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SCIENCE !!!What is it good for?A _______ ______
Starr Ugly Rumors Rush Hour
Science is good for…Answering Questions
Infanticide !!! What is it good for?
The Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus sp.
Intro stuff…Syllabus see Blackboard Contacting me: use email; visit my office
TEXTBOOKS: Simon, Reese Dickey; MasteringBiology Course divided into 3 modules, dates TENTATIVE but… About course… Disabled Student Policy: read it
TESTS and GRADING: 3 m/c tests + 2 assignments: Read the MISSED/LATE EXAM Policy assiduously. 15% penalty for late tests.
Assignments: 1) TEDs and 2) MB Quizzes X-cred: extra TEDs. Due 2 weeks before end of sem. RESPONSIBILITIES: read it. COME SEE ME IF YOU NEED HELP Classroom Ettiquette: read it. Try to remember to turn off your cell
phones please. Etc.
John Morrissey’s speech…
Have you:Gotten a book?Figured out how to get into Blackboard?Read the syllabus?Gotten access to MasteringBiology website?Joined your class at MB?Started reading Chapter 1Started utilizing MB website for Ch 1?
MODULE 1: Chaps 1, 13, 14SCIENCE, BIOLOGY, EVOLUTION
Welcome to Biology 1020:Zoology
Q: So…What is Biology ?
A: Biology is…
Q: But then, what is science; what is life?
WHAT IS BIOLOGY ?The SCIENTIFIC study of life
The SCIENTIFIC study of life
WHAT IS SCIENCE ??
Science is…
one type of knowledge a method of problem solving “organized curiosity” empirical (adjective)
Science is EMPIRICAL
THE FACTS OF SCIENCEMUST BE…
1. empirically verifiable
2. potentially falsifiable
or logically inferred (don’t overlook the role of logical inference!)
Read “Process of Science” section in textbook chap 1.
WHAT IS LIFE?? So, what do the rocket scientists say?
NASA says: Life is…
a chemical system that is… capable of Darwinian evolution.
WHAT IS LIFE?Lynn Margulis (famous biologist) says:
Life is a… self-directed; water-based; carbon-metabolic; lipid/protein bound; nucleic acid-replicated; protein read-out system !
self-directed,water-based, carbon-metabolic,lipid/protein-bound; nucleic acid-replicated; protein read-out
SYSTEM
self-directed; water-based; carbon-metabolic;lipid/protein-bound; nucleic acid-replicated; protein read-out
SYSTEM
self-directed; water-based; carbon-metabolic;
lipid/protein-bound; nucleic acid-replicated; protein read-out SYSTEM
self-directed; water-based; carbon-metabolic;
lipid/protein-bound; nucleic acid-replicated; protein read-out SYSTEM
Fig. 4-5b, p.53
plasma
membrane
cytoplasm
lipid/protein-bound;
Protein pump across bilayer
Protein channel across bilayer
Protein pump
Recognition protein Receptor protein
extracellular environment
cytoplasm
lipid bilayer
…lipid/protein-bound;
Cell membranes (inside and out) are made of lipid & protein
self-directed; water-based; carbon-metabolic;
lipid/protein-bound; nucleic acid-replicated; protein read-out SYSTEM
self-directed,water-based, carbon-metabolic, lipid/protein-bound;
nucleic acid-replicated; protein read-out SYSTEM
self-directed,water-based, carbon-metabolic,lipd/protein-bound; nucleic acid-replicated;
protein read-out SYSTEM Francis Crick:
Life has obvious diversity! But does it have an underlying unity? The answer is yes…
the Universal Genetic Code and the Central “Dogma” are common to all life.
Hmmm…?NASA says…
: 1. Chemical system 2. Capable of Darwinian evolution
Lynn Margulis says…
1. Self-directed2. Water-based3. Carbon-metabolic4. Lipid/protein-bound5. Nucleic acid-replicated6. Protein readout-system
Your Textbook says…
1. Order/Organization2. Regulation3. Growth and Development
(via DNA)
4. Energy utilization 5. Responds to stimuli6. Reproduction (via DNA)
7. Evolution (via DNA) Joe Friday; Baskin Robbins; teacher’s Games;’ own it
#1. ORDER/ORGANIZATIONHIGHLY ORGANIZED and METABOLIC
I hate to admit it but …. All science is physics and chemistry because physics
and chemistry are the sciences that study the only two things that science can study….
1. MATTER and
2. ENERGY
GEOLOGY is the application of physics & chemistry to rocks and mountains and stuff like that.
ASTRONOMY is the application of physics & chemistry to stars, planets and stuff like that.
and BIOLOGY is the application of physics & chemistry to LIFE.
The 7 Characteristics of Life#1 (and #4) Order/Organization and
Energy Use are closely related
1. Order and Organization (Life, Energy, Entropy) 2. Regulation 3. Growth and Development (via DNA) 4. Energy utilization 5. Responds to stimuli 6. Reproduction (via DNA) 7. Evolution (via DNA)
HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND METABOLIC#1 Order and #4 Energy are intertwined !!
