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The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
I. The Aristotelian UniverseI. The Aristotelian Universe
Derived from Ptolemy, Derived from Ptolemy, Aristotle, and PlatoAristotle, and Plato
Classical Writings Classical Writings “Christianized”“Christianized”
Components of Components of Medieval CosmologyMedieval Cosmology
Medieval PhysicsMedieval Physics Belief in “Matter” and Belief in “Matter” and
“Form”“Form” Earth = Living, Earth = Living,
Protected SphereProtected Sphere
II. Scientific II. Scientific “Revolutionaries”“Revolutionaries”
A. Copernicus (1473-1543)A. Copernicus (1473-1543)
Aim to glorify GodAim to glorify God Sun-centered universeSun-centered universe Challenged circular Challenged circular
orbitsorbits Universe of staggering Universe of staggering
sizesize Earth no different than Earth no different than
any other planetany other planet On the Revolutions of On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheresthe Heavenly Spheres (1543)(1543)
B. Tycho Brahe (1546-B. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)1601)
Most sophisticated Most sophisticated observatory of his observatory of his dayday
Arrogant noblemanArrogant nobleman Remained an Remained an
AristotelianAristotelian Discovered comet Discovered comet
shooting right shooting right through crystalline through crystalline spheresspheres
C. Johannes Kepler (1571-C. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)1630)
Student of BraheStudent of Brahe Planetary motion Planetary motion
conforms to conforms to mathematical mathematical formulaformula
Elliptical orbitsElliptical orbits Planets do not move Planets do not move
at uniform speeds in at uniform speeds in their orbitstheir orbits
D. Galileo Galilei (1564-D. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)1642)
Early practitioner of the Early practitioner of the experimental methodexperimental method
Mathematical formula Mathematical formula for acceleration of for acceleration of falling objectsfalling objects
Law of inertiaLaw of inertia His discoveries using His discoveries using
the telescopethe telescope Challenges categories Challenges categories
of “form” and “matter”of “form” and “matter” End of his lifeEnd of his life
E. Isaac Newton (1642-E. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)1727)
Newton far from the Newton far from the perfect rationalistperfect rationalist
A great synthesizerA great synthesizer Blends inductive and Blends inductive and
deductive methodsdeductive methods Argues for a universe Argues for a universe
governed by natural governed by natural lawslaws
Principia; Mathematical Principia; Mathematical Principles of Natural Principles of Natural PhilosophyPhilosophy (1687) (1687)
F. Francis Bacon (1561-F. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)1626)
Father of the Father of the Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution
The Inductive The Inductive MethodMethod
Emphasis on Emphasis on practical, useful practical, useful knowledgeknowledge
New attitude New attitude toward naturetoward nature
G. Rene Descartes (1596-G. Rene Descartes (1596-1650)1650)
Significance of DoubtSignificance of Doubt The Deductive The Deductive
MethodMethod Spatial relationships Spatial relationships
can be expressed in can be expressed in mathematical mathematical formulasformulas
Father of “analytical Father of “analytical geometry”geometry”
III. Causes of the Scientific III. Causes of the Scientific RevolutionRevolution
Medieval Intellectual Medieval Intellectual Life and Medieval Life and Medieval UniversitiesUniversities
The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance Renewed emphasis on Renewed emphasis on
mathematicsmathematics Renaissance system of Renaissance system of
patronagepatronage Navigational problems Navigational problems
of long sea voyagesof long sea voyages Better scientific Better scientific
instrumentsinstruments
IV. Consequences of the IV. Consequences of the Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution
Rise of the “Scientific Rise of the “Scientific Community”Community”
--Royal Society of --Royal Society of London (1662)London (1662)
--Academy of Royal --Academy of Royal Sciences (1666)Sciences (1666)
The modern scientific The modern scientific methodmethod
A universe ordered A universe ordered according to natural according to natural lawslaws
IV. Consequences of the IV. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution (cont)Scientific Revolution (cont)
Laws discovered by Laws discovered by human reasonhuman reason
““De-Spiritualized” and De-Spiritualized” and de-mystified the de-mystified the UniverseUniverse
Mechanical View of Mechanical View of the Universethe Universe
Deistic View of GodDeistic View of God
--God as the cosmic --God as the cosmic capitalistcapitalist
The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
““Siecle de Lumiere”Siecle de Lumiere”
““The Century of Light”The Century of Light”
I. What was it?I. What was it?
Progressive, Progressive, Rationalistic, Rationalistic, Humanistic worldviewHumanistic worldview
Emerged out of the Emerged out of the Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution and culminated in the and culminated in the French RevolutionFrench Revolution
Spokesmen = Rising Spokesmen = Rising Middle ClassMiddle Class
Paris = Center of Paris = Center of EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Optimism about Optimism about mankind’s abilitiesmankind’s abilities
II. Key IdeasII. Key Ideas
Distrust of Tradition Distrust of Tradition and Revealed Religionand Revealed Religion
Scientific method Scientific method could be applied to could be applied to society as wellsociety as well
Society can get better Society can get better as risks are takenas risks are taken
Man is naturally goodMan is naturally good Good life is on earthGood life is on earth
III. An Attack on the Old III. An Attack on the Old RegimeRegime
A. The World of the Old A. The World of the Old RegimeRegime
Built on traditionBuilt on tradition World of hierarchy, World of hierarchy,
privilege and privilege and inequalityinequality
Allied with the Allied with the ChurchChurch
Challenged by the Challenged by the reform impulse of reform impulse of supporters of the supporters of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
B. Conflict with the Capitalistic B. Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle ClassMiddle Class
Support for the Middle Support for the Middle Class social order Class social order against the traditional against the traditional social ordersocial order
Size and increasing Size and increasing power of the Middle power of the Middle ClassClass
New notion of wealthNew notion of wealth Tension and discord Tension and discord
created by the Middle created by the Middle ClassClass
C. Popularization of ScienceC. Popularization of Science
The popularity of The popularity of science in the 17science in the 17thth and and 1818thth centuries centuries
Conversations on the Conversations on the Plurality of the WorldsPlurality of the Worlds (1686)—Bernard de (1686)—Bernard de FontenelleFontenelle
The Scientific The Scientific Revolution promised Revolution promised the comprehensibility the comprehensibility of the workings of the of the workings of the universeuniverse
D. A New World of D. A New World of UncertaintiesUncertainties
The Idea of ProgressThe Idea of Progress The anti-religious The anti-religious
implications of the implications of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
The relativity of truth The relativity of truth and moralityand morality
John Locke’s New John Locke’s New PsychologyPsychology----Essay Concerning Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingHuman Understanding (1690)(1690)-- “Tabula Rasa”-- “Tabula Rasa”
IV. The PhilosophesIV. The Philosophes
1818thth century French century French intellectualsintellectuals
Interest in addressing a Interest in addressing a broad audiencebroad audience
Committed to reformCommitted to reform Celebrated the scientific Celebrated the scientific
revolutionrevolution The “Mystique of The “Mystique of
Newton”Newton” Science applied to Science applied to
societysociety
V. The Problem of V. The Problem of CensorshipCensorship
The attempt of the Old The attempt of the Old Regime to control new Regime to control new thinkingthinking
Publishers and writers Publishers and writers hounded by censorshounded by censors
Over 1000 booksellers Over 1000 booksellers and authors and authors imprisoned in the imprisoned in the Bastille in the early Bastille in the early 1700’s1700’s
Battling censorshipBattling censorship
VI. The Role of the SalonVI. The Role of the Salon
Protection and Protection and encouragement encouragement offered by French offered by French aristocratic women aristocratic women in their private in their private drawing roomsdrawing rooms
Feminine influence Feminine influence on the on the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Madame GeoffrinMadame Geoffrin
VII. Diderot’s VII. Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
Ultimate strength of the Ultimate strength of the philosophes lay in their philosophes lay in their numbers, dedication numbers, dedication and organizationand organization
Written between 1751-Written between 1751-17721772
Attempted to illustrate Attempted to illustrate all human knowledgeall human knowledge
Problems with Problems with publicationpublication
Emphasis on practical Emphasis on practical sciencescience
VII. Diderot’s VII. Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia (cont)(cont)
Desire to change the Desire to change the “general way of “general way of thinking”thinking”
Greater knowledge leads Greater knowledge leads to human progressto human progress
Emphasized moderation Emphasized moderation and toleranceand tolerance
Human nature can be Human nature can be moldedmolded
Inalienable rights and Inalienable rights and the social contractthe social contract
Knowledge improves Knowledge improves goodnessgoodness
VIII. Famous Enlightenment VIII. Famous Enlightenment ThinkersThinkers
A. Baron de Montesquieu A. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)(1689-1755)
The Spirit of the Laws The Spirit of the Laws (1748)(1748)
Despotism could be Despotism could be avoided if political power avoided if political power were divided and shared were divided and shared by a diversity of classesby a diversity of classes
Power must check powerPower must check power Admires British Admires British
governmentgovernment French parlements must French parlements must
be defenders of libertybe defenders of liberty Influence in the USInfluence in the US
B. Voltaire (1694-1778)B. Voltaire (1694-1778)
Enthusiasm for Enthusiasm for English institutionsEnglish institutions
Reformer not a Reformer not a revolutionaryrevolutionary
Admirer of Louis Admirer of Louis XIVXIV
Relationship with Relationship with Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great
““Ecrasez l’infame”Ecrasez l’infame”
C. Baron Paul d’Holbach C. Baron Paul d’Holbach (1723-1789)(1723-1789)
Deterministic view of Deterministic view of human beingshuman beings
Free will, God and Free will, God and immortality of the soul immortality of the soul are foolish mythsare foolish myths
His views dealt the unity His views dealt the unity of the Enlightenment a of the Enlightenment a severe blowsevere blow
Other thinkers repelled Other thinkers repelled by this inflexible by this inflexible atheismatheism
D. David Hume (1711-D. David Hume (1711-1776)1776)
Human mind is nothing Human mind is nothing but a bundle of but a bundle of impressionsimpressions
Reason cannot Reason cannot decipher anything decipher anything about the origins of about the origins of the universe or the the universe or the existence of Godexistence of God
Hume’s rationalistic Hume’s rationalistic inquiry results in inquiry results in undermining the undermining the Enlightenment Enlightenment confidence in reason confidence in reason itselfitself
E. Jean-Jacques Rousseau E. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)(1712-1778)
His lifeHis life Turns his withering Turns his withering
critique of the Old critique of the Old Regime increasingly Regime increasingly on the Enlightenment on the Enlightenment itselfitself
Rather than liberation, Rather than liberation, rationalism and rationalism and civilization destroys civilization destroys the individualthe individual
Man by nature was Man by nature was solitary, good and freesolitary, good and free
E. Rousseau (cont)E. Rousseau (cont)
Civilization represents Civilization represents decay, not progressdecay, not progress
EmileEmile—protect children —protect children from too many booksfrom too many books
The Social ContractThe Social Contract (1762) and the (1762) and the “General Will”“General Will”
Civilized man is an Civilized man is an alienated manalienated man
Transitional intellectual Transitional intellectual figurefigure
F. Immanuel Kant (1724-F. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)1804)
One of few philosophes One of few philosophes to live to see the French to live to see the French RevolutionRevolution
Enlightenment was a Enlightenment was a personal process—personal process—release from immaturityrelease from immaturity
More optimistic than More optimistic than RousseauRousseau
““Dare to Know”—Dare to Know”—Enlightenment was an Enlightenment was an act of personal courageact of personal courage
IX. Enlightened DespotismIX. Enlightened Despotism
The manner of political The manner of political reformreform
Frederick the Great of Frederick the Great of PrussiaPrussia
Catherine the Great of Catherine the Great of RussiaRussia
Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria True reform or a True reform or a
cynical, manipulative cynical, manipulative consolidation of power?consolidation of power?