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Dr. Daxaben MehtaPrincipal, Smt. S. C. U. Shah Home Science
And C.U.Shah Arts &Commerce Mahila CollegeWadhwancity, Dist: Surendranagar
Scientific Writing
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Scientific WritingTypes of Scientific PublicationOutlineLanguageStructure & Preparation of a PaperTitle - AuthorAbstractKey words
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Types of Scientific
PublicationOral presentationsWritten presentationsBooks and book chaptersReview papers Journal articlesScience magazines, Newspaper articlesWriting for Grants
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Extension leaflets and postersConference postersAnnual reports, quarterly reports and project reports, Conference abstractsConference/Workshop proceedingsLetter to journals and book reviews
Types of Scientific
Publication
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Description Of An OutlineValue Of The OutlineDeveloping The Outline
Outline
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LanguageLanguage SimpleaccuratePreciseBrevityGrammarActive voice
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Structure of a Paper
IntroductionMaterials & MethodsResults – Tables & FiguresDiscussion ConclusionReferencesAcknowledgements
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The major sections required in a paper are often abbreviated in the acronym “IMRaD” meaning;Introduction, Methodology (Materials and Methods), Results, and Discussion. Other sections are clearly necessary (a title, abstract, references, etc.)
Structure of a Paper
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ThesisMain difference is the style and layout-MonographUse university guidelinesExtended literature reviewMain body split into sections/chaptersA chapter on methodologyDiscussion - Compare results with previous publications Discuss implications
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Writing for Grants
Research outlineSynopsis of researchPlan of researchResearch/project proposalThesis plan
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Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplishwhy you want to do it and how you are going to do it.
Research Proposal
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Research ProposalThe (Longer) Standard Model
A Basic Proposal Outline:Introduction Topic area Research question Significance to knowledge
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Research ProposalLiterature review Previous research others & yours Interlocking findings and Unanswered questions Your preliminary work on the topic The remaining questions and inter-locking logic Reprise of your research question(s) in this context
•
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Research Proposal MethodologyApproach - Data needsAnalytic techniques Plan for interpreting results Expected results
Discussion and ConclusionBudget and Bibliography (or References)
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Elements of Research Proposal
•Title •Introduction•Statement of the problem•Rationale/justification/significance of the research •Scope and limitations of the study•Review of literature•Objectives of the research
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Elements of Research Proposal•Operational definitions of
terms used•Hypothesis - Methodology Used•Time schedule/work plan•Budget/estimated cost built up •Organization of the
report/chapter outline•Bibliography/References •Conclusions - Appendix
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Elements of Research ProposalTitle
First page – title of the research; researcher’s name; name of institute/organization where the researcher belongs; name of the sponsoring organization, name of the supervisor, co-supervisor; date; etc In selecting the title, the following points should be taken care of:
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TitleReflect the theme of the researchBe self-explanatoryBe briefLanguage be simple and
unambiguousBe specific to a particular domainBracket; arithmetic figures, etc be
avoidedAvoid confusing meaning
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Introduction IntroductionThereoretical backgroundBackground of the problemEtc Statement of the problemDefinitionNatureExtent
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RationaleRationale/justification/significance of the research ImportanceAddressing the national context problemBridging the knowledge gapsUseful to the society/community Present state of affairsAffected stakeholders
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Scope
Scope and limitations of the studyBoundaries of the researchAspects and issues addressedShortcomings of the research – resource and time constraints
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Review of literatureResearches so
conducted; vital information Issues discussed; unaddressed issues Relevancy to the present researchFinding out information/knowledge gaps
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Objectives of the research
• Contextual/consistent to the title• Concise, clear-cut, expressed in simple language, precise, self-explanatory• Distinctive, quantifiable , measurable• Two types of objectives : general/broad/overall; specific
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Hypothesis
Operational definitions of terms usedClear-cut meaning of the terms usedHypothesisProposition subject to verificationMay be null, accepted, rejectedGuide/lead the research
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Methodology
Selection of appropriate approachTools/techniques to be usedData collection techniquesData processing, analysis, interpretation techniquesData/information presentation techniques
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Work Plan BudgetTime schedule/work planTime line of the assigned tasks Time line of the resource flow – 3Ms
Budget/estimated cost built up Cost built up – resource personnel, support staff, stationery, transport, utilities, house rents, miscellaneous, etc
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Organization
Organization of the report/chapter outlineOutline of the dissertation/reportFour major parts of the report: introductory, findings and discussion, summary, and conclusion
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Organization
PartDesired
share (%)Acceptable share
(%)Introductor
y10 15
Findings and
Discussion
80 70
Summary and
Conclusion
10 15
Total 100 100
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BibliographyBibliography/References Related documents to be consulted/studiesFollow technicalities in writing Bibliography/referencesTo be presented in alphabetic orderTo be presented in classified manner viz., manuscripts, books, journals, commission reports, newspapers, etc
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Conclusion
State about the feasibility of the proposed research/study Upcoming challengesUpcoming treats, difficulties, hindrancesMake a conclusive remak
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Tips and Tricks • Read and read - Take notes• Talk to supervisors, experts, fellows• Write topics and topics• Get confused, get afraid• Generate a number of research
questions• Systematize research questions• Cut down these in line with your
coherent thinkings
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Common Mistakes • To provide context to frame research question(s)• To delimit the boundary of research issue(s)• To cite landmark studies undertaken so far• To present accurate theoretical background of the study• To focus the research questions(s)
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Common Mistakes • To develop coherent and persuasive arguments• Too much detailed or too much short on major issues• Too much rambling – going all over without clear cut sense of direction• Incorrect citation/references• Too long or too short
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DOs and DO NOTs•DOProduce/prepare a professional looking proposalMake it interestingMake it informative, meaningfulWrite easy way to readPresent content in a pageUse clear headings/sub-headings
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DOs and DO NOTs•DOBe concise, preciseCheck spelling, grammarPresent in accurate/acceptable formatDO NOTsUse no ward which you do not understandUse of difficult ward unimpressive to the readers/ supervisor/ authoruty
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Scientific Writing
THANK YOU