JAV 2005 (red) 2002-2006 (black)
200
500
800
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
7.5
15
GE
P
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
J FMA MJ JA SOND10
30
50
Pc
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
JFMAMJ JA SOND0
0.045
0.09L
UE
(gC
m
olP
AR
)
JFMA MJ JA SOND30
65
100
GE
Psa
t
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
0
300
600p
rec
(mm
mo
nth
-1)
K34 2005 (red) 2000-2004&2006 (black)
200
500
800
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
7.5
15
GE
P
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
JFMA MJ JA SOND10
30
50
Pc
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
JFMA MJ JA SOND0
0.045
0.09
LU
E(g
C
mo
lPA
R)
JFMAMJ JA SOND30
75
120
GE
Psa
t
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
J FMA M J J A SOND-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
Le
af-
flush
(gC
m- 2
d-1
)
K34 2005 (red) 2000-2006 (black)
J FMA M J JA SO ND-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
Le
af-
flush
(gC
m- 2
d-1
)
K34 2005 (red) 2000-2004 & 2006 (black)
0
300
600p
rec
(mm
mo
nth
-1)
K34 2006 (red) 1999-2006 (black)
200
500
800
PA
R(
mo
l m-2
s-1
)
0
7.5
15
GE
P
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
J FMAMJ JA SOND10
30
50
Pc
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
JFMAMJ JA SOND0
0.045
0.09
LU
E(g
C
mo
lPA
R)
JFMAMJ JA SOND30
75
120
GE
Psa
t
(gC
m-2
d-1
)
2
4
6
8
10
12
GE
P (
gC m
-2d-1
)
K67 2002-2006
GEP
GEPnoSco2
J F M A M J J A S O N D-30
-20
-10
Per
cent
age
Abs
olut
e E
rror
GE
Pno
Sco
2 vs.
GE
P
2
4
6
8
10
12
GE
P (
gC m
-2d-1
)
RJA 1999-2002
J F M A M J J A S O N D-60
-50
-40
Per
cent
age
Abs
olut
e E
rror
GE
Pno
Sco
2 vs.
GE
P Sco
22
4
6
8
10
12
GE
P (
gC m
-2d-1
)
K34 1999-2006
J F M A M J J A S O N D-40
-30
-20
Per
cent
age
Abs
olut
e E
rror
GE
Pno
Sco
2 vs.
GE
P Sco
2
BrasilFlux Tower Sites: GEP calculations
Missing Sco
2
4
6
8
10
12
GE
P (
gC m
-2d-1
)
K67 2002-2006
GEP
GEPnoSco2
J F M A M J J A S O N D-30
-20
-10
Per
cent
age
Abs
olut
e E
rror
GE
Pno
Sco
2 vs.
GE
P
2
4
6
8
10
12
GE
P (
gC m
-2d-1
)
RJA 1999-2002
J F M A M J J A S O N D-60
-50
-40
Per
cent
age
Abs
olut
e E
rror
GE
Pno
Sco
2 vs.
GE
P Sco
22
4
6
8
10
12
GE
P (
gC m
-2d-1
)
K34 1999-2006
J F M A M J J A S O N D-40
-30
-20
Per
cent
age
Abs
olut
e E
rror
GE
Pno
Sco
2 vs.
GE
P Sco
2
BrasilFlux Tower Sites: GEP calculations
Missing Sco2