Life’s Organization is:
1. Dynamic 2. Hierarchical
HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND METABOLIC
ENTROPY = DISORGANIZATION (randomness)
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: The Entropy (of the universe) is always increasing !
What’s wrong? [Marbles] [Train]
HIGHLY ORGANIZED AND METABOLIC
Hey! What about the 1st Law?(of Thermodynamics)
http://www.youtube.heat is work
The Chalk Point Electricity Generating Plant
PATUXENT RIVER
SWANSON CREEK
Dynamic vs. Static and
Organized vs. Disorganized
HIGHLYORGANIZED
NOT HIGHLY ORGANIZED
DYNAMIC
STATIC(NOT DYNAMIC)
Life is highly organized! ? How can that be when the 2nd Law says: Disorganization is the rule and
Organization is the exception
Consider the acetone again…can we get it back in the bottle???
So, if you want to be a flourishing, “happy,” living thing of any kind…
we eat energy and excrete entropy ! ! !
Life’s organization isHEIRARCHICAL
king, queen, prince, princess, duke, duchess…
1. ATOMS 7. ORGANISMS2. MOLECULES 8. POPULATIONS3. CELLS 9. COMMUNITIES4. TISSUES 10. ECOSYSTEMS5. ORGANS 11. BIOSPHERE6. ORGAN SYSTEMS
The Hierarchy of Organization
Fig. 1-2, p.4
Fig. 1-2, p.5
Fig. 1-2a, p.4
atom
Elements are fundamental forms of matter.
Atoms are the smallest units that retain an element’s properties. Electrons, protons and neutrons are its building
blocks. This hydrogen atom’s electron zips around a proton in a spherical volume of space.
Fig. 1-2b, p.4
molecule
Two or more joined atoms of the same or different elements.
“Molecules of life” are complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
DNA, and RNA. Only living cells now make them.
Fig. 1-2c, p.4
cell
Smallest unit that can live and reproduce
on its own or as part of a multicelled
organism.
It has an outer membrane, DNA, and
other components.
Fig. 1-2d, p.4
tissue
Organized array
of cells and substances
interacting in some task. Many cells
(white) made this bone tissue from their
own secretions.
animal tissue types
Fig. 1-2e, p.4
organ
Structural unit made of two or more tissues interacting in some task. A parrotfish eye is a sensory organ
used in vision.
Fig. 1-2f, p.4
organ system
Organs interacting physically, chemically, or both in some task. Parrotfish
skin is an
integumentary system with tissue layers, organs such as glands, and other
parts.
Fig. 1-2g, p.5
multicelled organism
Individual made of different types of cells. Cells of most multicelled
organisms, including this Red Sea parrotfish, are organized as tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Fig. 1-2h, p.5
population
Group of single-celled or multicelled individuals of the same species occupying a specified area. This is a fish
population in the Red Sea.
Fig. 1-2i, p.5
community
All populations of all species
occupying a specified area.
This is part of a coral reef
in the Gulf of Aqaba at the
northern end of the Red Sea.
Fig. 1-2j, p.5
ecosystem
A community that is Interacting with its physical
environment. It has inputs
and outputs of energy and materials. Reef
ecosystems flourish in warm, clear seawater
throughout the Middle East.
So what’s the difference btw a coral reef
COMMUNITY and a
coral reef ECOSYSTEM??
Fig. 1-2k, p.5
the biosphere
All regions of the Earth’s waters, crust, and atmosphere that hold organisms. In the vast universe, Earth is a rare
planet. Without its abundance of free-flowing water, there would be no life.
Fig. 1-2, p.4
Stepped Art
Fig. 1-2, p.5
Stepped Art
Organization…LIFE IS CELLULAR
It is often said that the fundamental unit of this organization is the CELL
“THE CELL THEORY”
All living things are made of cell(s). The cell is the fundamental unit of
structure and function in life’s hierarchy. Atoms molecules and even organelles are
not alive. Cells are. Communities, ecosystems and biosphere
are “partly” alive.
LIFE IS CELLULAR
1838 Matthais Schleiden: “ All plants are made of cells.”
LIFE IS CELLULAR
Theodor Schwann: “All animals are made of cells.”
LIFE IS CELLULAR
Rudolph Virchow: “All cells come from pre-existing cells.” 1855
LIFE IS CELLULAR
August Weismann
1880
“There is an unbroken lineage of cells back to some
original cell(s).”
RR
The 7 Characteristics of Life#2
1. Ordered / Highly organized (Life, Energy, Entropy) R
2. ERegulation (Margulis says “self-directed) 3. Growth and Development (via DNA) 4. Energy utilization 5. Responds to stimuli 6. Reproduction (via DNA) 7. Evolution (via DNA)
This self-regulation property is also called homeostasis.
#2 Regulation#2 Regulation and #5 Responsiveness are closely
related (see #5 below)
WE’LL LOOK AT EXAMPLES UNDER #5 BELOW.
The 7 Characteristics of Life #31. Order/Organization R2. Regulation R3. E Grow and Develop (according to a DNA plan) 4. Energy utilization 5. Responds to stimuli 6. Reproduction (via DNA) 7. Evolution (via DNA)
Grow and Develop
(according to DNA plan)
Fig. 1-6e, p.7
Life Stages
Fig. 1-6, p.7
Growth and Development
The 7 Characteristics of Life #4Energy Utilization (see #1 above)
1. Order/Organization R2. Regulation R3. Grow and Develop (according to a DNA plan) R4. E Energy utilization 5. Responds to stimuli 6. Reproduction (via DNA)
7. Evolution (via DNA)
Energy and Organization & Order
are closely related
So see # 1 above:Thermodynamics, entropy etc.
Inflow
of light
energy
Chemical
energy
food
Cycling
of
nutrients
Consumers
animals
Producers
plants and other
photosynthetic
organisms
Decomposers
in soil
Loss of
heat
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Figure 1.3
Energy flows / Matter cycles
Energy flows•Energy flows through ecosystems (rather than cycling) because of the laws of thermodynamics.•Each time energy is converted, some gets lost as heat (disorganized energy)•Matter cycles
• Photosynthesis and respiration for example…
Matter cycles•Each of us probably has about 1 billion atoms in our bodies that used to be in Wm. Shakespeare!•We have none of his energy. It’s “gone.”
Basically, Simon Sez:“we eat energy and excrete entropy”…and it’s “gone”&we eat food and excrete waste…and it’s NOT gone
The 7 Characteristics of Life#5
1. Order/Organization (Life, Energy, Entropy) R2. Regulation R 3. Growth and Development (via DNA) R4. Energy utilization R
5. E Responds to stimuli 6. Reproduces (according to a DNA plan)7. Evolves / Adapts (changes DNA)
#5 Respond to Stimuli / Homeostatic(see #2 above)
Stimulus - response, stimulus - response,
stimulus - response.
Don’t you ever think?
#5 Respond to Stimuli / Homeostatic
Pavlovian conditioning
#5 Respond to Stimuli / Homeostatic
Temperature regulation in Homo sapiens
Control of blood sugar (glucose)
The 7 Characteristics of Life #61. Order/Organization (Life, Energy, Entropy) R2. Regulation R 3. Growth and Development (via DNA) R4. Energy utilization R 5. Responds to stimuli R6. E Reproduce (according to a DNA plan)7. Evolve / Adapt (changes DNA)
#6 Reproduction Reproduction of a cell or an organism is
ALWAYS preceded by replication of DNA. When molecules (DNA) “reproduce” that’s called REPLICATION.
When organisms reproduce, that’s called, well…REPRODUCTION.
#6 Reproductionsexual vs. asexual
Terminology: • gamete, • zygote, • fertilization, • haploid (1N), • diploid (2N).• Mitosis vs meiosis
Egg and sperm
So… what’s so great about sex ?
Fig. 10-1d, p.154
Sex, what is it good for?
The role of sex is to produce variety ! “The spice of life.”
The raw material of evolution !!!
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life Genetic variation is the raw material of evolution. Gene variation (new genes) arise via mutation. Mutation = change in structure of DNA Basis for the variation in heritable traits Most mutations are harmful
Some Mutations in Drosophila
Fig. 10-4, p.157
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 XX (or XY)
Human Karyotype
Crossing Over• Each chromosome becomes zippered to its
homologue
• All four chromatids are closely aligned
• Nonsister chromosomes exchange
segments
So then… Why asexual reproduction?
Obelia Life Cycle (Hydrozoan)
reproductive
polyp
female medusa male medusa
sperm
zygote
ovum
planula
polyp forming
feeding polyp
Fig. 25-15a, p.411
Outline and explain the parthenogenetic life cycle of a rotifer in a temperate zone lake.
Rotifers on you tube
one of two ciliated lobes at head end
cluster of nerve cells
gastric gland (esophagus behind it)
proto-nephridium
cloaca (this type is a chamber for digestive and excretory wastes)
gland that secretes cementing substance for “toe”
mouth
modified pharynx; internal
jawlike elements, salivary
glands
stomach
intestine
anus
one of two
“toes”
Fig. 25-22b, p.416
Seasons in a temperate latitude lake
Reproduction in rotifers in a temperate latitude lake
Parthenogenesis: (Partheno-genesis from the Greek παρθενος parthenos, "virgin", + γενεσις genesis, "birth") means the growth and development of an embryo or seed without fertilization by a male. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some species, lower plants, invertebrates (e.g. aphids, water fleas, rotifers), honey bees and some vertebrates (e.g. lizards, salamanders, some fish, and even turkeys.
Reproduction
Premnas biaculeatus, a protandrous hermaphrodite
The 7 Characteristics of Life #61. Order/Organization (Life, Energy, Entropy) R2. Regulation R 3. Growth and Development (via DNA) R4. Energy utilization R 5. Responds to stimuli R6. E Reproduce (according to a DNA plan)7. Evolve / Adapt (changes DNA)
The 6 Characteristics of Life #61. Order/Organization (Life, Energy, Entropy) R2. Regulation R 3. Growth and Development (via DNA) R4. Energy utilization R 5. Responds to stimuli R6. Reproduce R7. E Evolve/Adapt (via changes in DNA)
Go on to chapter 13