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Criminal JusticeCriminal JusticeA Brief IntroductionA Brief Introduction
CHAPTER
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
ELEVENTH EDITION
The Crime Picture
2
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The Collection of Crime DataThe Collection of Crime Data
• Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program A statistical reporting program run by
the FBI and publishes Crime in the United States annually
• National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) An annual survey of selected American
households
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The UCR/NIBRS ProgramThe UCR/NIBRS Program
• Development of the UCR Program Approximately 18,000 law enforcement
agencies provide crime information to the program.
Original UCR Program included a Crime Index which permitted comparisons over time.
continued on next slide
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The UCR/NIBRS ProgramThe UCR/NIBRS Program
• Development of the UCR Program Murder, forcible rape, robbery,
aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson (Arson was added to the index in 1979)
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FIGURE 2-1 The Criminal Justice FunnelSource: Derived from Brian A. Reaves, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 2009 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013), and updated with estimates by the author.
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The National Incident-Based The National Incident-Based Reporting SystemReporting System
• Development initiated in 1988• A significant redesign of the original
UCR Program• Incident-driven, not summary-based• Gathers many details about each
criminal incident
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Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11eFrank Schmalleger
The National Incident-Based The National Incident-Based Reporting SystemReporting System
• Includes 22 general offenses• FBI began accepting crime data in
NIBRS format in January 1989.• The NIBRS format has not been fully
adopted.• Attempting to enhance the quantity,
quality, and timeliness of crime-data collection by law enforcement agencies
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Differences between Traditional UCR and Differences between Traditional UCR and Enhanced UCR/NIBRS ReportingEnhanced UCR/NIBRS Reporting
UCR• Consists of monthly
aggregate crime counts
Enhanced UCR/NIBRS• Consists of individual
incident records for the 8 major crimes and 38 other offenses, with details on offense, victim, offender, and property involved
continued on next slide
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Differences between Traditional UCR and Differences between Traditional UCR and Enhanced UCR/NIBRS ReportingEnhanced UCR/NIBRS Reporting
UCR• Records one offense
per incident, as determined by the hierarchy rule, which suppresses counts of lesser offenses in multiple-offense incidents
Enhanced UCR/NIBRS• Records each offense
occurring in anincident
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Historical TrendsHistorical Trends
• The first shift occurred in the early 1940s. There was a decrease in crime due to
the large number of young men who entered military service during World War II.
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Historical TrendsHistorical Trends
• The second shift was between 1960 and the early 1990s. Postwar baby boomers reaching crime-
prone age Growing professionalization of some
police departments resulted in greater and more accurate data collection
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Historical TrendsHistorical Trends
• The second shift was between 1960 and the early 1990s. Increase in drug-related criminal activity Crime rates peaked during the early
1990s
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Historical TrendsHistorical Trends
• The third shift was between 1991 and 2009. Decrease in crime Sentencing reform Growth in the use of incarceration "War on drugs" Advances in forensic science technology
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Historical TrendsHistorical Trends
• A fourth shift in crime trends seems to be starting now. PERF reports "The reentry explosion" "The lengthening shadow of illegal
immigration" "The sprawling parentless neighborhood
of the Internet"
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UCR/NIBRS in TransitionUCR/NIBRS in Transition
• Violent crimes (Also called personal crimes) include
murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault
• Property crimes are motor vehicle theft, burglary, arson, and larceny-theft.
• Clearance rate Proportion of reported crimes that have
been "solved"
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Murder The unlawful killing of a human being Smallest numerical category in Part I
offenses Firearms are the weapons most often
used. The offender is usually at least an
acquaintance.
continued on next slide
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Forcible Rape The carnal knowledge of a female
forcibly and against her will
• Sexual battery The intentional and wrongful physical
contact with a person, without consent
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Date Rape Forced sexual intercourse that occurs
within the context of a dating relationship
• Most rapes are committed by acquaintances.
continued on next slide
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Robbery The unlawful taking or attempted taking
of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear• Individuals are the most common target
of robbers.
continued on next slide
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Robbery The unlawful taking or attempted taking
of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear• UCR/NIBRS Program scores a robbery as
one robbery, even if multiple victims in one event.
