Post on 03-Apr-2018
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Science is the systematic study ofnatureand how it affects us and our environment.
Science can explain natural phenomenathat happen in our environment.
How?
Through careful observations, studies andscientific investigations.
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Forensic technician
Environmentalist
Science teacher
Archeologist Doctor
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VARIOUS FIELDS IN SCIENCE
Science covers a very wide area of study and is
divided into various fields, such as:
Biology: the study of living things
Physics : the study of interaction of matter and energy
Chemistry : the study of composition and chemical
properties of substances, their reactions and uses
Geology : the study of rocks and minerals Astronomy : the study of the stars and planets
Meteorology : the study of weather and climate
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Wearing goggles
Carrying bottles by
the body; not the
neck
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Bunsen burner Tripod stand and wire gauze
Test tube Crucible
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Syringe
Test tube holder
Retort stand and clamp
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1. Identifying problem
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Planning the experiment
4. Controlling the variables
5. Collecting data
6. Analysing and interpreting data
7. Drawing a conclusion
8. Writing a report
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1. List the steps of scientific
investigation.
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2. Write down a report on Simple
pendulum experiment.
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To investigate how the length of the pendulum
string affect the time for 10 complete swings
of the pendulum.
How the length of the pendulum string affectthe time for 10 complete swings of the
pendulum?
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If the length of the pendulum is longer, the
time taken for 10 complete swing of the
pendulum is longer.
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Manipulated (what to change)
: the length of the pendulum
Responding (what is observed): time taken for 10 complete swings
Constant (kept the same)
: mass of the pendulum bob
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Pendulum bob, string/thread, retort stand and
clamp, stop watch
Apparatus set-up:
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1. Prepare the simple pendulum with a 10cm longthread.
2. Pull the pendulum bob to one side, then release.
3. Record the time taken for 10 completeoscillations in a table.
4. Repeat the experiment using a simple pendulumof different lengths, e.g. 20cm, 30cm, 40cm and50cm.
5. Draw a graph showing the time taken versuslength of pendulum for 10 complete oscillations.
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1. A simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread was
prepared.
2. The pendulum was pulled to one side, and then
was released.
3. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations was
recorded in a table.
4. The experiment was repeated using a simplependulum with 20cm, 30cm, 40 and 50cm long.
5. A graph showing the time taken versus length of
pendulum for 10 complete oscillations was drawn.
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1 10 10
2 20 13
3 30 15
4 40 18
5 50 20
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1 10 10 1.0
2 20 13 1.3
3 30 15 1.5
4 40 18 1.85 50 20 2.0
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Graph of time taken for 10 complete oscillationsversus length of simple pendulum.
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From the graph, we can say that:
1. The pendulum with a longer string takes
time to oscillate than thependulum with a shorter string.
2. The time taken for the pendulum to make one
complete oscillation will when thependulum string is longer.
longer
increase
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From the results, the hypothesis is
.
The time taken for the simple pendulum to
make one complete oscillation
with the length of the pendulum.
accepted
increases
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Measurement is important because:
It helps to describe things everyday;
It is a part of the scientific investigation
process
(e.g: simple pendulum experiment)
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Can be measured Cannot be measured
How far is your house to
the school?
How beautiful a person
is?
How long does you taketo finish your
homework?
How does a durian
taste?
How hot is a glass ofwater? How soft a pillow is?
How a flower smell?
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A physical quantity is something that can be
measured.
There are five basic quantities: length, time,
mass, temperature and electric current.
Measurement of physical quantities consist of
two parts:
A number indicating value or how much;
A unit of measurement.
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Unit is a scale that helps you understand
a particular measurement.
S.I units: International standard unit ofmeasurement (Systeme International d
Unites).
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Allow us to analyse data and compare
information easily and more accurately;
No confusion because there is specificsymbols for each unit;
Allow us to solve problems related to
measurement.
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Physical
quantitiesSI units Symbols Definition
LengthMetre m
A measurement of how long
something from one point to another
Mass Kilogram kg A measurement of how much matterthere is in an object
TimeSecond s
A measurement of the interval
between two events
Temperature
Kelvin K
A measurement of the warmness or
coldness in any object
Electric currentAmpere A
A measurement of the rate flow of
electric charges through a circuit
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Prefixes are added to units like meter and
gram when we need to state values that are
too small or too large.
Prefix Multiplier SymbolNumerical
value
Micro X 10-6 0.000001
Milli X 10-3
m 0.001Centi X 10-2 c 0.01
Kilo X 103 k 1000
Mega X 106 M 1000000
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The weight of an object is the pull of the Earth
(force of gravity) on the object.
The S.I unit of weight is Newton (N).
The weight of any object depends on the
gravitational force.
The weight of an object is obtained using a
spring balance or compression spring
balance.
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The mass of an object is the quantity of
matter in the object.
The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
The mass of an object can be obtained using a
triple beam balance or lever balance.
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It is the amount of
matter in an object.
It is the gravitational
pull on an object.
Its value is fixed.Its value varies from
place to place.
Unit: kilogram (kg) Unit: Newton (N)
Measured using beam
balance or lever
balance.
Measured using spring
balance or weighing
balance.
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Tools: ruler, metre rule, measuring tape
Measuring the length of a straight line:
Using metre rule or a ruler
Correct position of eye (to avoid parallax error)
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Measuring the length of a curve:
Using a ruler and a piece of thread
A knot is tied at the end of a thread
The thread is stretched along the curve carefully
Make a mark at the end of the curve
Stretch the thread along the ruler to obtain the length
Using an opisometer
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Measuring the diameter of a spherical
object:
Using two wooden blocks and a ruler
Using a set-square and a ruler
i h di f bj
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Measuring the diameter of an object:
The external diameter is measured using external
calipers and a ruler
The internal diameter is measured using internal
caliper and a ruler.
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Measuring the thickness of an object:
The thickness of a piece of paper can be
determined by measuring the thickness of a stackof papers and dividing the value of number of
sheets of paper.
sheetsofNumberpaperofstackaofThicknesssheetsingleaofThickness
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The thickness of a glass tube can be measured by
taking the difference between its external and
internal diameter.
2
diameterinternal-diameterExternalglassofThickness
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Area is the total surface covered by an object.
The SI unit is square metre (m2).
Regular-shaped areas can be calculated using
Mathematical formulae.
Irregular-shaped areas can be estimated by
using a graph paper.
Using graph paper:
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Using graph paper:
Trace the object on thegraph paper.
Estimate the area bycounting the number of fullsquares, half full squaresand more than half full
squares (tick the squares) Area of the object is
estimated by multiplyingthe number of squares with
the area of one square. The area can be estimated
more accurately withsmaller squares.
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Volume of an object is the total spaceoccupied by the object.
The SI unit is cubic metre (m3).
It also can be measured in millilitre (ml). The apparatus: measuring cylinder, burette
and pipette.
1 ml = 1 cm31 l = 1000 cm3= 1000 ml
1 m3= 1 000 000 cm3 = 1 000 000 ml
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Measuring volumes of liquids
The volume must be taken at the meniscus level
of the liquid. Use a piece of white paper to enable the
meniscus to be seen clearly.
The eye is positioned at the same level of the
meniscus to avoid parallax error.
Measuring volumes of solids
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Measuring volumes of solids
The volume of regular-shaped and irregular-shaped
can be measured using water displacement method.
The object to be measured must be submerged in the
measuring cylinder filled with water.
The volume of the water displaced is the volume of
the object.
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The volume of a solid can also be measured using
a displacement can or a Eureka can.
The volume of the water that flows out from thecan is the volume of the solid measured.
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The volume of a light object can be measured
with the aid of a weight, for example, a stone.
The stone which is tied to the cork enables the
cork to be submerged in the water.