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Assault Inflicting injury upon the person of
another
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Aggravated Assault Inflicting serious injury upon the person
of another• Most frequent in the summer months• Most aggravated assaults are committed
with blunt objects or objects near at hand.
continued on next slide
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Burglary The unlawful entry of a structure to
commit a felony or a theft• Burglars usually do not know their
victims.
continued on next slide
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Larceny-Theft The unlawful taking or attempted taking
of property from the possession of another• The most common of the eight major
offenses
continued on next slide
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Motor Vehicle Theft Self-propelled vehicles that run on the
ground and not on rails• Most insurance companies require police
reports before they will reimburse car owners for their losses
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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Arson Any willful or malicious burning, with or
without intent to defraud, a dwelling, public building, motor vehicle, etc.
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Part II OffensesPart II Offenses
• Less serious than Part I offenses• Include a number of social-order (a.k.a.
"victimless") crimes
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The National Crime Victimization The National Crime Victimization SurveySurvey
• Designed to estimate the occurrence of all crimes, whether reported or not
• First conducted in 1972• Dark figure of crime
Crimes that are not reported to the police
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Comparisons of the UCR and the Comparisons of the UCR and the NCVSNCVS
• Problems with the UCR/NIBRS Not all people report when they are
victimized. Certain kinds of crimes are reported
rarely, if at all. Victims' reports may not be entirely
accurate. Inaccuracies may enter the data as it is
filtered through a number of levels.
continued on next slide
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Comparisons of the UCR and the Comparisons of the UCR and the NCVSNCVS
• Issues with the NCVS Respondents relate events which may or
may not have been crimes. Some victims are afraid to report
crimes, even to non-police interviewers. Details about the crimes come directly
from the victim with no attempt to validate the information against police records or any other source.
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Special Categories of CrimeSpecial Categories of Crime
• Crime Typology A classification of crimes along a
particular dimension
• Crime against women Men are more often the victims of
violent crime. However, when women are victims of
violent crime, they are more likely than men to be injured.
continued on next slide
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Special Categories of CrimeSpecial Categories of Crime
• Stalking Repeated harassing and threatening
behavior which may be planned or carried out in secret
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Violence against Women Act Violence against Women Act (VAWA) (VAWA)
• Violence against Women Act (VAWA) 1994 Educate police, prosecutors, and judges
about the special needs of female victims
Encourage pro-arrest policies in cases of domestic abuse
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Violence against Women Act Violence against Women Act (VAWA) (VAWA)
• Violence against Women Act (VAWA) 1994 Provide specialized services for female
victims Fund battered women's shelters
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Crime Against the ElderlyCrime Against the Elderly
• In general, elderly crime victims are more likely than younger victims to: Be victims of property crime. Report their victimization to the police. Be physically injured.
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Hate CrimeHate Crime
• Hate Crime A criminal offense committed against a
person that is motivated by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin
continued on next slide
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Hate CrimeHate Crime
• Most hate crimes consist of intimidation.
• Hate crimes may also involve vandalism, simple assault, and/or aggravated assault.
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Corporate and White-Collar CrimeCorporate and White-Collar Crime
• Identification doctrine Corporations treated as separate legal
entities• Can be convicted of violations of criminal
law
continued on next slide
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Corporate and White-Collar CrimeCorporate and White-Collar Crime
• Corporate crime A violation of criminal statute by a
corporate entity or by its executives, employees, or agents for the benefit of the corporation
continued on next slide
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Corporate and White-Collar CrimeCorporate and White-Collar Crime
• White-Collar Crime Violations of criminal law committed by
persons of respectability in the course of their occupation
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Organized CrimeOrganized Crime
• Organized Crime The unlawful activities of the members
of a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods or services
• Transnational Organized Crime Unlawful activity undertaken and
supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries
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Gun Crime Gun Crime
• Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act 1994
• Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 1994
• Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban 1996
• Protection of Lawful Commerce in Firearms Act 2005
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Drug CrimeDrug Crime
• White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) estimates annual illicit drug sales in the United States of around $65 billion.
• Drug law violations continue to increase.
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High-Technology and Computer High-Technology and Computer CrimeCrime
• Computer Crime Any crime perpetuated through the use
of computer technology Information piracy and forgery Dissemination of offensive materials
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TerrorismTerrorism
• A violent act or an act dangerous to human life in violation of the criminal laws of the U. S. or of any state, committed to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives