Saurashtra University - COnnecting REpositories · 2013-07-15 · 3 MoM'V hþB' h¢ $& _ÝZy Or H$m...

Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93)

Dave, Dipikaben V., 2009, “म न भडारी क गघ सािह य का म याकन”, thesis

PhD, Saurashtra University

http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/681 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given.

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H$maU g^r C›h| fl`ma g "_›Zy' [wH$maV W $& amO›– mXd g oddmh

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oH$`m $&

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gZ≤ 1952-61 VH$ bJ^J 9 gmb A‹`mo[H$m H$m H$m`© oH$`m $&

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N>mÃdÀgb Wt $& oH$Vm]| [∂T>mZ H$m C›h| ]hX em°H$ Wm $& BgrobE

ÒHy$b H$ [wÒVH$mb` H$m ma C›ht [a gm¢[m J`m $&7

M amO›– mXd g oddmh :-

]mbrJßO oejm gXZ ÒHy$b H$ A‹`j lr JdVr ‡gmX IVmZ

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H$bH$Vm [whwßM W $& [∂T>Z-obIZ Am°a bIH$ ]ZZ H$s YwZ CZ [a

gdma Wr $& gmohÀ` _| ÈoM aIZ H$ H$maU lr JdVr ‡gmXOr g

CZH$m [naM` h˛Am $& C›hm|Z ÒHy$b H$m [wÒVH$mb` A⁄VZ H$aZ H$

obE amO›– Or g H$hm Am°a dhmß [wÒVH$m| [a MMm© H$aV-H$aV CZH$m

_›Zy ßS>mar g [naM` h˛Am $& [wÒVH$ bIH$ Am°a gmohÀ` H$s MMm©

MbV-MbV d bmJ qOXJr H$s MMm© H$aZ bJ $& Yra-Yra CZH$m

[wÒVH$ [naM` OrdZ-[naM` _| [nadoV©V hmVm J`m Am°a XmZm| H$m

ogodb _°aO h˛Am $& h AßVOm©Vr` oddmh Wm $& amO›– mXd g

oddmh hmZ H$ [ÌMmV≤ _›Zy ßS>mar H$m bIZ VWm A‹`m[Z Am°a AoYH$

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_| ZB© M_H$ CÀ[›Z H$s $& Am°a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m D™$M gmohÀ`H$mam| g

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AmoX bmJ Xda-OR> H$ Í$[ _| ‡mflV h˛E $&

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"aMZm' aIm qH$Vw Ka _| Cg fl`ma g d "qQ>Hy$' [wH$maV h¢ $&

M ‡m‹`m[H$s` OrdZ :-

lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar gZ≤ 1961 _| A‹`mo[H$ g ‡m‹`mo[H$m

]Zt $& gZ≤ 1964 VH$ H$bH$Vm _| "amZr o]∂S>bm H$mbO' _| C›hm|Z

A‹`m[Z H$m`© oH$`m $& B›ht oXZm| lr amO›– mXdZ oXÎbr OmH$a

dhm ÒWm`r hmZ H$m oZU©` ob`m $& AVï gZ≤ 1964 _| _›Zy ßS>mar

H$m oXÎbr _| AmJ_Z h˛Am $& V] g _›Zy ßS>mar oXÎbr H$ ‡og’

gmo\$oÒQ>H$Q> S> H$m©bO "o_amßS>m hmCg' _| ‡m‹`mo[H$m H$ Í$[ _|

H$m`©aV h¢ $& gflVmh _| EH$ oXZ "oXÎbr odÌd od⁄mb`' _| r [∂T>mZ

OmVr h¢ $&

M Ï`o∑VÀd :-

Ï`o∑V H$m "Ï`o∑VÀd' [nade g ]ZVm h° $& Om A[Z gmW

gm_moOH$ odf_VmAm Edß _mZdr` gßdXZmAm| H$m EH$ [yam gßgma

ob` ahVm h° $& Bg [nade g Om ∂S>Zm Am°a Ow∂S>H$a obIZm Òd`ß

A[Zr gOrdVm H$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° $& dÒVwVï [nade $ha Ï`o∑V

H$m o_bVm h°, qH$Vw Cg mJZ H$s ‡oH´$`m ha EH$ H$s AbJ-AbJ

h˛Am H$aVr h° $& [nade H$ ¤mam hr Ï`o∑V H$m oZ_m©U `m odKQ>Z

gß^d hmVm h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ Ï`o∑V _| _mVm H$ [yU© g_o[©V Edß o[Vm H$ —∂T>

gßH$Î[Zm Edß AhßdmXr gßÒH$mam| H$m Am°oMÀ`[yU© g_ßOZ h° $& Bgr

gßdXZerb Òd^md, ›`m`moMV oddH$, oZÓH$m_ g_mOgdr _oÒVÓH$

Z EH$ g_W© boIH$m ]ZZ H$ obE [•ÓR>^yo_ oZo_©V H$s oOgg CZH$s

aMZmAm| _| A‡oV]’Vm, g_mO gm[jVm, ›`m`[j KaVm Am⁄›V

—oÓQ>JV hmVr h° $& Oybyg oZH$mbZm, ‡^mV\$na`m| _| goÂ_obV hmZm,

ÒdV›ÃVm-gßJ´m_ _| OyPZ H$m H•$V gßH$Î[r hmZm, OZ g_yh _| mfU

XZm, AÀ`mMma H$ odÈ’ ÒdamX≤Kmf H$aZm AmoX JoVodoY`m™ CZH$s

‡maoÂ^H$ oO›XJr H$m Img ohÒgm ahr h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ]M[Z _|

amOZroVH$ MMm©Am| _| gh^mJr hmZ H$m gwAdga ‡mflV h˛Am $&8

[amYrZ ^maV _| Zmar-oejm H$s gwodYmE™ BVZr ghOVm g

C[b„Y Zht Wr $& AmO r Zmar-oejm H$m ‡gma odoeÓQ> _‹`dJ©

H$ [nadmam| VH$ gro_V h¢ $& Ohm™ VH$ _›Zy ßS>mar H$s oejm H$m ‡ÌZ h°,

CZH$s oejm Am°a A‹``Z H$m AJ´ga H$aZ H$m l` CZH$ gwgßÒH•$V

Am°a Jna_mdmZ≤ o[Vm H$m h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m O] g AoÒ_Vm ]mY hAm V] g Òd ß H$m [wÒVH$m|,

[oÃH$mAm|, amOZroVH$, gm_moOH$ MMm©Am| H$ ]rM [m`m $& Bgg

CZ_| EH$ —oÓQ>-AmbmH$ bIZ-jÃ _| AdVnaV hmZ g [yd© hr

Ò\w$naV hm MwH$m Wm, Om CZH$s aMZmAm| _| Am⁄›V _hgygm Om

gH$Vm h° $& hr —oÓQ>-qMVZ CZH$s H$hmZr H$s A^roflgV C[bo„Y

h° Am°a hr CZH$s bIH$s` oZoY h¢ $&

Zmar A[Z OrdZ _| _m™-]Q>r, ]hZ, [ÀZr AmoX ^yo_H$mE™

oZ^mVr h° _›Zy ßS>mar Z h yo_H$mE™ A¿N>r Vah g oZ^m`r h° B›ht

yo_H$mAm| H$ gmW _›Zy ßS>mar boIH$m VWm A‹`mo[H$m H$r r yo_H$m

oZ^m ahr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Òd`ß H$hVr h° oH$ -

""BZ g] _| g _¢ XaAgb ∑`m hˇ ™ ? Vm `m| g_oP` oH$ BZ

g]H$m o_bm-Owbm Í$[ hr _am dmÒVodH$ Ï`o∑V h° Am°a _° dhr

]Zr r ahZm MmhVr hˇ™ $&''9

lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m Om H$mB© EH$ ]ma XIVm h° Vm Cg

CZH$ _mW H$s ]∂S>r-gr q]Xr `mX ah OmVr h° $& odÌd _| ^maVr`

Zmar H$s [hMmZ "q]Xr' h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar og\©$ q]Xr g hr Zht Ao[Vw

gß[yU© Ï`o∑VÀd g Am_ Kaby maVr` Zmar H$m Ehgmg oXbmVr h¢ $&

lr_Vr _›Zy ßS>mar [rb ogÎH$ H$s gm∂S>r _| bmb ]mS>©a Am°a

emb Am ∂T> Egr oXIm`r XVr h° oH$ bJVm hr Zht oH$ d ‡og’

boIH$m h° $& dh EH$ gßdXZerbm Zmar AoYH$ bJVr h° $&

oJnaamO oH$emaOr Z "_›Zy ßS>mar qOXJr H$s g_PXmar' bI

_| obIm h° ........ ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$s [hMmZ Cg q]Xr g ewÈ h˛B© Wr

Am°a AmO aMZmAm| VH$ [h™M J`r h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$m [hbr ]ma XIH$a

`h ‡ÌZ hmVm h° oH$ ∑`m dm H$hmoZ`m™ obIVr h° ? _›Zy ßS>mar H$hmZr

boIH$m CVZr ZOa Zht AmVr oOVZr H$s EH$ Kaby ÒÃr $&''10

_›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr gß[moXV [wÒVH$ "A[Z g [a' _| obIm

h¢ oH$ - ""EH$ A¿N>m H$hmZr bIH$ ]ZZ g [hb AoZdm`© h° EH$

A¿N>m H$hmZr - [mR>H$ ]ZZm $&'' h EH$ gwPmd Zht h° $& gM ]mV

Vm h h° oH$ _›Zy ßS>mar H$m AmO r H$hmZr-C[›`mg [∂T>Z _| Í$oM

h° & Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s bm`]´ar _ ß `e[mb, ‡_M›X g bH$a

Ao^_›`w AZV VH$ H$s g_ÒV [wÒVH$ C[b„Y h° $& dhm O`eßH$a

‡gmX, M›–H$mßV ]mßoS>dXH$a, am_ZJaH$a, __Vm H$mob`m, _rZmjr

[war, _•Xwbm JJ©, `mXd›– e_m©, A„Xwb o]oÒ_b AmoX g^r Z`

[wamZ MoM©V - AMoM©V gmohÀ`H$mam| H$s [wÒVH|$ XIr Om gH$Vr

h¢ & Am°a _›Zy ßS>mar Z e[mb, ‡_M›X, Ak` eaVM›– AmoX H$m

gÂ[yU© gmohÀ` [∂T>m h° Am°a CZg ‡^modV r h˛B© h° $& Am°a eaVMß–

H$s H$hmZr "Òdm_r' [a Vm C›hm|Z Òdm_r Zm_H$ C[›`mg r obIm

h¢ & Am°a h_ Egm bJVm h° oH$ _›Zy ßS>mar H$s aMZm-‡oH´$`m eaV≤ ]m]y

g OmZ-AZOmZ Ow∂S> J`r h° $& eaV gmohÀ` H$ g^r [mÃ `WmW©

bmH$ H$ h¢ Cgr Vah _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| VWm C[›`mgm| H$ g^r

[mÃ WmW© H$s O_rZ [a I∂S> h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZm ‡oH´$`m

H$ gßX^© _| "_ohbm C[moY _hmod⁄mb`' H$s N>mÃmAm| g ]mVMrV

H$aV h˛E H$hm oH$ - ""[wÈf-bIH$m| H$s ‡aUm Vm ‡o_H$mEß hmVr h°

boH$Z _am d°gm Hw$N> Zhr h° ]g Amg[mg H$s KQ>Zm Ï`o∑V `m

_mhm°b hr obIZ H$ obE ‡naV H$aV h° $&'' Hw$N> bmJm| Z amO›–

`mXd Am°a lr_Vr _›Zy ßS>mar H$ d°dmohH$ OrdZ H$ gß]ßY _| AZH$

‡H$maH$s o_œ`m ]mVm| H$m ‡Mma H$a XmZm| H$ oddmh-od¿N>X H$s

H$Î[ZmE™ r H$a S>mbr & CgH$ [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ H$s EH$ _hÀd[yU©

C[bo„Y CZH$ bIZ H$m`© g gß]ßoYV h° Am°a CZH$ bIZ H$m`© _|

oH$gr ‡H$ma H$s oeoWbVm Zht AmB© VWm C›h| oZaßVa ‡ogo’ ‡mflV

hmVr ahr $&

A] _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s A’©eVr [maH$a MwH$s h° [a ` oXÎbr

_hmZJa H$s AZH$ Ï`ÒVVmAm| H$ _‹` gwIr OrdZ Ï`VrV H$aV

h˛E bIZ H$m`© g OwQ>r h˛B© h° $& CZH$m Ï`o∑VÀd AÀ`ßV gab h°

Am°a CZH$ oZÌN>b Edß oZÓH$bwf Ï`dhma g g^r ‡^modV hmV h¢ $&

CZH$ OrdZ _| H$mB© ]ZmdQ> Zht h¢, Om Hw$N> d Zht h°, Cg oXImZ

H$ H$VB© H$mB© MÓQ>m Zht H$s $& d Zmar h° _mÃ Zmar Am°a h ZmarÀd

EH$ Ama maVr` [aÂ[amAm| VWm Xygar Am°a AmYwoZH$ [nade XmZm|

H$m ghO T>ßJ g AmÀ_gmV oH$E h˛E h° $& Bg ‡H$ma _›Zy ßS>mar H$m

OrdZ [yU©V`m gwI_` hr _mZm OmEJm $&

gmohÀ`-g•OZ H$ ]ma _| _›Zy H$s _m›`Vm h° - ""bIZ EH$

AZdaV `mÃm h° oOgH$m Z H$mB© A›V h°, Z _ßoOb $& ]g oZa›Va

MbV Mb OmZm hr oOgH$s AoZdm`©Vm h° em`X oZ`oV r $&''11

M H•$oVÀd :-

ÒdmV›Õ`mŒma H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| oOZ _ohbm H$WmH$mam| Z

oO›XJr H$s od–x[VmAm|, odf_VmAm|, odH•$oV`m| H$m H$bmÀ_H$

Ao^Ï`o∑V Xr CZ_| H$Wm boIH$m _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ gdm©oYH$

MoM©V h° $& ghO gm_mZ` mfm _| oZÌN>Vr, ]]mH$ Ao^Ï`o∑V g

g_mO gm[j odf`m| H$ emÌdV gßX^m _| ‡ÒVwVrH$aU Am°a Zmar

_Z H$s [r∂S>m H$ AßH$Z g d oh›Xr [mR>H$m| _| AÀ`oYH$ bmH$o‡`

h¢ & CZH$s aMZmAm| _| odf`-d°od‹` H$ gmW-gmW CŒmamŒma

g•OZmÀ_H$ odH$mg od⁄_mZ h° $&

lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZm-‡oH´$`m H$ gß]ßY _|

"[mßMO›`' Zm_H$ [Ã _| obIm h° - ""_a ob` obIZm Xm Vah H$m

hmVm h° & EH$ dh Om _¢ H$b_ bH$a H$mJO [a obIVr hˇ ß Am°a

H$m\$s bÂ] A›Vamb H$ ]mX hr gß^d hm [mVm h¢ $& Xygam dh Om

o]Zm H$mJO-H$b_ H$ X°ZßoXZ H$m_m| H$ gmW-gmW ]°H$ J´mCßS>

Â`woOH$ H$s Vah _Z H$s [aVm| [a oZaßVa hr MbVm ahVm h° $& ]mha

dmbm| H$ obE _hÀd[yU© dh h° Om H$mJO [a obIm J`m Am°a CZ

VH$ [h˛ ™M J`m & boH$Z _a ob` Vm "_am _mZogH$ bIZ' hr

_hŒd[yU© h°, ∑`m|oH$ BgH$ Xm°amZ hr am-_°nQ>na`b H$m dh ^ßS>ma

O_m hmVm h° oOg_| g Hw$N> MrO| MwZH$a C›h| H$mQ>-N>mßQ> Am°a Vame

H$a V°`ma _mb H$s Vah _¢ ]mha bm [mVr h˛™ $&''

_›Zy ßS>mar bm°oH$H$ [mÃ Edß KQ>Zm g ‡^modV hmVr h° Am°a dh

‡^md CZH$ qMVH$ _Z-_oÒVÓH$ H$m _WVm ahVm h°, Cg _ßWZ g

O] ÒdmZw^yoV H$m ZdZrV V°`ma hmVm h° V^r dh H$hmZr H$ Í$[ _|

‡H$Q> hmVm h° $& `hr H$maU h° oH$ CZH$s H$hmoZ`mß gOrd hmH$a

OZgm_m›` g ]mV| H$aZ bJVr h° $& bIZ CZH$m Ï`dgm` Zht h°

Ao[Vw AZw^yoV Am°a qMVZ H$m odÒ\$mQ> h¢ $&

amO›– mXd Z obIm h° oH$ - ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$ oX_mJ _| flbmQ>

_m°obH$ Am°a ge∑V AmV h¢ $& Am°a dh obIZ g [yd© H$B© ]ma

amO›– H$m gwZmVr h° $$&''12

M _›Zy ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma :-

(1) H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡W_ gßÒH$aU

1. _¢ hma JB© gZ≤ 1957 B©.

2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s VÒdra gZ≤ 1959 B©.

3. `hr gM h° gZ≤ 1966 B©.

4. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] gZ≤ 1968 B©.

5. oÃeßHw$ gZ≤ 1978 B©.

6. AmßIm XIm PyR> (]mb H$hmoZ`mß) gZ≤ 1976 B©.

(2) C[›`mg ‡W_ gßÒH$aU

1. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ gZ≤ 1961 B©.

2. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r gZ≤ 1971 B©.

3. Òdm_r gZ≤ 1982 B©.

4. _hm^mO gZ≤ 1976 B©.

5. H$bdm gZ≤ 1971 B©.

(3) ZmQ>H$ ‡W_ gßÒH$aU

1. o]Zm Xrdmam| H$m Ka gZ≤ 1966 B©.

2. _hm^mO gZ≤ 1983 B©.

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m gmohÀ` bmH$o‡` VWm lÓR> og’ h˛Am h° $&

gmohÀ`H$ma H$ Í$[ _| C›h| gÂ_moZV H$a CZH$s H$B© aMZmAm| H$m

[waÒH$ma o_b MwH$m h° $& CZH$s H$B© H$hmoZ`m| H$m AZwdmX Xer

odXer ^mfmAm| _| hwAm h¢ $& [ßOm]r _| CZH$s ]rg H$hmoZ`m| H$m

AZwdmX H$a CgH$m EH$ gßH$bZ VWm _amR>r, H$›Z∂S>, _b`mb_,

VbwJw, qgYr Edß ]ßJbm mfm _| _›ZyOr H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ AZwdmX

hm MwH$ h° $& BVZm hr Zht odXer mfmAm| _| r odefVï S>M Edß

AßJ´Or _| r CZH$ AZwdmX h˛E h° CZH$ gw‡og’ C[›`mg Am[H$m

]ßQ>r H$m AZwdmX$ JwOamVr ^mfm _| oZaßOZ g≈>mdmbm Z _amR>r _|

B›Xw_Vr edS> Z VWm AßJ´Or _| O`aVZ Z oH$`m h° $& qgYr, [ßOm]r,

H$›Z∂S>, Co∂S>`m AmoX mfmAm| _| r C∑V C[›`mg H$ AZwdmX h˛E h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$m _ßMZ g]g [hb ]Xm yß _|

h˛Am $& CgH$ [ÌMmV≤ am`[wa _| h˛Am $& lr_Vr A_mb AbmZm Am°a

‡_ _oh`mZr H$ gh`mJ g C›hm|Z Òd`ß "_hm^mO' H$m ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa

oH$`m Am°a "amÓQ≠>r` ZmQ≤>`-od⁄mb`' Z ]∂S> Ome H$ gmW oXÎbr

H$ _ßM [a ‡ÒVwV oH$`m $& ]r.]r.gr. b›XZ Z 55 o_ZQ>m|dmb

"_hm^mO' H$ ZmQ≤>` Í$[m›Va H$m ‡ÒVwV Edß ‡gmnaV H$aZ H$ ob`

‡oV o_ZQ> 9.50 [m¢S> ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "o]Zm Xrdmam| H$ Ka' ZmQ>H$ H$m r _ßMZ Ωdmob`a,

oXÎbr, m[mb, XhamXyZ, CX`[wa AmoX ZJam| _| h˛Am $&''13

"o\$_b H$m°a∑Q>g© BZ qhXr emQ>© ÒQ>marO' [a A_naH$Z N>mÃ

lr OwoS>V A›Z ]ZmS> gwlr Cfm o‡`ßdXm H$ oZXeZ _| H$m`© H$a ah

h° oOg_| _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m C›hm|Z odef ÒWmZ oX`m h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$B© H$hmoZ`m| H$m _ßMZ r h˛Am h° $& "AH$br'

VWm "MÌ_' Zm_H$ H$hmoZ`m| H$m _ßMZ "AZmo_H$' gßÒWm H$bH$Vm

¤mam oH$`m J`m Wm $& "oÃeßHw$' Zm_H$ H$hmZr H$m _ßMZ ‡W_ o_amßS>m

H$m©bO oXÎbr ¤mam Am°a aMZm gßÒWm H$bH$Vm ¤mam h˛Am h° $& ]mX

_| Bgr H$hmZr [a amO›–ZmW ¤mam Q>r.dr. H$ ob` o\$Î_ r ]Zr $&

"EImZ AmH$me ZmB©' H$hmZr [a ]mgw MQ>OuZ e]mZm AmO_r

Am°a A_mb [mbH$a H$m bH$a "OrZm `hmß' Zm_H$ o\$Î_

]Zm`r h¢ $&

]r.]r.gr. bßXZZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s aMZmAm [a 14 OwbmB©

gZ≤ 1982 B©. _| EH$ "\$sMa' r ‡ÒVwV oH$`m Wm $&

_›ZyOr Z [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´hm H$m g•OZ oH$`m $& C›h| g\$bVm

"_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZr g o_br $& A] VH$ C›hm|Z 50 H$hmoZ`m™

obIr h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z [m™M C[›`mgm| H$s aMZm H$s $& BZ_| g EH$ C[›`mg

[oV H$ gh`mJ g obIm $& Xygam C[›`mg "H$bdm' oH$emam[`mJr

h° $& _hm^mO Am°a "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg bmH$o‡` hm J` $&

_hm^mO C[›`mg _| amOZroVH$ [VZ Vm "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg _|

gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m oMoÃV H$s h° $& Am°a "Òdm_r' C[›`mg [a

AmYmnaV "Òdm_r' o\$Î_ ]Z MwH$s h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ g_ÒV H$hmZr-gmohÀ` g M`Z H$a VrZ AbJ

AbJ ‡H$meH$m| Z CZH$ odef H$hmZr-gßJ´h ‡H$moeV oH$` h¢ $&

H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡H$meH$ gZ≤

1. _ar o‡` H$hmoZ`mß Aja ‡H$meZ oXÎbr 1969

2. lÓR> H$hmoZ`mß amO[mb E S> gO. oXÎbr 1979

3. gflV[Um© ZeZb [oR>b qeJ hmCg oXÎbr 1982

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s [hbr H$hmZr "Z`m g_mO' _| 54 N>[r boH$Z

`h "_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZr g o_bm Om 1956 _| ‡H$moeV h˛B© $&

_ohbm H$hmZr boIH$mAm| _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ gdm©oYH$

_hŒd H$m h° $& C›hm|Z oh›Xr H$hmZr H$m Èo∂T>`m| g _w∑V ahZ H$

gßH$Î[ H$ gmW ZyVZ e°br _| H$Wm aMZm H$s h° $& ghOVm _›Zy ßS>mar H$

gmohÀ` H$m ‡mU VÀd h° $& A[Z A›Xa obIZ H$s Om eo∑V oZohV

hmVr h° CgH$ ]ma _| CZH$m _›VÏ` h° - OrdZ H$s Y∂S>H$Z g a[ya

pÒWoV`m™, odMma `m g_Ò`mE™ hr _wP obIZ H$ obE ‡naV

H$aVr h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr [hbr H$hmZr "_¢ hma JB©' obIZ H$ ]ma _|

H$hm h° - o]Zm oH$gr r ‡aUm Am°a ‡mÀgmhZ H$ _¢Z A[Zr [hbr

H$hmZr "_°ß hma JB©' H°$g obIr _¢ IwX Zht OmZVr $& "H$hmZr' Zm_H$

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h˛B© $& o[VmOr H$ EH$ o_ÃZ Ka AmH$a o[VmOr H$m H$hm oH$ _›Zy oH$

Vm _V _mar JB© h° Am[Z b∂S>oH$`m| H$m AmµOmXr Xr [a H°$g b∂S>H$m

H$ gmW h∂S>Vmb| H$admVr h° dh XIV h° Am[ h_ma Kam| H$s b∂S>oH$`m|

H$s em^m XVm h° g] ? d Vm AmJ bJmH$a Mb JE Am°a o[VmOr

gma oXZ ^H$V ah ]g A] Bg _›Zy H$m Ka g ]mha oZH$bZm ]›X

H$am $&

Bg ]mV g ]ò]a _| amV H$m Ka bm°Q>r Vm o[VmOr H$ EH$ o_Ã

Ama AO_a H$ g]g ‡oVoÓR>V Am°a gÂ_moZV S>m™. AÂ]mbmbOr

]°R> W _wP XIV hr ÒdmJV oH$`m -

""AmAm AmAm _›Zy $& _¢ Vm Mm°[∂S> [a VwÂhmam mfU gwZV hr

grYm ßS>mar Or H$m ]YmB© XZ Mbm Am`m $& Am` E_ naAbr ‡mCS>

Am\$ `y. ∑`m Vw_ Ka _| ahV hm ^ßS>mar Ka g oZH$bm ^r H$am,

d ]mbV Om ah W Am°a o[VmOr H$ Mha H$m g›Vmf Jd© _| ]XbVm

Om ahm Wm $&''22

boIH$m H$hVr h° oH$ Cg g_` erbmOrZ gmhg Am°a

AmÀ_odÌdmg g aH$a MbZ H$ obE EH$ oXem Xr Wr OrdZ H$m

AW© oX`m Wm $& C›hm|Z _ar ^rVar eo∑V Am°a Ï`o∑VÀd H$ gma

gH$mamÀ_H$ [hbwAm| H$m COmJa oH$`m Wm $&

gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr gßX^© - J´ßW gyMr

H´$_ [wÒVH$ bIH$ [•ÓR> gßª`m

1. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AZrVm amOyaH$a 1

3. _. ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ ‡Xr[ gr. bmS> 14

‡_wI [mÃ

9. oJnaamO oH$ema _Zma_m (1977) 6

10. oÃeßHw$ (H$hmZr gßJ´h) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 15

11. EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 13

‡_wI [mÃ

16. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 14

17. oh. gm. H$m. B©. S>m∞. ZJ›–

19. _›Zw ^ßS>mar H$m H$Wm gnhÀ` ‡m. oH$ema oJaS>H$a 2

20. EH$ H$hmZr `h ^r _›Zw ^ßS>mar 20

ïï o¤Vr` A‹`m` ïï

a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m aMZm gmohÀ`

1. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m gmohÀ` gßojflV [naM`

2. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ`

3. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZr gmohÀ`

4. _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ZmQ≤>` gmohÀ`

o¤Vr` A‹`m`

B _›Zy ßS>mar H$m gmohÀ` gßojflV [naM` :-

(1) C[›`mg gmohÀ` :

oh›Xr gmohÀ` OJV _| H$Wm boIH$m _›Zy ßS>marH$m Zm_ ]∂S>

AmXa g ob`m OmVm h° $& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| d°`o∑VH$ g oZd`o∑VH$

hmZ H$s `wJY_u `mÃm gd©Ã A›VoZ©ohV h° $& ghO, gab Am_

]mbMmb H$s ^mfm _| _mZdr` A›V©d•oŒm`m| H$m oZÈo[V H$aZ _|

_›Zy ßS>mar A›`V_ h¢ $& CZH$m g_ÒV aMZm gßgma C[›`mg, H$hmZr,

ZmQ>H$ BZ VrZ od⁄mAm| _| J´ßoWV h¢ $&

oh›Xr C[›`mg J⁄ gmohÀ` H$s ZÏ`od⁄m h° $& C[›`mg

AmYwoZH$ wJ H$s XZ h° $& _mZdOrdZ H$s AZH$ CbPZm| H$m CgH$

amOZ°oVH$, gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, Ymo_©H$ emfU H$m hr AmO

C[›`mg _| H$›–ÒWmZ Zht o_bm, ]oÎH$ AmYwoZH$ [nade _|

_ZwÓ` H$s AOZ]r`V Ï`o∑V H$ Ï`o∑VÀd AmoX H$m C[›`mg _|

ÒWmZ o_bm h° $& J⁄ gmohÀ` _| C[›`mg H$m ÒWmZ g]g _hÀd[yU©

BgobE h° $& Cg_| _mZd OrdZ H$ WmW© Í$[ H$m ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m

gm_œ`© h¢ $& odÒV•V \$bH$ h° _mZd OrdZ H$ _m‹`_ g g_mO H$

ododY Í$[m| H$m CX≤KmoQ>V H$aH$ gÀ` H$s ImO H$aZm C[›`mgH$m

‡_wI b˙` ahm h° $&

C[›`mg g_´mQ> ‡_MßXOr Z Bg Am°a ^r Ò[ÓQ> ]Vm`m h¢ -

""gmohÀ` H$r AmYma OrdZ h° $& Bgr Ztd [a gmohÀ` H$s Xrdma

I∂S>r hmVr h°, CgH$s AQ>mna`m™, _rZma Am°a Jwß]X ]ZV h¢ $&''1

AmMm`© hOmar ‡gmX o¤dXr H$ AZwgma -

""C[›`mg H$m O›_ hr g_mO H$s WmW© [napÒWoV`m| H$ rVa

g h˛Am h° $& C[›`mg H$ A‹``Z H$ _Vb] hmZm MmohE, oH$gr

OmoV m ]∂T>V h˛E odMmam| Am°a oZa›Va CÀ[›Z hmVr ahZdmbr OrdZ

H$s WmW© [napÒWoV`m| g gÂ[H©$ ÒWmo[V H$aV ahZ H$ ‡`ÀZm| H$m

A‹``Z $&''2

_›Zy ßS>marZ A[Z C[›`mgm| ¤mam maVr` g_mO H$ ]XbV

Mha H$m Ord›V ]Zm`m h° $& oH$gr r g_mO _| ImgH$a maVr`

g_mO _| wJ [nadV©Z H$s ‡oH´$`m g°H$∂S>m| dfm VH$ MbVr h¢, BgobE

_›ZyOr ¤mam ‡oV‹doZV hmZdmbr mdZmE™ AmZdmb bÂ] g_`

VH$ _hÀd[yU© ]Zr ah|Jr $& o\$a ^r CgH$ ^md JÂ^ra Am°a

Vr˙U h¢ $& CZH$m gm_moOH$ dJ© ÒWyb Í$[ _| _‹` dJ© h¢ Am°a gy˙_

Í$[ _| C¿M _‹`dJ© h° $& XmZm| H$m A›Va Vm h h° oH$ C¿M _‹`_

dJ© _| AmH$mßjmE C¿MdJm H$s hmVr h¢ [a Ï`dhma C¿MdJ© H$s

Am°a oZÂZ _‹`dJ© _ ^r AmH$mßjmE™ C¿M dJ© H$s Vah hmVr h¢

[a›Vw Ï`dhma oZÂZ dJ© H$s Vah hmV h¢ $&

ÒdmVßÕ`mVa oh›Xr C[›`mgH$mam| _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m CÎbIZr`

ÒWmZ h° $& CZH$ C[›`mg gm_moOH$ C[›`mgm| H$s H$moQ> _| AmZdmb

h¢ $& gm_moOH$ C[›`mgm| H$ b˙` H$ ]ma _| S>m™. oÃ^wdZ qgh Z

obIm h° -

gm_moOH$ odf_VmAm|, ´ÓQ>mMmam| VWm d°`o∑VH$ ÒdmWm g

AmH´$m›V [ro∂S>V g_mO H$s X`Zr` [napÒWoV`m| H$m CgH$ dmÒVodH$

Í$[ _| g_mO H$ gm_Z ‡ÒVwV H$aZm gm_moOH$ C[›`mgm| H$m ‡YmZ

b˙` h¢ $& gM_wM boIH$m H$ g^r C[›`mg Bgr b˙` H$s [yoV©

H$aZdmb h¢ $& BZH$ [m™M C[›`mg h¢ $& hm™ CZ C[›`mgm| H$m gßojflV

[naM` oX`m Om ahm h° $&

1. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z aMZmH$ma [oV amO›– `mXd g o_bH$a

‡ÒVwVr C[›`mg 1961 _| obIm h¢ h EH$ gh`mJr C[›`mg h° $&

302 [•ÓR>m|dmb Bg C[›`mg H$ Ap›V_ mJ _| amO›– mXd Am°a

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z-A[Z odMma ‡ÒVwV oH$E h¢, oOgg

C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| Hw$N> OmZH$mar ‡mflV hmVr h° - O°g (1) AÀ`›V

gßKf©erb [napÒWoV`m| _| ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$s aMZm h˛B© h° $& (2)

BgH$s H$WmdÒVw _wª` Í$[ g _›ZyOr Z hr obIr Wr $& ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg

_| Mm°Xh [na¿N>X h¢ $& oOZ_| [hbm, Vrgam, [m™Mdm AmoX [na¿N>X

amO›– `mXd Or ¤mam oboIV h¢, Am°a Xygam, Mm°Wm, N>«>m AmoX

[na¿N>Xm| H$s aMZm _›ZyOr Z H$s h¢ $& C[›`mg H$ A›V _| `h ^r

obIm h° oH$ O] `h C[›`mg YmadmohH$s Í$[ _| "kmZmXm`r' _|

‡H$moeV h˛Am Wm V] _›ZyOr ¤mam oboIV mJ H$m [mR>H$m| Z AoYH$

[g›X oH$`m Wm $&

"EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' _| _wª`Í$[ g VrZ [mÃ h° - A_a, aßOZm

Am°a A_bm $& BZ VrZm| [mÃm| H$ BX©oJX© H$WmZH$ Ky_Vm ahVm h° $&

A_a H$ _ZmodkmZ H$m amO›– mXd Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°, Am°a aßOZm,

A_bm H$s Ama g _›Zy ßS>marZ obIm h° $& A_a EH$ bIH$ h° Am°a

aßOZm CgH$s [ÀZr h¢ $& boH$Z A_a A[Zr g•OZ H$s ‡aUm

A_bm H$m _mZVm h°, Om CgH$ C[›`mgm| H$s [moR>H$m h°, C¿M

dJ© H$s h°, Am°a [oV ¤mam [naÀ`∑Vm h° $& A_bm A[Zr gß[oŒm,

gw›XaVm AmoX H$ ¤mam A_a H$m A[Z de _| H$a bVr h° $& [naUm_

ÒdÍ$[ A_a Am°a aßOZm H$ d°dmohH$ OrdZ _| Xama [∂S>Vr h° $&

O] oH$ aßOZm H$s gÂ[yU© Xw]©bVmAm| H$ gmW Cg MmhZdmbr Wr $&

A[Z _m™-]m[ g b∂S>H$a CgH$ gmW AmB© Wr $& aßOZm [aÂ[amJV

gßÒH$mam| g ‡^modV g_o[©V Zmar hmZ H$m H$maU h MmhVr h° oH$

CgH$m [oV H$db CgH$m hmH$a ah $& O] CgH$s Bg B¿N>m H$m ßJ

hm OmVm h°, Vm dh A_a H$m N>m∂S>H$a OmVr h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Am°a amO›– mXd Z ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg _| h oXIm`m

h° oH$ ]wo’Ordr bIH$ H$m ‡_ oddmh, J•hÒWr AmoX mdZmÀ_H$

gÂ]›Ym| g Xya hr ahZm MmohE, Zht Vm dh g\$b H$bmH$ma Zht

]Z [mV $& A_bm r A_a H$ OrdZ g Mbr OmVr h° A_bm YZr,

AhßJ´ÒV Am°a AmYwoZH$ odMma YmamAm| g gh_V Zmar h¢ $& BgobE

dh A[Z [oV g g_Pm°Vm Zht H$a [mVr VWm [naÀ`∑Vm hmZ H$

]mdOyX H°$bme H$ oddmh ‡ÒVmd H$m Rw>H$am XVr h° H$B©]ma MmhH$a

^r A_a H$ g_[©U H$aH$ H$aOma Zht ]ZZm MmhVr $&

Bg ‡H$ma ""A_bm Am°a aßOZm [napÒWoV`m| _| AoYH$ Am°a

_ZpÒWoV`m| _| H$_ OrodV ahVr h¢ $& XmZm| Zmna`m™ ‡Vmo∂S>V Wr

A_bm H$s C¿MdJ© H$s odS>Â]ZmZ _mam Wm Am°a aßOZm H$m EH$

"gZH$s' Am°a ‡dM©Vm Z AWm©V≤ [mR>H$ XmZm H$m ghmZw^yoV X ahm

Wm $&''3

2. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg Bg ZH$br AmYwoZH$Vm

g Xya AmO H$s _hmZJar oO›XJr H$ EH$ [hby H$s VrIr dmÒVodH$Vm

H$m ghr ]mY H$amZdmbm C[›`mg h¢ $& Bg_| EH$ "]ßQ>r' Zm_H$

]¿M H$s _ZïoWoV H$m oMÃmßH$Z oH$`m h¢ $& h CZH$m ‡W_ ÒdVßÃ

C[›`mg h¢ $& EH$ ]¿M H$m CZH$ _mVm-o[Vm H$ AZ]Z H$ H$maU

Om `mVZm ghZ H$aZr [∂S>Vr h° CgH$m `WmW© T> ßJ g oZÈ[U Bg

C[›`mg _| oH$`m h° $&

C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| obIm h° - oh›Xr H$m h [hbm C[›`mg h° oOg_|

EH$ odef [napÒWoV _| [∂S> h˛E ]¿M H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m BVZ odÒV•V

\$bH$ [a oMÃmßH$Z oH$`m J`m h° $&''4

lr_Vr H$_b Hw$_maZ A[Zm bI g_H$mbrZ _ohbm

C[›`mgH$mam| H$ C[›`mgm| H$m [nade _| "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' H$ ]ma _|

H$hm h° - ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$m "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' AmO H$ AZH$ [nadmam|

_| gm™g b ahm h° AbJ-AbJ g›X^m _| AbJ-AbJ pÒWoV`m| _|

AbJ Vah g $&''5

]ßQ>r H$ _mVm-o[Vm eHw$Z Am°a AO` h¢ Om AmOH$s AmYwoZH$

ÒdVßÃ odMma Ymam g ‡^modV h¢ Am°a XmZm| Ahß mdZm g J´ÒV h°

oOgH$s dOh g VZmd CÀ[›Z hmVm h° $& oejm H$ ‡^md g eHw$Z

A[Zm EH$ ÒdV›Ã Ï`o∑VÀd oZo_©V hmVm h° $& \$bÒdÈ[ dh A[Z

[oV AO` H$m gmW Zht oZ^m [mVr h° Am°a ]¿M (]ßQ>r) H$m bH$a

AbJ hr ahVr h¢ $& AO` g AbJ hmZ H$ ]mX ]ßQ>r hr CgH$m

EH$_mÃ ghmam ah J`m $& ⁄o[ ]ßQ>r H$m AO` ]h˛V fl`ma H$aV h¢

[a CgH$ Vm _Â_r H$ gmW ahZm hr [g›X h° $& AO` eHw$Z H$m

VbmH$ XZ g [hb hr _ram Zm_H$ Xygar ÒÃr g oddmh H$a

bVm h¢ $& BgobE XmZm| _| VbmH$ AoZdm`© hmVm h° $& eHw$Z ^r

Xygar emXr H$a bVr h° V] ]ßQ>r H$m odÓ` AßYa _| [∂S> OmVm h¢ $&

]ßQ>r Z Vm S>m™. Omer H$m oOgg eHw$Z Xygar emXr H$aVr h°, A[Z

o[Vm H$ È[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a gH$Vm h°, Z AO` H$s Xygar [ÀZr

_ram H$m A[Zr _m™ H$ È[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a [mVm h° $& \$bÒdÈ[ Cg

hmÒQ>b _| ahZ H$ obE O XV h¢ $&

AO`, eHw$Z Am°a ]ßQ>r BZ VrZm| MnaÃm| H$ ]ma _| "O›_[Ãr ï

]›Q>r H$s' _| _›ZyOr Z Òd`ß H$hm h° - "g_ar A[Zr YmaUm h° oH$

_¢Z Z eHw$Z H$m JbV H$hm, Z AO` H$m, ]ßQ>r Vm JbV h°

hr Zht $& JbV Am°a ghr AJa H$mB© hm gH$V h° Vm d h¢ AO`,

eHw$Z Am°a ]ßQ>r H$ Am[gr gÂ]›Y $&''

Bg C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| S>m™. AZrVm amOyaH$_ Z A[Zr [wÒVH$

"H$WmH$ma _›Zy ßS>mar'' _| obIm h° - ""C∑V C[›`mg AmO H$s Cg

gm_mnOH$ g_Ò`m H$m grYm Ò[e© H$aZdmbm h° Om "dw_|g ob]' H$

H$maU Am°a AWm©OZ H$s ÒdV›ÃVm H$ H$maU CÀ[›Z h˛B© h° $&''6

_›Zy ßS>marZ eHw$Z H$ MnaÃ H$ ]ma _| "O›_[Ãr ]ßQ>r H$s' _|

H$hm h° - eHw$Z M∏$s [rgH$a ]Q> H$m OrdZ ]ZmZ _| A[Z Am[H$m

Òdmhmï H$a XZdmbr _m™ Zht Wr, ]oÎH$ ÒdV›V Ï`o∑VÀd

AmH$mßjmAm| Am°a AmOrodH$m H$ gmYZm| g —flV _m™ Wr $& Bg Zmar

Am°a _m™ g Am[gr ¤›¤ H$m A‹``Z hr eHw$Z H$m CgH$m dV©_mZ

Í$[ XVm h° $&''7

_›Zy ßS>marZ ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$ ]ma _| EH$ gmjmÀH$ma _| ]Vm`m

h° - gmam C[›`mg H|$o–V h° AmR> gmb H$ ]ßQ>r [a $& C[›`mg H$

Amaß^ _| ]ßQ>r H$ [mg "A[Zm Ka h¢', "A[Zm ]JrMm h¢', "A[Zr

__r h¢', "A[Zr \yß$\$s h°', [m[m gmW Zht ahV [a [m[m H$m Agr_

fl`ma h¢, oXE h˛E T>a gma oIbm°Z h¢, boH$Z oH$g Vah EH$ gmb _|

CgH$ hmW g EH$ EH$ MrO gaH$Vr MbVr h¢ - \y$\$s JB©, Ka J`m,

_Â_r JB© Am°a [m[m r [hbdmb [m[m Zht ah $& mZr gma gÂ]›Ym|

g Jha Ow∂S>m ]¿Mm gÂ]›Y hrZ hmVm Mbm J`m $&

C[›`mg H$s AßoV_ [ßo∑V "[m[m H$m Mham r AOZo]`m| H$

Mham| _| o_b J`m'8 mZr oH$ gÂ]›Y H$m AßoV_r gyÃ r AOZ]r

hm J`m $&

oZïg›Xh C[›`mg _Z Am`r J`r g_Ò`m Qy>Q>V h˛E d°dmohH$

gÂ]›Ym| _| gßdXZerb ]¿M H$s X`Zr` pÒWoV EH$ odoeÓQ> g_Ò`m

h° oOg oh›Xr _| em`X [hbr ]ma CR>m`m J`m h¢ $&

3. _hm^mO :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m 1979 _| ‡H$moeV 151 [•ÓR>m|dmbm _hŒd[yU©

amOZroVH$ C[›`mg h° _hm^mO $& amOZroVH$ [nade H$m AmYma

]ZmH$a "_hm^mO' H$m g•OZ _›Zy ßS>mar Z oH$`m h¢ $& dmÒVd _| h

CZH$s H$hmZr "AbJmd' H$m odÒVma[yd©H$ dU©Z h¢ $&

‡ÒVwV C[›`mgm| _| Am[mVH$mbrZ pÒWoV H$ ]mX Xe H$s ]Xbr

h˛B© amOZroVH$ [napÒWoV`m™ Am°a VÀH$mbrZ emgZ H$m oMÃU _›ZyOr

Z oH$`m h° $& Egm _mZm OmVm h° oH$ h C[›`mg oh›Xr H$s C[›`mg

Ymam _| EH$ ZE _m ∂S> H$s Vah h¢ - oh›Xr _| Am_Vm°a [a obI

OmZdmb C[›`mgm| _| EH$X_ o^›Z $&

‡ÒVwV C[›`mg H$ _m‹`_ g MwZmd H$ ]rM _mZdr` ÃmgXr

H$ÈUm Am°a [r∂T>r H$s oZ`oV H$s g¿MmB© H$m Ao^Ï`ßoOV H$aZH$m

ge∑V ‡`mg boIH$m Z oH$`m h¢ $& amOZroVkm| H$s D$[a _hmZVm

Am°XmÀ` VWm JÂ^raVm ^a IS>b H$ A›Xa g CZH$s Om oKZm°Zr

VÒdra C^aVr h° dh N>mQ> g N>mQ> Ï`m°a H$ _m‹`_ g C^mar h° $&

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| Am[mVH$mb H$ ]mX H$m™J´g H$s [amO`

Am°a OZVm [mQ>u H$ emgZH$mb H$s [•ÓR>^yo_ ‡ÒVwV H$s JB© h°,

"_hm^mO' H$m [nade h_mam AmYwoZH$ amOZroVH$ OrdZ h¢ $&

dV©_mZ _| Ï`mflV amOZroV H$m boIH$m Z Bg C[›`mg _| Iy]r g

]m™Ym h° $& Bg H•$oV H$m amOZroVH$ [nade AÀ`›V ^´ÓQ> oKZm°Zm

Am°a bo¡OV H$aZdmbm h° $&1 _hm^mO EH$ dmVmdaU ‡YmZ C[›`m

h¢ $& "_hm^mO' AH$bm[Z Am°a mVZm H$s H$Wm h° Om ]hX odjw„Y

Ag›VwÓQ>r Am°a gßKf© d AoZdm`© gO©ZmÀ_H$ oH´$`m H$ Í$[ _|

‡ÒVmodV H$aVm h° $& Bg C[›`mg _| o]gy, o]›Xm, ÈH$_m Am°a g∑g°Zm

H$m oZohVmW© H$a ‡^w eo∑V`m| Z Xm gmh] H$s gm°Â` oH$›Vw AMyH$

_ma g AH$bm Am°a ›ÃUmJ´ÒV ]ZmH$a N>m∂S> oX`m h¢ $&9

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| H$WmdÒVw H$ Zm_ [a ]h˛V AoYH$

[MrXoJ`mß Zht h° $& ÒdmYrZVm H$ ]mX ^maV H$m EH$ XhmV Cg

XhmVr VH$ [h˛ßMr h˛B© XbJV amOZroV, MwZmdm| H$ obE A[Zm`

OmZdmb hWHß$∂S>, A[amYr VŒdm| H$m amOZroV _| XIb, [wobg H$s

A[Z hr bm^ [a H|$o–V —oÓQ>, ]wo’Orod`m| H$s VQ>ÒWVm Am°a

[ÃH$mam| H$s AdgadmoXVm - "" gma VŒd Bg C[›`mg H$s H$WmdÒVw

_| _wIa hmH$a C^a h¢, ‡ÒVwV C[›`mg _| Xm gmh] _wª`_ßÃr h¢ Am°a

gwHw$b ]m]y odamYr [j H$ ZVm, Omamda amOZroVH$ gwajm _|

[bZdmbm Jw ßS>m Am°a hÀ`mam h° $& g∑gZm Am°a og›hm [wobg

AoYH$mar h¢ $& X`m]m]y gß[mXH$ $& _he d_m© ]wo’Ordr h¢ Om Bg

]mV H$s ImO H$aZ XhmV [h˛™MVr h¢ oH$, "∑bmg ÒQ≠>Jb Am°a H$mÒQ>

ÒQ≠>Jb' ∑`m hmVm h° $&''10 Am_ MwZmd g Hw$N> hr oXZ [hb EH$ XhmV

_| o]gga Zm_H$ wdH$ H$s hÀ`m hm OmVr h¢ Am°a Cg hÀ`m H$ ]mX

g bH$a Cg hÀ`m H$ AmÀ_hÀ`m KmofV hmZ VH$ BVZm Hw$N> JwOa

OmVm h° oH$ oOg [∂T>H$a [mR>H$ XßJ ah OmVm h° $& EH$ hÀ`m H$m

AmÀ_hÀ`m H$ Í$[ _| KmofV hmZm oOg g\$X PyR>> H$m ‡_mU h° Cg

g\$XPyR> H$m gÀ` og’ H$aH$ H$mbr-H$byQ>r amOZroV H$ oKZm°Zr

H$aVodH$Vm Bg C[›`mg _| AßoH$V h˛B© h° $& Cg [∂T>V h˛E ha [mR>H$

oZïgßXh gh_oV AZw yV H$aVm h°, Bgg h_ "_hm^mO' H$s H$WmdÒVw

H$ WmW© oMÃU H$m AZw_mZ H$a gH$V h¢ $&11

4. Òdm_r :

]ßJbm H$ odª`mV H$hmZrH$ma eaV≤Mß– H$s H$hmZr "Òdm_r'

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m gß^dVï BVZr AoYH$ [gßX AmB© oH$ C›hm|Z BgH$s

H$WmdÒVw H$m Xm-Xm ]ma Í$[mßVnaV H$s $& EH$ ]ma H$hmZr H$ Í$[ _|

obI ob`m Am°a Bgg O] gßVmf Z h˛Am Vm Cg C[›`mg H$m Í$[ X

oX`m $& ""Egm bJVm h° _›ZyOr H$s H$hmZr "EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s

H$hmZr' eaV≤Mß– H$s H$hmZr "Òdm_r' H$m AZOmZ _| oH$`m h˛Am

^mdmZwdmX h° Am°a _›Zy Or H$m "Òdm_r' C[›`mg Cgr H$hmZr H$m

OmZm-_mZm È[mßVa h¢ $&''12

odª`mV o\$Î_r oZXeH$ ]mgy MQ>Ou eaV≤ H$s ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr

[a o\$Î_ ]ZmZm MmhV W Am°a CZH$ AZwamY [a _›ZyOr Z Bg

H$hmZr H$m o\$a g obIm $& eaV]m]y H$s _yb H$hmZr H$m C[›`mg _|

È[mßVnaV H$aV h˛E _›ZyOr Z CgH$s e°br H$m hr Zht CgH$ CXÌ`

H$m r È[mßVnaV oH$`m $& _›Zy ßS>marZ BgH$ ]ma _| H$hm h¢ - ""_¢

`oX H$hˇ™Jr oH$ eaVM›– H$s H$hmZr AmÀ_oY∑H$ma Am°a [m[-]mY

H$s H$hmZr Wr _¢Z Cg ghO _mZdr` A›V¤›¤© H$s H$hmZr H$m Í$[

oX`m h° $&''13 Bg o\$Î_ H$ ]ma _| _›ZyOr Z EH$ gmjmÀH$ma _| ]Vm`m

h¢ - "Òdm_r' o\$Î_ ]h˛V A¿N>r ]Zr h¢ $&

"Òdm_r' C[›`mg H$ _wª` [mÃ h° - ""gm°Xmo_Zr CgH$m ‡_r

Za›– Am°a [oV KZÌ`m_r $& Za›– o_Zr H$m [∂S>mgr h° $& Za›– Am°a

o_Zr XmZm| EH$ Xyga H$m MmhV h¢ $& o_Zr [∂T>r-obIr hmZ H$ H$maU

A[Z _m_m g Am°a Za›– g IwbH$a ]hg H$aVr h¢ $& Am°a o_Zr

A[Z A[Z _m_m H$ ¤mam oZoÌMV gÂ]›Y H$ AZwgma _O]ya hmH$a

KZÌ`m_ g emXr H$aVr h° $&''14 o_Zr oddmh H$ ]mX r A[Z ‡_r

Za›– H$m wbm Zht [mVr $& \$bÒdÈ[ o_Zr H$ _Z _| A[Z [oV H$

‡oV oH$gr Vah H$m AZwamJ CÀ[›Z Zht hmVm $& KZÌ`m_ Vm Kadmbm|

H$s —oÓQ> _| Wm $& EH$ oXZ CgH$s ghZeoH$V H$s gr_m Qy>Q> JB© Am°a

dh [oV H$m Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmVr h¢ $& BgH$ ]ma _| _›ZyOr Z H$hm

h° - ""[mnadmnaH$ H$bh Am°a A[_mZ Z CgH$ AmÀ_gÂ_mZ H$m Bg

Vah AmhV oH$`m oH$ CgZ Ka N>m ∂S> oX`m $& boH$Z ÒdVßÃ oZU©`

bZ H$s A[Zr Bg j_Vm H$ H$maU dh Za›– H$ gmW OmZ H$ obE

^r A[Z H$m V°`ma Zht H$a [mB© $& o_Zr A[Z _m™ H$ Ka JB© $&''15 dh

Za›– H$ gmW OrZ H$m gmMVr h°, boH$Z A[Z [oV KZÌ`m_ H$s

oZarhVm, ‡aUm AmoX g dh oO›XJr _| bm°Q> AmVr h° [hb

KZÌ`m_ H$ ‡oV CgH$ _Z _| ‡oVemY Am°a od–mh hr ahVm h°, Om

Yra-Yra H$ÈUm, ÒZh, gÂ_mZ Am°a AmXa g hmVm h˛Am [yOm H$

^md VH$ [h˛™M OmVm h° $&

`hr "Òdm_r' erf©H$ [oV H$ obE [maÒ[naH$ gß]mYZ _mÃ Z

ahH$a C¿MŒma _ZwÓ`Vm H$m odefU ]Z OmVm h°, Egr _ZwÓ`Vm Om

B©Ìdar` h¢ $&

5. H$bdm :

_›Zy ßS>mar ¤mam odaoMV "H$bdm' C[›`mg ]mb[`mJr h° $&

`h C[›`mg H$s H$Wm [ßMVßÃ H$s H$Wm g o_bVr ‡VrV hmVr h° $&

Bg N>mQ> g C[›`mg _| _›ZyOr Z OrdZ H$ H$Qw> gÀ`m| H$m COmJa

H$aZ H$s H$moee H$s h° $& Bg_| H$bdm Zm_H$ M_ma H$s H$hmZr h° $&

CgH$s H$Wm amO[wÃ, gmh˛ H$ [wÃ Am°a M_ma H$ [wÃ H$ MnaÃm| H$m

COmJa H$aVr h° $& BZ VrZm| oeÓ`m| g JwÈOr Z ‡ÌZ oH$`m oH$ -

""XwoZ`m _| g]g eo∑Vembr H$Vm© H$m°Z h° ? Vw_ AmJ OmH$a ∑`m

H$amJ ? ∑`m ]ZmJ ? BgH$m CŒma amOHw$_ma H$s –oÓQ> g - XwoZ`m _|

g]g ]∂S>r eo∑V ^mΩ` g]g ]∂S>r Xw]©bVm h° Ag›Vmf $& g]g

]∂S>m H$Vm© h° BÌda $& _wP A[Z o[Vm H$m am¡` MbmZm h° $& _¢ H$moee

H$Íß$Jm oH$ o[Vm g o_b A[Z am¡` _| d•o’ H$Èß $&''16 Bg H$ ]mX

gmh˛H$ma H$ [wÃ Z CŒma oX`m - XwoZ`m _| g]g ]∂S>r eo∑V h° YZ $&

oOgH$ [mg YZ h° Cgg JdmZ r ‡g›Z hmV h° Am°a XwoZ`m r $&

_ZwÓ` H$s g]g ]∂S>r Xw]©bVm h° mdwH$Vm Za_ oXbdmbm AmX_r

XwoZ`m _| H$^r Hw$N> Zht H$a gH$Vm $& g]g ]∂S>m H$Vm© _ZwÓ` H$s

]wo’ $& A[Z o[VmOr H$s [m™M hOma Jm™dm| H$s OmJraH$m Xg hOma

H$s H$a Xy™ hr _ar B¿N>m h° $& H$bdm M_maZ H$hm - XwoZ`m _| g]g

]∂S>r eo∑V h° _ZwÓ` Am°a g]g ]∂S>m H$Vm© h° _ZwÓ` H$m A[Zm

[m°Èf $& _ZwÓ` H$s g]g ]∂S>r Xw]©bVm h° B©Ìda Am°a mΩ` _| CgH$m

odÌdmg $& B©Ìda Z H$^r Wm, Z AmO h° $& _° EH$ Egr XwoZ`m ]ZmZm

MmhVm hˇ™ $& Ohm™ AmX_r Z mΩ` H$m ]Zm`m Im`, Z ]m[ H$m oX`m

^mJ $& VrZm| oeÓ` JwÈ H$m Amerdm©X [mH$a A[Z-A[Z Ka

OmV h° $& amOHw$_ma A[Z hr –oÓQ>H$mU H$m AmJ ]∂T>mVm h˛Am am¡`

H$aVm h° $& dh ‡Om H$m emfU H$aVm h° $& gmh˛H$ma o_Ã Z CgH$s

M_MmoJar H$aH$ 200 Jm™d ^|Q> _| b ob`m Am°a amOm H$m CÎby

]ZmVm h° $& amOmZ ‡Om H$m emfU oH$`m Bg H$maU ‡Om yfr, ZßJr

Ky_Vr ahVr h° $& Eg g_` _| [∂S>mgr am¡` H$m amOm h_bm H$aVm h°

Am°a amOm Ord ]Mm H$ OßJb _| mJ OmVm h° $& AVï mΩ` H$ amg

OrZdmbm AmX_r Hw$N> H$aZ bm`H$ Zhr ahVm dh K_ßS>r amOHw$_ma

Kmg N>rbVm h˛Am oXZ H$mQ>Vm h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z H$bdm M_ma H$m

CÎbI H$aV h˛E obIm h° dh g¿MmB©, B©_mZXmar [m°Èf H$ ]b [a

AmJ ]∂T>Vm h° $& Am°a CgH$ BZ JwUm| H$ H$maU amOm H$s b∂S>H$s g

oddmh hmVm h° $& amOm ]ZZ [a ^r H$bdm M_ma H$s odMmaYmam

[nadoV©V Zht hmVr $& dh A[Zr ‡Om g H$hVm h° - ""Am[ JdmZ

H$m ^r ^yb OmAm $& ^mΩ` H$m ^r ^yb OmAm, Am°a amOm H$m ^r

^yb OmAm $& h_ g^r ^JdmZ h° $& A[Zm-A[Zm ^mΩ` ]ZmZm

A[Z hr hmW _| h° $& _¢ Am[H$m amOm Zht, gdH$ H$s Vah _¢ Am[H$

gwI XwI H$m I`mb aIy™Jm $& oOg oXZ Am[H$m _a H$m_ H$s oeH$m`V

hm, Am[ _wP hQ>m XroOE Am°a A[Z ob` H$mB© `mΩ` gdH$ MwZ

broOE $& gdH$ MwZZ H$m hH$ Am[H$m h° Am°a MwZm h˛Am gdH$

Am[H$m gwI XwïI ]™Q>m` h H$V©Ï`m CgH$m h° $&''17

`h C[›`mg CXÌ`[aH$ h° $& ]mbH$m H$m oejm o_bVr h° oH$

^mΩ` H$ amg Zhr ahZm MmohE A[Zr _hZV, g¿MmB© Am°a bJZ

H$ gmW AmJ ]∂T>V ahZm MmohE $& H$bdm [nal_ _| odÌdmg H$aVm

h° $& ^mΩ` H$m Òd`ß ]ZmZm MmhVm h° $& Bgr ]mV _| "BH$]mb' H$s

[ßo∑V mX AmVr h° -

""IwXr H$m H$a ]wÎZX BVZm oH$ ha VH$Xra g [hb,

IwXm ]›X g IwX [wN> ]Vm Var aOm ∑`m h° $&''18

M Amg_mVm :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m ]mbm[`mJr C[›`mg h° $& _›Zy ßS>marZ H$hm±

oH$ _ar _m™ Amg_mVm H$m d´V H$aVr Wr $& h C[›`mg amOÒWmZ H$s

bmH$H$Wm [a AmYmnaV h° $& Amg mZr oH$ Om OrdZ _| Amem aI

H$ MbV h° Cgr H$s Amem [yar hm OmVr h° $&

`h N>mQ>m C[›`mg h° $& Bg _¢Z A[Z A‹``Zr H$s gr_m _|

Zht aIm h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z [m±M C[›`mgm| H$s aMZm H$s h° $& CZ_| g VrZ

_m°obH$ Edß ÒdV›Ã h°, EH$ gh`mJr "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' amO›– mXd

Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z o_bH$a obIm h° $& Xygam "Òdm_r' AZyoXV

H$hmZr H$m odÒVma h° $& BZ_ g odª`mV Xm C[›`mg "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r'

Am°a "_hm^mO' Z hr _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m g\$b C[›`mgH$ma ]Zm

oX`m h° $&

(2) _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZr gmohÀ` :

"C[›`mg' Am°a "H$hmZr' XmZm| H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ ‡H$ma h° $&

VÀdVï XmZm| _| H$B© g_mZVmE™ h°, oH$›Vw Hw$N> AßVa ^r XIm Om

gH$Vm h° $& ]rgdr eVr H$ CŒmamY© H$s ]h˛MoM©V _ohbm H$hmZrH$mam|

_| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ AmXa g ob`m OmVm h° $& d°g oh›Xr _| H$hmZr

obIZdmbr _ohbmAm| H$m AZw[mV [hb g hr ]h˛V H$_ ahm h°

Cg_| _›Zy ßS>mar H$s Vah Ï`o∑VÀd _| H´$mßoVH$mar VŒdm H$m ob`

h˛E AmYwoZH$Vm ]mY H$amZdmbr H$hmoZ`m™ obIZdmbr Zhr H$

]am]a h° $& _›ZyOr A[Z g_` H$s CZ ‡og’ H$hmZr-boIH$mAm|

_| g h° oOZH$s aMZmE™ [wÈf H$s AmH$mßjmAm| g ‡naV hmH$a

Zmar H$m oMÃ C[pÒWV Zhr H$aVr, ]oÎH$ Zmar H$m Zmar H$s –oÓQ> g

oMÃU H$aVr h° $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$s ‡_wI odefVm

AZw^dm| H$s g¿MmB© Am°a gßdXZerbVm h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z gmohÀ` H$s VrZ od⁄mAm| _| A[Zr ‡oV^m oXImB©

h° Vm r CZH$s odef ª`mVr (‡ogo’) H$hmZrH$ma H$ Í$[ _| h° $&

Hw$N> g_rjH$mZ _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmZr`m| H$m _wª`Vï d°`o∑VH$

MVZm [a AmYmnaV hr _mZm h° $& O°g

S>m©. B›–ZmW _XmZ Z obIm h° -

""_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmZrH$bm H$m _yb Òda ^r d°`o∑VH$

MVZm g ‡arV h° $& BZH$s H$hmZr`m| _| gX°d Ï`o∑V H$s

Hw$ÓR>mAm| H$m oMÃU VWm am_mßoQ>H$ ‡_ H$m Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$ oZÈ[U h°,

KwQ>Z, [amO` VWm oddeVm H$s Ao^Ï`o∑V h° $&''19

`⁄o[ BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _yb Òda d°`o∑VH$ MVZm [a

AmYmnaV h° oH$›Vw Cg_| odamQ>Vm Am°a Ï`m[H$Vm BVZr AoYH$

h° oH$ `ht d°`o∑VH$ MVZm AmJ MbH$a ghgm _hmZ gm_moOH$

g›X^m g Ow∂S> OmVr h° $&

S>m©. ^°Èbmb JJ© Z H$hm oH$ - ""_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m™

gmXÌ` hmVr h° Am°a OrdZ H$ oZH$Q> H$hmoZ`m| _| AZw^yoV H$s JhZVm

Am°a ZE _yÎ`m| H$m C^maZ H$s j_Vm r $&''20

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ [m™M H$hmZrgßJ´h ‡H$moeV hm MwH$ h° Cg_|

bJ^J 48 H$hmoZ`m™ obIr JB© h° $&

"H$hmZr' m "H$Wm' e„X H$m emo„XH$ AW© h° - H$hZm $& Bg

AW© H$ AZwgma Om Hw$N> r H$hm Om` H$hmZr h° oH$›Vw odoeÓQ> AW©

_| h_ oH$gr odef KQ>Zm H$ amMH$ T>ßJ g dU©Z H$m "H$hmZr' H$hV

h° $& H$Wm Am°a H$hmZr [`m©`dmMr hmV h˛E r XmZm H$ AW© _| gy˙_

A›Va Am J`m h° $& H$Wm Ï`m[H$ h° Bg_| g^r ‡H$ma H$s H$hmoZ`m™

VWm C[›`mgm| H$m g_mde oH$`m OmVm h° O] o] H$hmZr H$ A›VJ©V

bKwH$WmAm H$m hr ob`m OmVm h° $&

""A[Zr H$hZm Am°a Xyga H$s gwZZm h _ZwÓ` H$m Òd^md h°

BgobE H$hmZr ‡mMrZ H$mb g gd©o‡` odYm ahr h° $& amO-Xa]mam|

_| r oH$ÒgmJmB© H$hmZr-H$WH$ H$m gÂ_mZ[yd©H$ aIm OmVm Wm $&''21

""ÒdmVßÃVm H$ ]mX ]XbVr h˛B© [napÒWoV`m| _| gmohÀ` H$s

‡MobV od⁄mAm| _| AZH$ ‡H$ma H$ [nadV©Z bojV h˛E oH$›Vw CZg

AÀ`oYH$ ‡^modV h˛B© H$db Xm odYmE™-H$odVm Am°a H$hmZr $&''22

""ZB© H$hmZr Ï`o∑V H$s Zht Ï`o∑V[Z H$s H$hmZr h°

g_mO H$s Zht g_mO H$ ]ßYZ H$ ]XbV h˛E Í$[ H$s H$hmZr h°,

KQ>Zm H$s ‡YmZVm H$m oMoÃV H$aZdmbr Zht oH$›Vw [nade H$m

‡YmZVm XZdmbr H$hmZr h° $& Bg_| gße`J´ÒVVm, AH$bm[Z,

Ï`W©Vm, gßÃmg, KwQ>Z AmoXH$m oMÃU ‡YmZÍ$[ g h˛Am h° $&''23

odÌd ‡og’ H$hmZrH$ma ES>Ja EbZ m Z H$hmZr H$s [na^mfm

XV h˛E H$hm h° oH$ - ""H$hmZr AmY K Q> g bH$a EH$ m Xm K Q>

H$ ]rM [∂T> ob`m OmZdmbm J⁄ d•VmßV h° $& H$hmZr dh EH$ J⁄mÀ_H$

H$Wm h¢ Om EH$ ]°R>H$ _| hr [∂T> br Om gH$ $&''24 `hm™ ]b gßojflVVm

[a h° dh A[Z Am[ _| EH$ ÒdVßÃ od⁄m h° $&

‡_M›XZ H$hm h° oH$ - ""H$hmZr EH$ aMZm h° oOg_| OrdZ H$

oH$gr EH$ AßJ m oH$gr EH$ _Zm^md H$m ‡Xoe©V H$aZm hr bIH$

H$m CXX≤Ì` ahVm h° dh EH$ a_Ur` C⁄mZ Zht, oOg_| m™oV-^m™oV

H$ \y$b, ]b ]yQ> gO h˛E h°, ]oÎH$ EH$ Egm J_bm h°, oOg_| EH$

hr [m¢Y H$m _mYw`© A[Z g_wbV Í$[ _| –oÓQ>JmMa hmVm h° $&''25

H$hmZr H$m odf` BVZm gßojflV hmZm MmohE H$s oZoÌMV

gr_mAm| Am°a AdoY H$ AßXa AÀ`oYH$ ‡^mdembr T>ßJ g C[pÒWV

H$aZ _| oZ`mOZ H$s H$mB© joV Zht [h˛ ™M $& H$hmZr _| H$Wm H$m

^mar[Z Am°a gmohpÀ`H$ ]mP Zhr hmVm Am°a Z WH$mZ D$]mZdmbr

^mdwH$Vm hmVr h° Z bß] VZmddmbm H$m °Vyhb AZw^d H$s

Hw$emJ´Vrd´Vm ag H$m Jham $&''26

""J⁄ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ EH$ A›`V_ ^X H$ Í$[ _| H$hmZr

g]g AoYH$, oH$gr Aße _| C[›`mg g ^r AoYH$ bmH$mo‡`

gmohÀ` H$m Í$[ h° $& AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr gmohÀ` _| `h Í$[ ^r

]ßJbm H$ _m‹`_ g [m¸mÀ` gmohÀ` g Am`m h° $& AßJ´Or _| oOg

"emQ>© ÒQ>mar' H$hV h°, dhr ]ßJbm _| JÎ[ VWm oh›Xr _| "H$hmZr'

Zm_ g ‡MobV h° $&''27 H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ ]∂S> Í$[m| C[›`mg Am°a

C[›`mogH$m H$s Vah H$hmZr _| ^r H$WmgyÃ, H$WmZH$, [mÃ Am°a

XeH$mb H$m [napÒWoV CgH$ ‡_wI VÀd ]Vm` J` h° VWm Bg_| r

[mÃm| H$ [maÒ[naH$ AWdm [napÒWoV H$ odÈ’ ¤›¤ `m gßKf©,

gßKf© H$s [amH$mÓR>m, Ma_gr_m VWm gßKf© H$s OoQ>bVmAm| H$

odKQ>Z _| H$hmZr H$ A›VH$s odH$mg aIm ]Vm`r J`r h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡H$moeV hm MwH$ h° BZ

H$hmoZ`m| H$m gßojflV [naM` oZÂZÍ$[ g oX`m J`m h° $&

1. _¢ hma JB© gZ≤ 1957 B©.

2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra gZ≤ 1959 B©.

3. `hr gM h° gZ≤ 1966 B©.

4. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] gZ≤ 1968 B©.

5. oÃeßHw$ gZ≤ 1976 B©.

BgH$ Abmdm amYmH•$ÓU ‡H$meZ, amO[mb E S> g›g Am°a

ZeZb [o„bqeJ hmCgZ CZH$s lÓR> H$hmoZ`m| H$m MwZH$a VrZ

Am°a gßJ´h oZH$mb h°, _ar o‡` H$hmoZ`m™, lÓR> H$hmoZ`m™ Am°a

gflV[Um© $& h H$hmZr [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´h _| H$hr Am JB© h° Vm _°Z

AbJ g CgH$m [naM` Zhr oX`m $&

(1) _¢ hma JB© : (H$hmZr gßJ´h)

`h gZ≤ 1957 _| ‡H$moeV _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ‡W_ H$hmZr gßJ´h

h° $& ‡ÒVwV gßH$bZ _| CZH$s ]mah H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $& BgH$s

AßVr_ H$hmZr h° "_¢ hma JB©' Bg H$hmZr H$ AmYma [a Bg H$hmZr

gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU h˛Am h° $& Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s g_J´ H$hmoZ`m|

H$m gßojflV [naM` Bg ‡H$ma oX`m h¢ $&

(1) B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ (2) JrV H$m MwÂ]Z

(3) OrVr ]mOr H$s hma (4) EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr

(5) g`mZr ]wAm (6) Ao^ZVm

(7) Ì_emZ (8) Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV

)9) [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr (10) H$sb Am°a H$gH$

(11) Xm H$bmH$ma : (12) _¢ hma JB©

1. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ :

`h _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ ‡W_ H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s ‡W_ H$hmZr h° $&

`h H$hmZr A¿N>r Am°a _Zmd°kmoZH$ H$hmZr h° $& oOg_| boIH$m Z

Y_© H$ Zm_ [a hmZdmb Zmar _Z H$s Am‰`›VnaH$Vm H$s Vbme H$s

h° $& B©Ìda Y_©, g_mO, [nadma ÒÃr-[wÈf gÂ]›Y Ï`o∑V, Hwß$R>m H$

‡oV Z`m –oÓQ>H$mU Bg H$hmZr _| A[Zm`m h° $& [hmo∂S>`m g oKa

eha _| o_eZar b∂S>oH$`m| H$m H$m©bO h° $& AoYH$Va ÒQ>m\$ Z›g H$m

h° H$m©bO H$ gm_Z hr Ob h° $& Ob H$ H°$oX`m| Am°a o_eZar

b∂S>oH$`m| H$ OrdZ H$s boIH$mZ EH$ g_mZ oXIm`m h° $-

""o_gO ew∑bm H$s H$mo›VhrZ Am™I Ob H$s D™$Mr D™$Mr

Xrdmam [a oQ>H$m dmbr O] garZ AmB© Wr Vm CgZ ^r `hr ]mV

[yN>r Wr [Vm Zht ∑`m| H$m©bO H$ obE h OJh MwZr JB© h° $&''28

H$m©bO _| Hw$N> b∂S>oH$`m A›` Y_© H$s r h° $oOZ_| aÀZm Z`r

h° $& Cg H$m©bO Am°a \$mXa H$ ‡oV ]hX H$m°Vyhb VWm ` h° $& dhm

`Zr ZZ EßoObm \$mXa H$ ∂T>m|J H$m [Xm©\$me H$aVr h° $& dh ]mbr -

""_wP H$mB© Zht amH$ gH$Vm, Ohm™ _am _Z hmJm _¢ OmD™$Jr $&

_¢Z VwÂhma \$mXa... A] d H$^r Egr µ\$mbVw H$s ]mV ß Zht

H$a|J $&''29

Bg ‡H$ma EßoObm Z \$mXa H$m Zem S>mCZ H$a oX`m $& Bg

H$hmZr H$m b˙` h° ‡mH•$oVH$ bmbgmAm| H$m Hwß$oR>V H$aZ g Ï`o∑V

_| odH$ma Am OmV h° $& AVï AV•flV H$m_ZmAm| H$m V•ÓQ>r H$aH$ ghO

Edß ÒdÒW OrdZ OrZm MmohE $& h b˙` \´$m`S> H$ OrdZ-Xe©Z

g ‡^modV h° $&

2. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ h H$hmZr gwoeojV gßÒH$ma gÂ[›Z AmYwoZH$

`wdVr H$ AÏ`∑V ‡_ H$s Hw ß$R>m H$m ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h° & `h EH$

_Zmd°kmoZH$ H$hmZr h° $& oOg_| boIH$m Z Zmar H$ _mZogH$

A›V¤©›¤ H$m ]∂S>r ]marH$s g oMoÃV oH$`m h°$ & `h H$hmZr ÒÃr

[wÈf gÂ]›Ym| H$m Z°oVH$Vm H$s gr_m _| ]m™YH$a CbPr h˛B© oXImB© X

ahr h° CgH$m [naM` H$od oZoIb g hmVm h° $& oOgH$s H$odVmAm|

H$ AZH$ JrV H$oZH$m JmVr h° $& oZoIb H$s –oÓQ> _| ÒÃr-[wÈf H$

g^r ‡H$ma H$ gÂ]›Y Z°oVH$ W $& dh H$oZH$m g g^r ‡H$ma H$

gÂ]›Y ÒWmo[V H$aZm MmhVm Wm, boH$Z H$oZH$m H$m VH©$ Wm oH$ -

""]mV h_ oH$VZr hr ]∂S>r-]∂S>r ]Zm b oZoIb-Xm [a Ï`dhma

_| AmJ Zht ]∂T> [mV h° $&Am[ Om hm™ ]°R>H$a BVZr bÂ]r-Mm°∂S>r

]mV H$aV h° _mZ bm H$b H$m Am[H$s ]rdr AmE Am°a oH$gr Xyga

[wÈf H$ gmW dh A[Zm emarnaH$ gÂ]›Y aI Vm ]Xm©ÌV H$a gH|$J

Am[ ?''30

AmoIa EH$ oXZ oZoIb Z Cg ]mhm| _| ^a H$a My_ ob`m

oOg oZoIb _| Cg BVZm odÌdmg Wm, oOg dh BVZm ÒZh H$aVr

Wr, CgH$s Bg haH$V H$m dh ]Xm©ÌV Z H$a [m`r, CgZ oZoIb H$m

EH$ MmßQ>m _ma oX`m Am°a H$hm -

""VwÂhma ob` h Oam gr ]mV hmJr _a ob` Zhr Vw_Z _wP

∑`m Egr d°gr b∂S>H$s hr g_P aIm h° ?''31

Xwga oXZ oZoIb Z H$oZH$m g _m\$s _mJ br Am°a dh Mbm

J`m $& oZoIb Z Cg EH$ [Ã obIm - ""gM Vw_Z _ar Am™I Imb

Xr oH$ emarnaH$ gÂ]›Y H$ [a r b∂S>H$ b∂S>H$s H$s o_ÃVm H$m H$mB©

Am°a AmYma hm gH$Vm h° _wP Vw_ [a Oam-gm JwÒgm Zhr, A[Z [a

hr ΩbmZr h¢ $&''

[aÂ[am Am°a AmYwoZH$Vm H$ ]rM CbPr h˛B© Zmar H$ _Z H$s

Agob`V H$m _›Zy ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| Ï`∑V oH$`m h° $& oZoIb

[m¸mÀ` gßÒH•$oV H$m A›YmZwH$aU H$aZdmbm h° Am°a H$oZH$m

^maVr`Vm H$m ‡VrH$ h° $&

3. OrVr ]mOr H$s hma :

Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s Vrgar H$hmZr h° "OrVr ]mOr H$s hma'

Bg_| boIH$m Z _hmZJar` ]mY H$ EH$ A›` Am`m_ H$m ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>marZ Egr oeojV Zmna`m| H$s

_ZïpÒWoV H$m oMoÃV H$aZ _| g\$b ahr h° Om CoMV OrdZgmWr

H$ Vbme _| EH$ H$ ]mX Xyga [wÈfm| H$m "naOH$Q>' H$aVr Mbr OmVr

h° Am°a A›VVï CZH$ ÒdflZ O] [Œm H$ _hb H$s Vah ∂T>h OmV h° Vm

C›h AH$b[Z H$s ÃmgX AZw^yoV`m| H$ AoVna∑V Hw$N> r hmW Zht

bJVm $&

ZobZr, Amem, _wabm VrZm H$m©bO _| o_Ã Wr $& BZH$ obE

oddmh, [oV, ]¿M C[hmgmÒ[X bJV h° boH$Z [∂T>mB© [yar hmZ g

[hb hr Amem Am°a ZobZr H$m oddmh hm J`m Am°a _wabm Z

g^r H$m ZH$ma oX`m Am°a emYH$m`© _| bJ J`r $& _wabm H$hVr h° -

""∑`m XoµH$`mZygr bmJm| O°gr ]mV| H$aVr h° $& ghmam Cg MmohE

Om A[Z H$m A]bm g_P $& _¢ g]bm hˇ™, _wP oH$gr H$m ghmam

Zht MmohE $& ]¿Mm| H$m Vm _¢ A[Zr C›ZoV H$m ]mYH$

g_PVr hˇ™ $&''

H$hr gmbm ]mX _wabm Bbmhm]mX JB© A] dh oejm

od^mJ H$ D™$M [X [a Wr $& AmemZ _wabm H$m oddmh H$aZ H$s

gbmh Xr Wr _wabmZ B›H$ma H$a oX`m XmZm| _| eV© bJr oH$ _wabm

AoddmohV ahJr Vm Amem Cg _w™h _m™Jm BZm_ XJr, O] Amem g

_wbmH$mV h˛B© Vm Amem Z eV© H$s mX oXbdmB© Am°a Hw$N> _mßJZ H$m

_wabm H$m AmJ´h oH$`m Vm _wabmZ Amem H$s [m™M gmb H$s N>mQ>r

fl`mar gr b∂S>H$s _mßJ br $&

Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m _mV•Àd [a Zmar Ï`o∑VÀd H$m ›`m°N>mda

H$a XVr h° CgH$m H$hZm h° oH$ _mV•Àd H$ ]J°a Zmar AYyar h° $&

dmÀgÎ` CgH$m ÒWm`r md h° $&

`hr "OrVr ]mOr H$s hma' h° oOg_| _wabm eV© Vm OrV JB©

[aßVw dÒVwVï CgH$s hma hm JB© $&

4. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| "Í$[' H$ ¤mam Zmar H$s

_ZïpÒWoV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& Í$[ ]h˛V A¿N>r b∂S>H$s h° $& ]M[Z

_| CgH$s _mß H$s _•À`m hm JB© Vm o[VmZ Xygar emXr H$a br $& Z`r

_m H$ H$maU Í$[ A[Z oZïgßVmZ _m_m H$ [mg ahZ bJr $& CZH$

`hmß EH$ AZmW b∂S>H$m Wm $& oOgH$m Zm_ h° bobV _m_m Cg ]M[Z

g ]Q> H$ O°gm MmhV W Am°a aIV W $& bobV Í$[ H$ ‡oV A[Zm

‡_ ‡H$Q> H$a C¿Moejm H$ ob` odXe Mbm J`m $& Í$[Z Z MmhV

h˛E r Kadmbm| H$ H$hZ [a dH$sb gmh] g emXr H$a br $& [aßVw

‡_r Am°a [oV XmZm| H$ ‡oV B©_mZXma ahZm MmhVr h° $& AßV _| dh

‡_r H$m [yU© Í$[ g À`mJ H$a dH$sb gmh] H$s [ÀZr ]Z ahVr h° $&

Í$[ H$s H$_Omar `h h° oH$ dh oZU©` Zhr b [mVr Am°a A[Zr

B¡OV H$ ob` bmJ CgH$ ]ma _| A¿N>r ]mV H$h CgH$ obE dh

A[Zr gmar Ao^bmfmAm| H$m ZÓQ> H$aVr h° $& dH$sb gmh] A[Z

o_Ã H$s ]mV H$aV h° oH$ -

""]∂S>r _wgr]V _| Wm ]Mmam CgH$s ÒÃr A[Z oH$gr AmoeH$

H$ gmW mJ JB© $&''32

`h ]mV gwZV h° Í$[Z A[Zm bobV H$ gmW ^mJ OmZ H$m

\°$gbm ]Xb oX`m $& Í$[ od–mh H$aZ _| H$_Oma [∂S>Vr h° $& dh

A[Zr ^mdZmAm| H$m hm_ H$a XVr h° $& oZU©` Z H$a [mZm Am°a

gm_moOH$ od–mh Z H$a [mZm CgH$s H$_Omar h°ß $&

5. g`mZr ]wAm :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr g_` H$s [m]ßX Am°a AoVÏ`dÒWm g ]Yr g`mZr

]wAm H$s h° $& [nadma H$ g^r bmJm| [a CZH$m H$∂S>m oZ`ßÃU Wm $&

g`mZr ]wAm H$s [mJb[Z H$s gr_m VH$ Ï`dÒWm Am°a g_` H$s

[m]›Xr _ZwÓ` H$m _erZ ]Zm XVr h° hr boIH$m H$m H$hZm h° $&

]wAm A[Zr [m™M dfu` ]r_ma ]¿Mr A›Zy H$ gmW IyX Z OmH$a

^mB© gmh] H$ gmW Cg ^OV h˛E H$hVr h° $& EH$ ^r MrµO ImZr

Zhr MmohE - ""XIm h \´$mH$ _V Im XZm, gmV È[E _¢Z BgH$s

ogbmB© Xr h° `h fl`mb _V Vm ∂S> XZm, daZm [Mmg È[`m H$m gQ>

o]J∂S> OmEJm $& Am°a hm™ Ωbmg H$m Vw_ Vw¿N> g_PV hm CgH$s [admh

hr Zht H$amJ [a XIm h [›–h ]ag g _a [mg h° Am°a H$ht Iam|M

VH$ Zht h°, Vm∂S> oX`m Vm R>rH$ Z hmJm $&''33

Am°a A›Zy oH$g oXZ, oH$g g_` ∑`m ImEJr CgH$m _rZy ]Zm

oX`m $& H$] oH$VZm Ky_Jr ∑`m [hZJr g] Hw$N> oZoÌMV H$a

oX`m $& Am°a O] ^mB© gmh] A›Zy H$m bH$a Mb Vm ]wAmOr amB©

CZH$m amZm ZB© ]mV Wr Cgr oXZ Egm bJm oH$ CgH$s H$R>maVm _|

H$ht H$m_bVm ^r oN>[r h° $& ^mB© gmh] H$ [Ã amO AmV W Am°a

]wAmOr ^r amO EH$ [Ã obIVr Wr oOg_| A[Zr CZ _m°oIH$

ohXm`Vm| H$m oboIV Í$[ _| XmhamVr Wr $& EH$ _hrZ VH$ ^mB©

gmh] H$m H$mB© [Ã Zhr Am`m $& ]wAmOr oMo›VV hm CR>r $& V]

Zm°H$a [Ã bm`m $& Cg_| gQ> H$ Xm fl`mb Qy>Q>Z H$m g_mMma Wm $&

[m™M AmZ H$s gwamhr Vm∂S> XZ [a Zm°H$ar H$s ]war Vah [rQ>Zdmbr

]wAmOr [Mm` Í$[` H$ gQ> H$ fl`mb Qy>Q> OmZ [a r h™g ahr Wr $&

]wAmOr H$m gßdXZ ey›` OJV o\$a M°V›` hmVm h° $& ]wAm H$

_m‹`_ g boIH$m gm_moOH$ Í$o∂T> [a ‡hma Am°a _m°Z Ï`ßΩ` H$aZ

_| g\$b h˛B© h° $& AÀ`oYH$ AZwemgZ _ZwÓ` H$m gßdXZ ey›` ]Zm

XVm h° $&

6. Ao^ZVm :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ Ao^ZVm h° boH$Z H$Wm EH$

Ao^ZÃr H$s Ï`Wm H$s h° $& aßOZm Zm_H$ EH$ Ao^ZÃr H$s

H$Wm h° $& dh H$bm Am°a gm¢X`© H$s _yoV© h° $& ‡_ H$m Ao^Z` H$aV

CgH$m Or V∂S>[ OmVm oH$ H$me H$mB© hmVm oOgg dh dmÒVodH$ ‡_

H$a gH$Vr Eg _| dh oXbr[ Zm_H$ wdH$ H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr

h°$ & oXbr[ [hb CgH$s C[jm H$aVm h° $& EH$ oXZ dh o\$a g

H$mo_Zr H$ Ka o_bV h° Cg g_` ]h˛V gmar ]mV| CgH$ ]rM hmVr

h° BgH$ ]mX aßOZm Am°a oXbr[ H$s _wbmH$mV| ]∂T>Vr JB© $& oXbr[

o]µOZg H$ H$m_ g `hm™ Am`m Wm $& Cg ZmQ>H$ [gßX Zhr aßOZm

H$hVr h° oH$ _¢ Cg N>m∂S> Xy™Jr -

""AmOH$b _¢ ZE H$m™Q≠>∑Q> r Zht bVr $& VwÂh| oM∂T> Z Vm A]

`h g] N>m∂S> Xy™Jr $&''34

oXbr[ oddmohV hmH$a r aßOZm H$m PyR> ]VmH$a emXr H$ ÒdflZ

oXImVm h° Am°a CgH$m AmoW©H$ emfU r H$aVm h° boH$Z EH$ oXZ

CgH$ PyR> H$m [Xm©\$me hm OmVm h° oH$ oXbr[ emXrewXm h° `h

OmZH$a aßOZm Qy>Q> OmVr h° ∑`m|oH$ dh Cg ]h˛V fl`ma H$aVr Wr $&

oXbr[ Cg N>bVm h° dh oXbr[ g EH$ [Ã _| obIVr h° -

""_¢ Vm H$db aßJ_ßM [a hr Ao^Z` H$aVr hˇ™ [a VwÂhmam Vm

gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` h° $& ]∂S> D™$M H$bmH$ma Am°a gY h˛E An^ZVm

hr Vwa_ Vm _a XmÒV $&''35

Bg H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ "Ao^ZVm' gmW©H$ h° oXbr[ H$m ZmQ>H$

[gßX Z Wm Am°a IwX EH$ Ao^ZVm ZrH$bm Om aßOZm H$ gm_Z

‡_ H$m Ao^Z` H$aVm h¢ $&

7. Ì_emZ :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›ZyO Z _mZdr` gßdXZm VWm _Zm^mdm| H$m

oMÃU oH$`m h°$ & CgH$m _m‹`_ h° Ì_emZ $& ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr H$m

Zm`H$ VrZ ]ma emXr H$aV h° Am°a VrZm| ]ma [ÀZr _a OmVr h° $&

boH$Z dh O]-O] Ì_emZ AmVm h° V] V] H$hVm h° oH$ -

Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a H$hm™ Mbr JB© ? A] _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm OrodV

Zht ah gH$Vm $& Vw_ _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm, Zht Vm _wPhr VwÂhma

[mg AmZ H$m H$mB© C[m` H$aZm [∂S>Jm $& Vw_ Zht Vm _a OrdZ H$m

H$mB© AW© Zht, H$mB© gma Zht, H$mB© ag Zht VwÂht Vm _am OrdZ

Wr, _ar ‡aUm Wt _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm Zht ah gH$Vm $&''36 Bg ‡H$ma

odbm[ H$aVm h° Ì_emZ Bg —Ì` H$m XIVm ahVm h° $& Am°a [hm∂S>r

g H$hVm h° Bg Ï`o∑V H$s Ï`Wm Z _a ˆX`H$m _W S>mbm $& amO

oH$VZ hr Ï`o∑V AmV h° [a OmZ ∑`m| BgH$ XwI _|, BgH$s dXZm _|

Egm ∑`m Wm, Om _° H$^r Zht ^yb gHy™$Jm $& A] `h OrodV Zht

ahJm $& boH$Z VrZ-]ma Egm h˛Am Vm Ì_emZ AdmH≤$-gm ah

OmVm h° $&

`h H$hmZr dmÒVodH$ gÀ` H$s CX≤KmoQ>V H$aVr h° oH$ _ZwÓ`

‡_ H$s Ò_•oV [a hr oO›Xm Zht ahVm $& dh OrdZ H$s [yU©Vm H$

obE o\$a g ‡_ H$aVm h°, OrodV ahZ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aVm h°, dh XwïI

H$m gh bVm h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| ‡H•$oV H$m _mZdr`H$aU ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m J`m h° $& boIH$m Z Bg emÒdV gÀ` g h_| AdJV H$am`m h°

oH$ Zmar Vm [wÈf H$ OrdZ H$s Ï`dÒWm Am°a B¿N>m [yoV©H$m gmYZ

_mÃ h° ÒWm`r ‡_^md A[dmX ÒdÈ[ hr [wÈf _| [m`m OmVm h¢ $&

8. Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| Zmar H$m Ka-[nadma VWm

VÀH$mbrZ AmXe© [aÂ[amAm| g D™$Mm CR>mH$a AoYH$ma gßbΩZ

oXIm`m h° $& Xygar Ama AoeojV Zmna`m| H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m WmW©

oMÃU oH$`m h° $& _mhÎb H$s AoYH$mße oÒÃ`m™ AZ[∂T> h° Am°a

Xm[ha H$m Xygam| H$s h™gr _µOmH$ H$aZ H$ Ï`m[ma _| bJr h˛B© h° $&

Bg _mhÎb _| EH$ neojV XÂ[oV ahZ AmV h° $& Bg_| [ÀZr boIH$m

h° EH$ em_ H$m dh oH$gr _rqQ>J _| OmVr h° Xa g AmVr h° [oV

[ÀZr H$ ]rM PJ∂S>m hmVm h° [ÀZr oeojVm Edß _moZZr hmZ H$

H$maU [oV H$m N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmVr h° $& Bg ]mV H$m bH$a AZ[∂T>

_ohbmE™ hÎbm _MmVr h° $& ""AmX_r WH$m-_m™Xm bm°Q> Vm Ka _|

Am°aV Vm ahZr MmohE oH$ Zht $& A] Vw_ OmZm|, ]Xm©ÌV H$s r EH$

hXX hmd h°, H$b AmX_r r Vmd Im J`m $& amV _| O] bm°Q>r Vm

AmX_r Z ^r Pm¢Q>m [H$∂S>H$a Xm Pm[Q> aI oXE Am°a H$h oX`m,

oZH$b Om _a Ka g $&''37

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>marZ ]Vm`m h° oH$ AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$s

`h odS>Â]Zm h° nH$ Cg EH$ Ama [wÈf g_mO g b∂S>Zm [∂S>Vm h° Vm

Xygar Am°a [aÂ[amJV Èo∂T>`m| _| ]™Yr Zmar g_mO g $& A[Z ÒdVßÃ

Ï`o∑VÀd Am°a ApÒVÀd H$s ajm H$ ob` neojV Zmar H$m gßKf©

Ò[ÓQ> h° $&

9. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr :

Bg H$hmZr _| [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr "Ahß' H$ H$mf _| ob[Q>

ahV h° $& AmYwoZH$ bIH$m| [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m J`m h° Om _m°obH$Vm H$

A^md _| VÒH$a d•oŒm J´hU H$aV h˛E AmÀ_ ‡eßgm ¤mam A[Z H$m

lÓR> gmohÀ`H$ma og’ H$aZ H$ ‡`mg _| ahV h° $& emÒÃr H$s aMZm

N>mÃm[`mJr [oÃH$m N>[ OmZ g dh Òd`ß H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma

g_PV h° $& hoH$H$V _| ]mX _| dh [oÃH$m ]›X r hm OmVr h° $& [yar

H$hmZr AmÀ_ÌbmYm AhßH$ma g J´ÒV AmX_r H$s H$hmZr h° $&

[ßoS>VOr AhßdmXr W $& EH$ ]ma d [war H$ g_w– oH$Zma J` W, dhm™

EH$ gmohÀ`H$ma g CgH$ |Q> h˛B© oOZH$ VrZ H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡H$moeV

hm MwH$ W $& [ßoS>VOr A[Zm [naM` XV h˛E H$hV h° oH$ - _¢ hˇ ™

H$hmZr bI [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr $& `oX oh›Xr gmohÀ` g Am[H$m

[naM` hm Vm Am[Z _am Zm_ AdÌ` gwZm hmJm $& gm_Zdmbm

Ï`o∑V r gmohÀ`H$ma Wm $& AmÀ_-‡eßgm _| obflV AmMmam| Am°a

odMmam| _| o^›Z h [mÃ AZOmZ hr Cg bIH$ H$s H$hmZr H$ EH$

[mÃ ]Z JE $&

[ßoS>VOr H$hV h° - ""_ar A^r H$mB© N>[r Zht h° [a erK´ hr

VrZ-Mma N>[Zdmbr h° $& AmO g gmV gmb [hb "aoÌ_' _| EH$

H$hmZr oZH$br Wr "A_rar Jar]r' $& A] Am[H$m ∑`m ]VmD™$,

BYa dh oZH$br Am°a CYa _ar _wgr]V Am JB© $& oh›Xr H$r e`X hr

H$mB© Egr [oÃH$m hmJr, oOgH$ gÂ[mXH$ H$m [Ã Z Am`m hm oH$

erK´ hr A[Zr aMZm oOE $& Am°a ]¿M-]¿M H$ _w™h [a _am Zm_

hm J`m $& bmJ D™$Jbr CR>mH$a H$hV, h XIm $& A_rar-Jar]r H$

bIH$ [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr Om ah h° $&''38

10. H$sb Am°a H$gH$ :

Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z Egr Zmar H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° Om

A[Z [oV H$s C[jm H$ H$maU H$ht Am°a AmH$of©V hmVr h° qH$Vw

[am` [wÈf g ^r Bo¿N>V `mJ ‡mflV Zhr H$a [mVr, oOgH$ H$maU

dh hVmem g AmH´$mßV hmH$a AmH´$me H$aVr h° $& Bg H$hmZr _|

_Zmd°kmoZH$ –oÓQ> A A^mdO›` Hwß$R>m H$ AoVaH$ g AdMVZ H$s

odamYmÀ_H$ ‡oH´$`m AÀ`›V _mo_©H$ È[ g Ï`∑V h˛B© h° $& amZr H$m

oddmh H$mb Am°a MH$ H$ XmJmdmb H°$bme g hmVm h° $& dh amV

oXZ H$m_ H$aVm h° Cg [a H$Om© h° $& H°$bme EH$ _erZ ]Z J`m Wm,

^mdZmhrZ, aghrZ Cg Z amZr _| oXbMÒ[r Wr, Z Ka _| $& H$O© H$m

^yV H$m∂S> bJm-bJmH$ma Cgg H$m_ H$admVm Wm $&

amZr H$ hm™ EH$ [BßJ JÒQ> AmVm Wm oOg H$m Zm_ eIa Wm

dh gwßXa Wm [oVH$s AÀ`›V Ï`ÒVVm H$ H$maU amZr eIa H$s Ama

AmH•$ÓQ> hmVr h° $& eIa H$m „`mh hm OmVm h° Vm amZr H$ _Z _|

eIa H$s [ÀZr H$ ‡oV gm°oV`m S>mh CÀ[›Z h˛Am $& amO em_ eIa

A[Zr ]r]r H$m Kw_mZ b OmVm Vm dh CgH$s AmbmMZm H$aVr

ahVr, o]Zm dOh Cgg PJ∂S>m H$aVr h¢ $& amZr H$hVr h° - ""^bm

H$aZ H$m O_mZm Zhr ahm $& Aa gmb-^a VH$ amoQ>`m™ ]ZmH$a

oIbmB©, CgH$s H$m°Z H$h ? Mma oXZ Bg AmE Zhr h˛E oH$ g]

oH$E-H$amE [a [mZr o\$a J`m $& Eg Z_H$ham_ r Zhr XI hm|J

H$ht ? ''39

amZr ]mV-]mV [a eIa H$s [ÀZr g PJ∂S>Vr h° AßV_| [aemZ

hm H$a H°$bmeZ _H$mZ ]Xb ob`m $& amZr A[Zr AV•flV

B¿N>mAm| H$m bH$a amVr ahr $& AV•flV B¿N>mAm| H$s H$sb H$s

dXZm_`r H$gH$ g Cg _wo∑V Vm Zht o_b [mB© $&

11. Xm H$bmH$ma :

`h H$hmZr o^›Z Ï`o∑VÀddmbr Xm wdoV`m| H$s H$hmZr h° $&

EH$ ‡eßgm H$s A[jm H$_© H$m _hŒd XVr h° Am°a Xygar oZaW©H$

H$bm H$s A[jm OrdZm[`mJr H$_© H$m _hŒd XVr h° $& XmZm|

H$bmH$ma h° oMÃm oMÃH$ma h° dh _•V o^ImnaZ H$m oMÃ ItMVr h°,

"o^ImnaZ Am°a Xm AZmW ]¿M' Zm_ g $& Cg ‡Xoe©Zr _| [waÒH$ma

^r ‡mflV hmVm h° $& boH$Z Xygar H$bmH$ma AÈUm Vm CZ AZmW

]¿Mm| H$m gM_wM JmX bVr h° Am°a CZH$m [mbZ H$aVr h° $& oMÃm

odXe Mbr OmVr h° dhm oMÃm H$ "o^I_ßJr Am°a Xm AZmW ]¿M'

oMÃ Z Yy_ _Mm Xr $& ‡Xe©Zr _| Cg oMÃZ ‡W_ [waÒH$ma ‡mflV

oH$`m Cgg H$ÈUm gmH$ma hm CR>Vr h° $& CgH$s EH$ ‡Xoe©Zr _|

oXÎbr _| AÈUm g _wbmH$mV h˛B© $& CgH$ gmW Xm fl`ma fl`ma ]¿M

W ""oMÃm Z [yN>m - `h ]¿M oH$gH$ h° ? CgZ H$hm _a h° $&

AÈUm Z oMÃm H$m ]Vm`m oH$ ` d hr ]¿M h° oOZH$m oMÃ `

o^ImnaZdmbm h° ?''40

Ohmß oMÃm H$Î[Zm H$ oMÃbmH$ _| odhma H$aVr ahr h° AÈUm

dhmß WmW© H$s R>mg O_rZ [a H$_© _| _ΩZ h° $&

12. _¢ hma JB© :

"_¢ hma JB©' Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h° $& Bg_|

boIH$m Z AmOH$mb H$ amOZroVkm [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° Am°a CgH$m

H$hZm h° oH$ AmO H$ `wJ _| AmXe© ZVm H$s [naH$Î[Zm H$aZm ^r

Agß^d h¢ $& AmO H$m ZVm gwam-gwßXar H$m C[Xe XVm h° $& AmO Vm

Hw$gu Am°a gŒmm H$s _ßoOb VH$ [h˛ ßMZm h°, Mmh oOg amÒV g

[h˛ßM $&

""H$od gÂ_bZ _| EH$ H$od "]Q> H$m ^odÓ`' Zm_H$

H$odVm gwZmV h° Cg_| ]Q>m Ao^ZÃr H$s \$mQ>m H$m My_Vm h°, eam]

[rVm h° Am°a Wm∂S>r Xa ]mX AÀ`ßV JÂ^raVm g "JrVm' obE ]mha

oZH$bVm h° ]Q> H$ Ï`dhma H$m XIH$a ]m[ H$hVm h° - h gmbm

Vm AmOH$b H$m ZVm ]ZJm $&''41

(2) VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :

Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h _| AmR> H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h¢ -

(1) VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra (2) AH$br

(3) AZMmhr JhamB`m™ (4) ImQ> og∑H$

(5) KwQ>Z (6) hma

(7) _O]war (8) MÌ_|

1. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m Xygam H$hmZr gßJ´h h° - VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$

VÒdra $& `h gßJ´h 1959 _| ‡H$moeV h˛Am Wm $& Bg_| AmR>

H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $& "VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra' [mnadmnaH$

‡_ Am°a XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Y H$s H$hmZr h° `h H$hmZr Xe©Zm H$s h°

VÒdra h° Xe©Zm H$s oOgH$m VrZ oZJmh| A[Z-A[Z T>ßJ g XIVr

g_PVr h° $& h VrZ oZJmh| h°, Z°Zm, hare Am°a Òd`ß Xe©Zm H$s $&

hare oH$gr [oÃH$m _| H$hmZr N>[dmH$a Xe©Zm H$m _ZmodÌbfU

H$aVm h° $& Z°Zm Z ]M[Z g A[Zr Xe©Zm _m°gr H$ gß]ßY _| naÌVXmam|

g gwZm h° $&

""Xe©Zm Z oddmh H$ VwaßV ]r_ma [oV H$s gdm H$aZm ewÈ

oH$`m $& A[Z Ka H$m EH$ H$_am oH$am` [a X aIm Wm, oOg_| AH$bm

hae ahVm Wm $& `hr XwoZ`m ^r Xe©Zm H$s $& Xe©Zm H$m __Àd hr

Zht ZmarÀd ^r fl`mgm Wm $& eara Am°a _Z XmZm| AV•flV W $& dh

hare H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° CgH$m [oV ghZ Zhr H$a [mVm Cg

_ma H$a Ka g oZH$mb oX`m Am°a gmW hr Xe©Zm H$s _mß, °`m, XrXr

g] H$m [Ã obIH$a CZH$s _m°oIH$ ghmZw^yoV H$m K•Um _| [nadoV©V

H$a oX`m $& [oV _a J`m Xe©Zm H$m gßJrV H$m [wamZm em°H$ AmO

OrodH$m H$m gmYZ ]Z J`m dh ÒHy$b _| gßJrV H$s oeojH$m

]Z JB© $& boIH$mZ Xe©Zm H$ _Zm^mdm H$m Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° h H$hmZr

S>m`ar e°br _| h° $&''42

2. AH$br :

`h H$hmZr gm_m ]wAm ]woT>`m H$s h° Om [naÀ`∑Vm h° Am°a

AH$br h° $& CgH$m OdmZ ]Q>m _a J`m Vm CgH$s OdmZr Mbr JB©

[oV [wÃ od`mJ _| Ka-]ma N>m ∂S>H$a Mb J` $& gm_m]wAm A[Zm

EH$mH$s[Z Xya H$aZ H$ ob` [mg [∂S>me g Ow∂S>Z H$s H$moee H$aVr

h° $& boH$Z gmb _| EH$ ]ma Ka AmZdmb [oV H$m h [gßX Zhr Wm

BgobE ]wAm g PJ∂S>m H$aV ahV W $& EH$oXZ ]wAm A[Z

naÌVXma H$ `hm™ emXr [a OmZm MmhVr h° Am°a ›`m°Vm Z AmZ [a

oZame hm OmVr h° $&

""]wAm Z gm∂S>r _| _m™ ∂S> bJmH$a gwIm oX`m amYm ^m^rZ

]wAm H$m Mm™Xr H$s EH$ og›Xya-XmZr EH$-gmS>r Am°a EH$

„bmCO H$m H$[∂S>m bm oX`m $& ]wAm Z bmb-har Myo ∂S>`m

[hZ br $&''43

]wAm OmZ H$m Am`mOZ H$a ahr Wr oH$ gß›`mgr [oV Z H$hm

`oX H$mB© ]wbmZ Z AmE Vm Mbr _V OmZm Zht Vm R>rH$ Z hmJm $&

]wAm oXZ^a ›`mVm H$s amh XIVr h° Am°a amYm g H$hVr h° -

""Z` \$eZdmbm| H$s _V [yN>m, EZ _mH$m| [a ]wbmdm

AmVm h° $& [m™M ]OH$m _wh≤aV h° oXZ _| H$^r r Am OmdJm $&''44

boH$Z em_ VH$ ]wbmdm Z Am`m $& ]wAm oZame hm OmVr h° $&

dh XwïIr hmVr h° $& ]wAm AH$br h° [a g]H$m A[Zm _mZVr h°

Am°a g]H$m gwI XwïI _| gmW XVr h° [a Xygam g N>br OmVr h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z d•’m Zmar H$s A›V[u∂S>m Am°a AH$b[ H$m

_mn_©H$ oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° Ï`o∑V Ah_ d gm_moOH$

[nadeO›` odgßJoV`m| g CgH$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m odKQ>Z AmoX

pÒWoV`m| H$m gy˙_ Edß `WmW©[aH$ oMÃU Bg H$hmZr_| XIZ H$m

o_bVm h° $&

3. AZMmhr JhamB`m™ :

Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s Vrgar H$hmZr "AZMmhr JhamB`m™' EH$

gmYmaU H$hmZr hmV h˛E r [mR>H$ H$ _Z H$m Ny> bZdmbr H$hmZr

h° $& Bg_| EH$ Xna–, oOkmgw, mdwH$ oedZmW Zm_H$ od⁄mWu H$m

oMÃU boIH$m Z oH$`m h° $& boIH$mZ ^mdZm H$m hr H$hmZr _|

oea_ma ]Zm oX`m h° $& oedZmW H$m A[Zr oeojH$m H$ ‡oV A‡À`j

ÒZh Cg OrZ Zhr XVm Am°a oeojH$m H$m A[Zr JbVr [a [ÌMmVm[

hmVm h° $& oedZmW A[_moZV hmZ [a XwïIr hmVm h° A[Z

A[_mZ H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zhr H$a [mVm Am°a AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a bVm h° $&

gwZßXm A‹`mo[H$ h° $& dh A[Z °`m m^r H$ [mg ahVr h° $&

dh Jar] od⁄mWu`m| H$m AoYH$ g_` [∂T>mVr h° $& oedZmW H$s

AmoW©H$ pÒWoV XIH$a Cg Q>`weZ XVr h° Cg gflVmh _| VrZ oXZ

AmZ H$m H$hVr h° $& EH$ ]ma gwZßXm H$m ]wIma Am`m $& gwZßXm AH$br

gmB© Wr H$_a _| H$mB© Zhr Wm $& oedZmW Am`m BVZ _| gwZßXm H$s

^m^r ^r AmB© CgZ oedZmW H$m gwZßXm [a PwH$m h˛Am XIm,

oedZmW ^r Mm¢H$ J`m $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX ^°`m-^m^r Z

oedZmW H$m [∂T>mZ H$m gwZßXm H$m B›H$ma oH$`m $& oedZmW oZame

hm J`m [yN>Vm h° -

""Vm ∑`m Am[ _wP o]ÎHw$b Zhr [∂T>m`m H$aJr ?''

hm™ A] Zht [∂T>m gHy™$Jr Vw_ H$mB© Am°a ‡]›Y H$a bm $&

"∑`m Xm VrZ oXZ ^r Zhr X gH$Jr ?' gwZßXm AoYH$ H$R>ma

Zht hm gH$s - R>rH$ h°, [agm Am OmZm $& _¢ [∂T>m Xy™Jr [a h g_P

bm oH$ dh AmoIar oXZ hmJm $&''45

oedZmW Z Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB`mß hb H$aZ H$ ob` A[Zr oH$Vm]

gwZßXm H$m Xr Wr Cg_| EH$ ‡_[Ã Wm $& gwZßXm Z CgH$ Qw>H$∂S>-Qw>H$∂S>

H$a oX` Am°a oedZmW H$m VrZ-Mma V_mM _ma oX` $& Xyga oXZ

oedZmW Z ab H$s [Q>ar [a AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a br $&

Xm oXZ ]mX EH$ b∂S>H$Z gwZßXm g H$hm oH$ CgH$r [wÒVH$

oedZmW Z gwZßXm H$m Xr h°, Cg_| _am [Ã h° $& _a [Ã oedZmW

obIVm Wm $& V] gwZßXm A[Z Am[ H$m hÀ`mnaZ g_PZ bJr $&

boIH$m Z oedZmW H$m A¿N>m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

4. ImQ> og∑H$ :

`h H$hmZr Q>H$gmb _| H$m_ H$aZdmb _OXyam| H$ emfU H$s

H$hmZr h° $& I›Zm gmh] Q>H$gmb H$ C¿M [XmoYH$mar h° $& d bIZD$

H$ H$m©bO H$s N>mÃmAm| H$m Q>H$gmb XIZ H$s AZw_oV XV h˛E Òd`ß

Q>H$gmb oXImZ bJV h° $& C›hm|Z H$¿M YmVw H$m «>r _| JbmH$a

oH$g ‡H$ma og∑H$ V°`ma hmV h° h ]Vm`m $& I›Zm gmh] N>mÃmAm|

g ]∂S> ÒZh Am°a KoZÓR>Vm g _wbm`_ e„Xm _| ]mV H$aV h° $& ]∂S>r

]∂S>r _erZm| H$ ]rM H$m_ H$aV _OXyam| H$m XIH$a N>mÃmE™ [yN>Vr h°

oH$ hm™ _OXya A[Zr OmZ OmoI_ _| S>mbH$a H$m_ H$aZ ∑`m| AmV

h° ? V] I›Zm gmh] Z H$hm -

""H$m_ H$aZ $& Aa, EH$ hr OJh Imbr hmVr h°, Vm [Mmgm|

Qy>Q> [∂S>V h° $& Am[ OmZVr Zht, h_ma Xe _| B›gmZ H$s OmZ ]∂S>r

gÒVr h° $&''46 dht EH$ _OXya H$s Am°aV amV h˛E AmVr h° A[Z

[oV H$ Cgr \$∑Q>ar _| H$m_ H$aV XmZm| Q>m™J H$Q> OmZ [a ]°R>-]°R>

ImQ> og∑H$ MwZZ H$ H$m_ H$s _m™J H$aVr h°$& Vm dhr I›Zm gmh]

H$s ^md ^ßoJ_m VWm dmUr H$s _YwaVm H$H©$e Í$[ YmaU H$a

bVr h° $& boIH$m Z AmO H$s pÒWoV AmoW©H$ gßH$Q>, ]amOJmar

VWm Ï`dÒWm [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $& boIH$m Z _OXyam| H$ emfU H$m

‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

5. KwQ>Z$ :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| Xm pÒWoV`m| _| OrZdmbr Xm Zmna`m| H$s

KwQ>Z H$m boIH$m Z oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& EH$ h° oddmohVm ‡oV_m Am°a

Xygar gm°^mΩ` H$mßjmUr Hwß$dmar _mZm $& XmZm| H$s A[Zr Ï`Wm h° $&

‡oV_m [oV H$s ]m™hm| H$s OH$∂S> g _w∑V hmZm MmhVr h° Vm _mZm

oH$gr H$s ]mhm| _| OH$∂S> OmZH$s B¿N>m aIVr h° Bg_| AZw^yoV H$s

JhamB© h° & _mZm m°a ‡oV_m [∂S>mgZ h° $& ‡oV_m H$m [oV Zdr _| h° dh

gmb _| EH$ _hrZm CgH$ [mg ahVm h° $& EH$ ]ma h [oV H$ gmW

OhmO [a JB© Wr qH$Vw [oV XmÒVm H$ gmW [J [a [J [∂T>mZm Am°a

JßX _OmH$ H$aVm VWm [ÀZr H$m XoH$`mZyg H$hVm V] Cg h A¿N>m

Zht bJm $& CgH$m [oV AmZdmbm h° qH$Vw Cg_| oH$gr ‡H$maH$m

CÀgmh Zhr $& dh [oV H$s ]mßhm _| OH$∂S> JB© ‡oV_m _wo∑V H$ obE

V∂S>[ ahr Wr h V∂S>[ KwQ>Z _| V„Xrb hm gH$Vr h° $& qH$Vw _wo∑V _|

Zhr $& _mZm AÈ[ g ‡_ H$aVr h° $& CgH$s ]r_ma odYdm _m CgH$s

emXr Zhr hmZ XVr ∑`m|oH$ H$_mZdmbr AH$br _mZm h° $& EH$ oXZ

dh AÈU H$ gmW mJ OmZdmbr h° qH$Vw ‡oV_mZ XIm oH$

""_mZm Ka H$ AmßJZ _| ImQ> [a [∂S>r oggH$ ahr h°, XadmO [a

Vmbm bJmH$a AÂ_m gmB© h° $& _mZm Zhr Om gH$s _mZm XwïI ‡oV_m

OmZVr h° $&''47 g] H$s A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`mEß h° $& ‡oV_m

oddmohVm h° qH$Vw [oV g AgßVwÓQ> h° Vm _mZm H$m oddmh Zhr hm

ahm h° hr Cg XwïI h° $& XmZm| Xo_H$ Hwß$oR>V KwQ>Vr h˛B© gmßg b ahr

h° $& boIH$mZ XmZm| H$s KwQ>Z H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $&

6. hma$ :

ÒdV›Ã Ï`o∑VÀd MmhZdmb [oV [ÀZr H$ ¤ß›¤ H$m Bg H$hmZr

_| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m h° $& Xr[m amOZroVH$ dmVmdaU _| [br h° $&

CgH$ o[Vm H$ Ka g^r amOZroVH$ Xbm| H$ ‡_wI Ï`o∑V AmV W $&

Xr[m EH$ amOZroVH$ Xb H$s goH´$` gXÒ` ]Z JB© CgZ A[Zr

B¿N>m g odamYr [mQ>u H$ gXÒ` H$m A[Zm OrdZgmWr ]Zm`m $&

emXr H$ ]mX XmZm| A[Zr [mQ>u`m| H$m H$m_ H$aZ bJV h¢ $& MwZmd

AmVm h° Am°a XmZm| EH$ Xyga H$ odamY _| I∂S> ahV h° Xr[mZ H$hm -

A^r VH$ VwÂhmar [mQ>u H$s odamoYZr Wr, A] VwÂhmam r

odamY H$aZm [∂S>Jm $&

Xr[mZ eIa H$m A[Z o_Ã g h H$hV h˛E gwZm -

""_ar OrV H$s gß^mdZm hr _wP oI›Z ]ZmE X ahr h° $& gmMVm

hˇ™ _¢ hma r J`m Vm Cg b¡Om H$m gh by™Jm $& [a OrV J`m Vm Xr[m

H$m ∑`m hmJm $&''48 BgobE _¢ MmhVm hˇ ™ oH$ _¢ hma OmD™$ dh

hma H$m Y∑H$m ]Xm©ÌV Zht H$a gH$Jr $& Xr[m Am°a eIa amOZroVH$

jÃ _| EH$ Xyga g AbJ hmZ [a ^r oO›XJr _| [aÒ[a

MmhZdmb h° $&

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z maVr` Zmar H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m

gw›Xa oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

7. _O]yar$ :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s h H$hmZr Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$ d°MmnaH$ gßKf© H$s

H$hmZr h° $& gßKf© ^mdZm Am°a odMma H$m h° $& H$hmZr H$s ]y ∂T>r

AÂ_m Jm™d _| ahZdmbr AZ[∂T> Am°aV h° ]Q> H$m oddmh hm OmZ g

dh eha Mbm OmVm h° dh AH$br hm OmVr h°$ & EH$ ]ma [wÃ eha

g AmVm h° Vm dh CgH$ ]Q> H$m Jm™d _| aIVr h° CgH$m [mbZ H$aVr

h° boH$Z ]w∂T>r AÂ_m H$ bm∂S>-fl`ma Z Cg ]¿M H$m AZwemgZhrZ

]Zm oX`m h° ]¿M H$m Egm XIH$a JwÒg _| AmH$a [∂T>r obIr ]hˇ

A[Z ]Q> H$m XmXr A AbJ H$aH$ eha b OmVr h° $& Vm dh AH$br

hm OmVr h° $& boIH$mZ Bg H$hmZr _| _mV•Àd _mh H$m oMÃU oX`m

h° [mV H$m AbJ H$aZ H$s oddeVm CgH$s AßV¤©›¤ oXIm`m h°

[mV H$ ‡oV XmXr H$m dmÀgÎ` ^md ]Vm`m J`m h° $& ]wT>r _m H$

A›VgßKf© H$m __©Ò[eu oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

8. MÌ_$ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| AVrV Am°a dV©_mZ H$m gßKf©

oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& Am°a [wÈf H$ AmÀ_H$o›–V d•oŒm [a Ï`ßΩ`

oH$`m h° $& ‡À`H$ _ZwÓ` H$m A[Zm AVrV hmVm h° AVrV H$s KQ>ZmE™

hmVr h° BgH$m oMÃU o_. d_m© H$ ¤mam oH$`m h° $&

o_. d_m© H$s [ÀZr H$hmZr obIVr h° boH$Z Cg gwZZ H$m

_m°H$m o_. d_m© H$m Zht o_bVm $& EH$ oXZ dh o_. d_m© H$m MÌ_m

oZH$mb bVr h° Am°a Cg A[Zr H$hmZr gwZmVr h° $& H$hmZr gwZV

gwZV o_. d_m© H$m A[Zr [wamZr ‡o_H$m H$s mX Am OmVr h° CZH$m

Zm_ e°b Wm Cg Q>r.]r. hm J`m Wm $& d_m© H$m Zm_ oZ_©b Wm $&

oZ_©b Am°a e°b oddmh H$aZdmb W qH$Vw e°b H$s ]r_mar H$ H$maU

oZ_©b H$m _Z CMQ> J`m dh Q≠>qZJ H$m ]hmZm H$a H$ [ß–h oXZ Mbm

OmVm h° $& Am°a e°b H$s 23 _B© H$m _•À`w hm J`r $& H$hmZr gwZV

d_m© AMmZH$ oMÎbmV h° -

""_¢ H$hVm hˇ™ _am MÌ_m Xm Zhr Vm _am X_ KwwQ> OmEJm $&''49

o_gµO d_m© H$ hmW g MÌ_m bH$a C›hm|Z Am™Im [a M∂T>m`m

Vm C›h| bJm _mZm oH$gr AVb g_w– H$s JhamB© _| g Ohm™ H$db

A›YH$ma Wm Am°a CZH$m X_ KwQ> ahm Wm d ]mha oZH$b AmE h¢ $&

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr [wÈf H$ oddmh [yd© ‡_ g gÂ]o›YV h°ß $&

(3) `hr gM h°$ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ V•Vr` H$hmZr gßJ´h "`hr gM h°' _| AmR>

H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° Om oZÂZoboIV h° $&

(1) j` (2) Vrgam AmX_r

(3) gOm (4) ZH$br hra

(5) Zem (6) B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX

(7) amZr _mß H$m M]yVam (8) `hr gM h° $&

1. j`$ :

_›Zy ßS>mar Z j` H$hmZr _| Hwß$Vr H$ OrdZ gßKf© H$m oMÃU

oH$`m h° $& gmar C_´ OrdZ H$ WmW© g b∂S>Vr ahVr h° BgobE dh

gmMVr h° - ""Ky_Zm-o\$aZm, g°a-g[mQ>, h™gr-_OmH$ CgH$ OrdZ

_| Vm `h g] h° hr Zht ∑`m|oH$ [nadma H$m AmoW©H$ ^ma Hw ß$Vr

[a h° $& Ka _| Q>r. ]r. g ]r_ma o[Vm Am°a AmR>dr H$jm _| [∂T>Zdmbm

N>mQ>m mB© Xw›Zr h° Am°a Ka gß^mbZ H$m a_m]wAm H$m ]wbm`m h° $&

Hwß$Vr ÒHy$b _| [∂T>mVr h° Xw›Zr [∂T>Z _| H$_Oma Wm Vm CgH$ [m[m

]¿Mm H$m A[Zr Am™Im g Xya aIZm Zhr MmhV o\$a r H$hV h° -

""_¢ H$m°Z hmVm hˇ™ Hw$N> H$aZdmbm ? A] Vm VwÂht g]Hw$N> hm Om

Mmhm H$am $& _¢ j` H$m amJr $&'' EH$ ]ma H$moee H$aH$ Bg M∂T>dm

Vm X Var h°S>_mÒQ>a g A¿N>r OmZ-[hMmZ h° dhm™ r Om` Vm EH$

gmb Vm ]M Om` $&''50

""Hwß$Vr o[Vm H$s o]_mar H$ BbmO H$ ob` VWm N>mQ> mB© H$m

[∂T>mZ H$ obE Q>`yeZ ^r H$aVr h° dh gmodÃr Zm_H$ EH$

_ßX ]wo’ H$s b∂S>H$s H$m [∂T>mVr h° Om EH$ YZdmZ o[Vm H$s

]Q>r h° $& gmodÃr H$s _m™ gmMVr h° oH$ [°g H$ ]b [a XwoZ`m _|

g]Hw$N> IarXm Om gH$Vm h° BgobE dh dmof©H$ [arjm H$ ]mX

Hw$›Vr g g^r A‹`mo[H$mAm| g o_bH$a AmZ H$m H$hVr h° Bg

]mV g AmXe©dmZ o[Vm H$s ]Q>r Hwß$Vr H$m Y∑H$m gm bJm $& [a›Vw

dh odde Wr $& [napÒWoV`m| H$ X]md _| Hw$›Vr A[Zr B¿N>m H$

odÈ’ Òd`ß H$ AmMaU ¤mam Hw$›Vr _Z g j`J´ÒV hm J`r Hw$›Vr H$

o[Vm H$s emarnaH$ j` CgH$ Z°oVH$ j` _| ]Xb OmVm h° $&''51

Bg H$hmZr _| _‹`dJu` g_mO H$ `WmW©[aH$ oMÃU g

[mR>H$m| H$ _Z H$m Jhar gßdXZm g gam]ma H$a XVm h° $&

2. Vrgam AmX_r$ :

"Vrgam AmX_r' H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z [oV-[ÀZr H$ ]rM EH$

Vrga AmX_r H$ AmZ g gÂ]›Ym _| Om Xama [∂S>Vr h° CgH$s

Ao^Ï`o∑V H$s h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| ‡mMrZ Am°a ZdrZ _yÎ`m| H$s

Q>H$amhQ> h° $& ‡mMrZ OrdZ _yÎ`m| H$ AZwgma [am` [wÈf g EH$mßV

_| ]mVMrV H$aZ _mÃ g [oV A[Zr [ÀZr [a bmßN>Z bJm gH$Vm Wm

oH$›Vw dV©_mZ gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm _| oX [oV [a [wÈf g ]mV H$aZ

[a [ÀZr [a eH$ H$a Vm dh hmÒ`mÒ[X ]ZJm $&

Bg H$hmZr _| gVre Am°a eHw$Z [oV-[ÀZr h° $& gVre A[Zr

[ÀZr [a eH$ H$aVm h° $& gVre H$ AßV¤©›¤ H$m H$hmZr _| AßoH$V

oH$`m J`m h° $&

""AmbmH$ Or, Am[H$m em`X odÌdmg Zht hmJm Am[ [hb

AmX_r h° oOgH$ AmZ [a eHw$Z m| Iwe hm ahr h°, daZm eHw$Z H$m

Bg Ka _| Vrga AmX_r H$s C[pÒWoV VH$ ]Xm©ÌV Zht hmVr $&''52

3. gOm$ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| ^maV Xe _| Mb ah AmO H$s

›`m`-Ï`dÒWm [a VrIm Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° Vm Xygar Am°a AmoW©H$

A^md H$ H$maU [nadma _| AmZdmb o]Iamd H$m __©Ò[eu oMÃU

oH$`m h° $& gOm oH$gr EH$ Ï`o∑V H$m Zhr [a›Vw gß[yU© [nadma H$m

o]Zm oH$gr A[amY H$ wJVZr [∂S>Vr h° Am°a EH$ gwIr [nadma Qy>Q>H$a

o]Ia OmVm h° $&

Amem H$ o[Vm [a ]rg hOma È[` Mmar H$aZ H$m BÎOm_

bJm`m OmVm h° Cg Zm°H$ar g hQ>m oX`m OmVm h° $& Amem H$s _m™

]r_ma h° ]¿M A[Z MmMm H$ Ka ahZ Mb OmV h° $& Amem H$ o[Vm

Ka g ]mha Zht oZH$bV $& AßV _| H$B© ]agm| H$ ]mX AXmbV H$m

\°$gbm AmVm h° oH$ d oZXmf h° $&

""fl[m Am[ ]ar hm J` ! gwZV h°, Am[H$m gOm Zht h˛B©, gOm

Zht h˛B© Am[H$m ! [a [m[m o\$a r d°g hr ah, _mZm C›h| odÌdmg

hr Zht hm ahm oH$ C›hß gOm Zht h˛B© h° $&''53

H$mQ>© H$s gOm g ]∂T>H$a Om gOm CZH$m [nadma wJV MwH$m h°

CgH$m oMÃU boIH$mZ oH$`m h° $&

4. ZH$br hra :

Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$mZ ]m¯mS>Â]am| H$s oZaW©H$Vm H$m gmo]V

H$aZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h° $&

o_gg gaZ Am°a B›Xw Xm ]hZ h° $& BZH$ [m[m EH$ ]∂S>r

ÒQ>Q> H$ ^yV[yd© ‡YmZ_ßÃr W $& gaZ H$s emXr EH$ YZr [nadma g

hmVr h° Am°a CgH$s ]hZ B›Xw Z A[Zr [g›X H$ AZwgma EH$ ÒHy$b

_mÒQ>a g emXr H$s Wr $& dh A[Z [oV H$ EH$ oZÓR> ‡_ g Iwe

ahVr h° $& o_gg gaZ H$ [mg g]Hw$N> h° boH$Z CgH$ [mg [oV H$m

EH$ oZÓR> ‡_ Zht $& gaZZ A[Z Ï`ÒV [oV H$m \$mZ oH$`m -

""hbm ! _¢ o_gO gaZ... H$m°Z am_qgh ? gmh] H$m Xm, gmh]

H$m, h_ Oam ]mV H$a|J $& am_qghZ H$hm gmh] Vm h˛Oya AoZVm __

gmh] H$ gmW S>mßg [a J` h°, AmZ g h_ ]mb XJm $&''54

o_gO gaZ Am°a B›Xw g_mO H$ Xm dJm H$ ‡oVoZoY h° EH$

C¿MdJ© H$s Vm Xygar _‹`dJ© H$s $& Bg H$hmZr _| C¿MdJ© H$

OrdZ H$m ImIbm[Z COmJa h˛Am h° $&

5. Zem :

`h H$hmZr EH$ AbJ ‡H$ma H$s H$hmZr h° $& Bg_| boIH$m Z

^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _| T>br h˛B© EH$ Zmar H$m X`-Ò[eu oMÃU oH$`m

h° $& EH$ H$m [rZ H$m Zem h° Vm Xyga H$m o[bmZ H$m $& eßH$a Am°a

AmZ›Xr [oV [ÀZr h° $& eßH$a H$m eam] [rZ H$r AmXV h° Am°a AmZ›Xr

Cg [°g XVr ahVr h° $& eßH$a H$s [rZ H$s bV _| Ka H$m YZ,

AmZ›Xr H$s oH$Ò_V Am°a ]¿Mm| H$m odÓ` Mbm J`m $& eßH$a A[Zr

[ÀZr H$m _maVm-[rQ>Vm h° $& eßH$a Ze _ YwŒm ]mbm -

""_°ß EH$-EH$ H$m IyZ [r OmD™$Jm $& XIy™ H$m°Z _mB© H$m bmb b

OmVm h° _ar OmÈ H$m $& Am°a CgZ AmZßXr H$m ]∂S>r ]ah_r g [rQ>Zm

ewÈ H$a oX`m $& dh H$hVr h° ]¿Mm ]Q> oH$eZ≤ ]Mm $&''55

AmZ›Xr [oV H$s _ma[rQ> ghVr h° boH$Z ^maVr` Zmar H$

gßÒH$ma dh A[Z [oV H$m N>m ∂S>Z H$m V°`ma Zhr hmVr dh [oV H$m

[a_Ìda _mZVr h° $& Bg ]mV H$m boIH$mZ "Zem' H$hmZr _| MnaVmW©

H$a oX`m h° $&

6. B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX :

Bg H$hmZr _| ´ÓQ>mMm© Am°a CgH$ ododY È[m| H$m oMÃU h˛Am

h° $& Am°a J´mÂ` Am°a ehar gßÒH•$oV H$ ^X H$ gmW-gmW Xm

[ro∂T>`m| H$ AßVa H$m ^r Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& g‰`Vm Am°a gßÒH•$oV _|

]Xbmd g_` H$s _m™J h° Cg [yam H$aZm MmohE $& A›`Wm Ï`o∑V

hmÒ` Ï`ßΩ` H$m [mÃ ]ZVm h° hrZ J´ ßWr g J´ogV hmVm h° BgH$m

CXmhaU h° S>m™. X`mb ‡gmX MVwdXr hmo_`m[oWH$ ]mbamJ

odefk$ &

S>m™. X`mb [wamZ odMmam| H$ ‡oVH$ h° Vm S>m™. _oh_m AmYwoZH$

odMmam| H$s $& _oh_m CgH$s VrOr h° _oh_m H$ emXr gß]ßYr odMma

C›h| AmÌM`© _| S>mbV h° $& dh A[Zr ]Q>r gamO H$m _°oQ≠>H$ H$ ]mX

ggwamb OZ H$s ]mV H$aV h° -

""bIZD$ ∑`m o]Q≤>Q>r, A] Vm ggwamb hr ^|OJ $& h_ Vm

^mB© _°oQ≠>H$ H$ ]mX b∂S>H$s H$m Ka aIZ _| odÌdmg Zht H$aV EH$

]h˛V hr A¿N>m b∂S>H$m h° _aR> _| BßOroZ`a h° Ka r A¿N>m h° ]g

]MwAm Oam XI Am` Vm AmVr gXu _| emXr H$a Xy™ $&''56

S>m™. X`mb AmÀ_gÂ_mZ Ahß Am°a A[Z ]∂S>fl[Z H$m ‡ÒWmo[V

H$aZm MmhV h° $& Am°a C[hmg H$ [mÃ ]ZV h° S>m ™. X`mb

_ZmodH$ma H$ oeH$ma h° $&

7. amZr _m™ H$m M]yVam :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| oZÂZdJ© H$s Zmar H$ MnaÃ H$m

COmJa oH$`m h° h H$hmZr Òdmo^_mZ, B©_mZXma, H$V©Ï`[am`U,

AmÀ_oZ^©a, odYdm Jwbm]r H$s H$hmZr h° oOg H$^r amZr _m™ H$

M]yVa [a OmZ H$s OÍ$aV Zhr [∂S>r $& Cg A[Z hmWmß [a odÌdmg

Wm $& ZJa eR> H$s _mVm H$s `mX _| ]ZmE M]wVa [a ha [yZ_ H$m

Am°aV Xr`m ObmH$a ]¿Mm| H$ obE _Zm°Vr _mZVr h° [a Jwbm]r

oH$gr H$s ghmZw^yoV [a OrZm Zhr MmhVr dh H$hVr h°

""oH$gr H$ XmZ-[w›Z [a [bZdmbr Zhr h° Jwbm]r, WyH$Vr h°

VwÂhma MßX [a ...''57

J´mÂ` OrdZ, O∂S> _m›`VmAm| H$m oeH$ma h° Vm Jwbm]r AH$br

Cg O∂S> _m›`VmAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aVr h° $& g]g [hb Vm dh A[Z

eam]r [oV H$m Ka g oZH$mb XVr h° $&

Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ Z`r odMmaYmam H$m Jwbm]r bmJm| VH$

[h˛™MmZm MmhVr h° $&

8. `hr gM h° :

boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr H$ AmYma [a hr gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU

oH$`m h° Am°a Bg H$hmZr [a "aOZrJßYm' o\$Î_ r ]Z MwH$s h° $&

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Zmar _Z _| [wÈf H$ ‡oV Om

^md-CÀ[›Z hmV h° C›h| S>m`ar-e°br _| Ï`∑V oH$`m h° $& AZH$

Zmna`m| H$ ‡oV EH$ hr g_` AmH$of©V hmZ H$m EH$moYH$ma [wÈf

dJ© H$m h° Am°a Zmar H$m EH$ g_` EH$ [wÈf H$m MmhZm MmohE $& Bg

Xmha _m[X S> b hr ‡H$Q> Í$[ g hm oH$›Vw [wÈf _Z Am°a Zmar _Z

XmZm _| _Z Vm EH$ hr h° $& ^maVr` Zmar A[Z _Z [a gßÒH•$oV,

g_mO oZgJ© Am°a _mV•Àd H$ ]ßYZ H$m [napÒWoVde Am°a [aÂ[am

H$s _mZogH$Vm H$ H$maU ÒdrH$ma H$aVr h° oH$›Vw AmYwoZH$ Zmar

A[Zr Bg _mZogH$Vm H$ Xm`a g ]mha ZrH$bZ H$s gmM ahr h° $&

Xr[m Bg H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m h° dh oZerW g ‡_ H$aVr h°

Cgg AZ]ß hm OmVr h° Vm dh A[Z emY-H$m`© _| brZ hm

OmVr h° $& CgH$ OrdZ _| gßO` Zm_H$ wdH$ Am`m dh oZerW H$m

^yb OmVr h° -

""_¢ VwÂh| fl`ma H$aVr hˇ™ ]h˛V-]h˛V fl`ma H$aVr hˇ™ odÌdmg H$am

gßO` _am VwÂhmam fl`ma hr gM h°, oZerW H$m fl`ma Vm N>b Wm, ´_

Wm, PyR> Wm $&''58 O] H$bH$Vm OmVr h° dhm™ oZerW g _wbmH$mV

hmVr h° o\$a g Xr[m H$ _Z _| oZerW H$ obE fl`ma C_∂S> OmVm h° $&

V] dh gmMVr h° - ""‡W_ ‡_ hr g¿Mm ‡_ h° ]mX _| oH$`m h˛Am

‡_ Vm A[Z H$m wbmZ H$m a_mZ H$m ‡`mg _mÃ hmVm h¢ $&''59

Bg ‡H$ma Xm Zm`H$m H$ ]rM Zn`H$m H$ A›V¤©›¤ H$m oMoÃV

oH$`m J`m h° $&

(4) EH$ flbQ> g°bm] :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h MVwW© H$hmZr gßJ´h EH$ flb°Q> g°bm] h° $&

Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h _| Hw$b 9 H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $&

(1) ZB© Zm°H$ar (2) ]ßX XamOm| H$m gmW

(3) EH$ flbQ> g°bm] (4) N>V ]ZmZ dmb

(5) EH$ ]ma Am°a (6) gßª`m H$ [ma

(7) ]mhm H$m Kam (8) H$_a, H$_am Am°a H$_a

(9) D™$MmB©

1. ZB© Zm°H$ar :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›ZyOr Z [wÈf H$s ^m°oVH$dmXr –oÓQ> Am°a

Cg_| ]br hmVr h˛B© Zmar H$s oZ`oV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° ""Hwß$XZ H$s

ZB© Zm°H$ar h°, dh ]∂S>r VOr g m°oVH$ g_•o’ ‡mflV H$aZm MmhVm

h° $& BgH$ obE amO a_m H$m Hwß$XZ H$ gmW [mQ>u _| OmZm [∂S>Vm h° m

Ka [a [mQ>u H$s Ï`dÒWm H$aZr [∂S>Vr h° $& a_m [∂T>r-obIr hmZ [a

^r Hwß$XZ CgH$s Zm°H$ar Nw>∂S>m XVm h° dh Hwß$XZ H$ OrdZ _| EH$ em

[rg _mÃ ]Z OmVr h° $&''60 a_m H$ _mZogH$ VZmd H$m _›ZyOr Z

oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

2. ]ßX XamOm| H$m gmW :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›ZyOr Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ oddmhr [yd© ‡_r

[mnadmnaH$ odKQ>Z H$m H$maU ]Z gH$Vm h° $& Am°a d°dmohH$ OrdZ

H$db AmH$f©U H$ ghma Zht Mb gH$Vm [aÒ[a g_Pm°V H$s d•oŒm

g gmhM`© ]Zm ahVm h° $&

""A[Z [oV odo[Z H$ gmW gwI[wd©H$ OrdZ o]VmZdmbm

_ßOar H$m oOg oXZ [oV H$ oddmh[yd© ‡o_H$m H$m [Vm MbVm h¢

oOgg oddmh H$ ]mX r dh gÂ]›Y aIVm h° Cg oXZ _ßOar A[Z

]¿M H$ gmW odo[Z g AbJ hm OmVr h°ß $&''61 boIH$m Z _ßOar H$s

_ZmXem H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $&

3. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] :

Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ hmQ>b _| Ow ∂S> Ï`o∑V`m| H$s ndo^›Z

_mZogH$Vm H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m h° $& _›ZyOr Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ ha

C_´ H$s A[Zr XwoZ`m Am°a A[Zr g_Ò`m hmVr h° Am°a C_´ H$ gmW

g_Ò`mE™ [nadoV©V hmVr h° $& h H$hmZr oH$gr EH$ [mÃ g [mR>H$

H$s gßdXZm H$m Zht Om ∂S>Vr Ao[Vw Ï`mdhmnaH$ OJV H$m Xe©Z

H$amVr h° $&

4. N>V ]ZmZ dmb :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$mZ ehar Am°a XhmVr ‡mMrZ Am°a ZB©

[r∂T>r H$ OrdZ Xe©Z H$m ^X Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& ""ImZ-[mZ, ahZ

ghZ, oejm, aroV-nadmO g^r _| X h°, AßVa Am`m h° eaX bIH$

h° $& O] eaX Zm° ]ag H$m Wm V^r CgH$ o[Vm am_Ìda bIZD$ _|

Om ]g Am°a ehar hm J` h¢ $& C›hm|Z A[Z ]¿Mm| H$m [∂T>m`m h¢ $&

eaX Ky_Z _aR> Am`m h¢ dhm™ CgH$ VmD$Or ahV h° ß $& VmD$Or Z

CgH$s A[Zr _Ou g emXr H$am Xr gß[yU© [nadma VmD$Or H$ AmXe

[a MbVm h¢ $&''62

5. EH$ ]ma Am°a :

Bg H$hmZr _| [aÂ[amJV Z°oVH$Vm H$ ‡oV Iwbm od–mh Am°a

AmXe© h° $& maVr` g_mO ‡_ H$s [naUoV oddmh _| MmhVm h° Am°a

‡_ H$s AZw^yoV H$m emÌdV _mZVm h° $& Bg Ï`dÒWm _| [br Zmar

A[Z [hb ‡_ H$m g¿Mm _mZVr h° $& Am°a Bg ‡_ _| Ag\$bVm

hmZ g oZame hm OmVr h° Am°a oH$gr Xyga g Oy∂S>Zm CgH$ obE

_woÌH$b hm OmVm h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z Zmar-_Z H$s Bgr mdZm H$m oMoÃV

oH$`m h° $&

6. gßª`m H$ [ma :

_›Zy ßS>marZ ]Vm`m h° oH$ _ZwÓ` _Z H$ Hw$N> md Eg hmV h°

Om [°g g oJZ Zht Om gH$V $& __Àd H$ gm_Z gßª`m H$_ hmVr h°

`h ]mV ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| H$hr JB© h° $& XwoZ`m _| fl`ma Am°a dmÀgÎ`

AZ_mb h° C›h È[`m| g Vmbm Zht Om gH$Vm $& Bg_| EH$ Egr

`wdVr H$ OrdZ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° oOg _m™ H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm $&

""‡o_bm H$ ‡oV CgH$s _mß H$m __Àd Am°a CgH$ XmXm H$m CgH$s

_mß H$ ‡oV dmÀgÎ` Am°a o[V•Àd g_mZ h°, qH$Vw CgH$m ‡H$Q> H$aZ

H$m VarH$m o^›Z h° $& ‡o_bm H$m ]m]m _m™ H$s __Vm H$m È[`m| g

Vm°bZm MmhVm h°, Cg 10,000 H$m MH$ XZm MmhV h¢ boH$Z _m™

A[Zr ]Q>r H$m [m™M È[` H$m ZmQ> XH$a Wm ∂S>m fl`ma XH$a Mbr

OmVr h° $&''63

boIH$m Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ [m™M È[` O°g N>mQ>r aH$_ Am°a

Xg hOma O°g ]∂S>r aH$_ H$ [a _m™ H$s __Vm hr _yÎ`dmZ h°, oOg

È[`m| g Zht Vm°bm Om gH$Vm $&

7. ]mhm H$m Kam :

^maVr` Zmar H$ gßÒH$ma [oV H$ ‡oV g_o[©V md aIV h° $&

`h EH$ AV•flV Zmar H$ _mZogH$ Vm°a[a Q>H$Z H$s ge∑V H$hmZr

h° $& Zmar H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m CgH$ Òdm^modH$ Ï`dhma H$m Zmar gwb^

_oh_m H$m, CgH$s AV•flV AmH$mßjmE™ odH•$V ]Zm bVr h°, hr Bg

H$hmZr H$m H$Wmgma h¢ _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z AV•flV H$Â_m H$ _mZogH$

Ï`m[ma H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

8. H$_a, H$_am Am°a H$_a :

`h H$hmZr Zmar H$ gro_V-Agro_V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m oMoÃV

H$aVr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z EH$ Egr Zmar H$s ]mV H$s h° Om ""A[Zm OrdZ

ewÈ g AßV VH$ H$_am| _| hr og_Q>Vm Am°a o]IaVm h˛Am AZw^d

H$aVr h° $& [hb Zrby [m™M H$_am| _| ]›X ahr ]mX _| Zm°H$ar H$ obE

JB© V] hmÒQ>b _| EH$ H$_a _| ahZ bJr emXr H$ ]mX ‚b°Q> _| ahZ

bJVr h° Bg ‡H$ma [hb H$_a o\$a H$_am Am°a o\$a H$_a _| CgH$m

A[Zm OrdZ ]rIa OmVm h° $&''64 [maß[naH$ _mZogH$Vm Zmar H$s

B¿N>mAm| Edß CgH$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m Xo_V H$aVr h° $&

9. D™$MmB© :

Bg_| AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$ AßVï gßKf© H$m oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& Bg

H$hmZr _| Zmar-[wÈf gÂ]›Ym H$ ÒWmo[V _yÎ` Am°a Z` OrdZ

_yÎ`m H$ ]rM Q>H$amd H$m _›ZyOrZ ]Vm`m h° $& AVrV H$ Qy >Q>

gß]ßYm H$m o\$a g Om∂S>Z g dV©_mZ [oV-[ÀZr gß]ßYm _| Om Co¤ZVm

AmVr h° Cgr H$m oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m J`m h° $&

oedmZr Am°a oeoea H$ XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| gwIr W $& oedmZr

Ω`mah df© H$ ]mX A[Z oddmh[yd© ‡_r g o_bVr h¢ Am°a oeoea

H$m Bg ]mV H$m [Vm MbVm h° V] H$hVr h° oH$ - ""_a OrdZ _|

VwÂhmam Om ÒWmZ h° Cg H$mB© Zhr ßb gH$Vm''65 Am°a XmZm| o\$a

g gwIr OrdZ o]VmV h° $&

(5) oÃeßHw$ :

"oÃeßHw$' _›ZyOr H$m [ßM_ H$hmZr gßJ´h h° Bg_| 10 H$hmoZ`mß

gßJ´hrV h¢ $& Om Bg ‡H$ma h¢ $&

(1) AmV OmV m`mdma : (2) Xama aZ H$s Xama

(3) ÒÃr gw]moYZr (4) em`X

(5) oÃeßHw$ (6) aV H$s Xrdma

(7) Vrgam ohÒgm (8) AbJmd

(9) EIm Z AmH$me ZmB© (AmH$me H$ AmBZ _|)

(10) Agm_`oH$ _•À`w :

1. AmV OmV m`mdma :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ ""[wÈf ‡H•$oV g

`m`mdma h° Am°a ^maVr` Zmar g_mO_m›` [maß[naH$ gßÒH$ma Am°a

Èo∂T>`m| g ]ßYr h˛B© h¢ $& dh BZ ]ßYZm H$m Vm ∂S>Zm MmhH$a ^r Zht

Vm ∂S> gH$Vr $& d°MmnaH$ YamVb [a [wÈf OmoV g ]Xbm bZ H$s

^mdZm aIV h˛E r ‡À`j _| CgH$s X`Zr` pÒWoV g –odV hmVr h°

qH$Vw [wÈf o\$a Cg N>bVm h° Am°a A[Z `m`mdar d•oŒm H$m og’

H$aVm h° $& Ao^Z` CgH$m Y_© h°, Zmar H$m N>bZm CgH$m

oZ`_ h¢ $&''66

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>marZ [wÈf ¤mam N>br JB© Zmar H$

A›V©¤›¤ H$m oMoÃV H$aV h˛E [wÈf H$ dmÒVodH$ È[ H$m oMÃU

oH$`m h¢ $&

2. Xama aZ H$s Xama :

Bg_| XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| OrdZ _| hmZdmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$s MMm©

H$aV h˛E _›Zy ßS>mar Z _ZwÓ` H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m oMÃU H$aZ H$m ‡`mg

oH$`m h° $&

""ZßoXVm H$s KoZÓR> o_Ã h° lwoV $& lwoV A[Z [oV g AbJ

hmZm MmhVr h° $& [a ZßoXVm XmZm| _| g_Pm°Vm H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVr

h° $& boH$Z lwoV AbJ Ka bH$a [oV g AbJ ahZm MmhVr h°, Vm

ZßoXVm CgH$ obE Ka r Ty> ™T> bVr h¢ $& Bgr ]rM [oV-[ÀZr XmZm|

o\$a EH$ hm OmV h° Am°a ZßoXVm H$ obE o_R>mB© Am°a gmS>r bH$a

AmV h¢ V] ZßoXVm A[Z H$m ]h˛V A[_moZV-gm _hgyg H$aVr h° $&

CZH$ Mb OmZ H$ ]mX ZßoXVm H$m bJVm h° - ""O°g ]¿M H$m [hb

Vm H$mB© ]h˛V AmÌdmgZ X Am°a o\$a EH$ Xm hmH$s g ]hbmH$a

MbVm ]Z $&''67

3. ÒÃr gw]moYZr :

Bg H$hmZr _| oddmohV [wÈf ¤mam N>br JB© Zmar H$m oMÃU

_›ZyOr Z oH$`m h° $& e°br Bg H$hmZr H$ ¤mam g›Xe XVr h° oH$ -

""^ybH$a r emXrewXm AmX_r H$ ‡_ _| _V [oS>E $& A›` H$hmoZ`m|

g Bg H$hmZr H$s e°br o]ÎHw$b AbJ h° $& dh Am`H$a od^mJ _|

H$m_ H$aVr h° dhm™ A[Z ]mg oeßX H$ ‡oV AmH$of©V hmVr h° $&

]mX _| Cg [Vm MbVm h° oH$ qeX oddmohV hr Zht EH$ ]¿M H$m

o[Vm ^r h° Vm dh Cgg AbJ hmZm MmhVr h°, boH$Z qeX Cg

g_PmVm h° oH$ emXr XwïI[`©dgm`r h° BgobE dh A[Zr [ÀZr g

VbmH$ bZm MmhVm h° $& [a Egm H$aVm Zht Am°a CgH$m V]mXbm r

hmVm h° $& e°br Cgg AbJ hm OmVr h° [a CgH$ EH$ J•h‡de H$

Adga [a Cg ]wbmVm h° Vm e°br dhm™ OmVr h° Am°a CgH$s ‡g›Z

[ÀZr Edß gw›Xa ]¿M H$m XIH$a IwX H$m gß^mbVr h° $&''68 e°br

g_mO H$s A›` _mgy_ wdoV`m| H$m [wÈf-Òd^md g AdJV H$amZm

MmhVr h° $&

4. em`X :

Bg H$hmZr _| AmoW©H$ [napÒWoV`m™ oH$g ‡H$ma EH$ [nadma

H$m ZÓQ> H$a XVr h°, CgH$m oMÃU _›ZyOr Z oH$`m h¢ $&

amImb OmhO [a _°H$oZH$ Wm $& Bg ]ma VrZ gmb H$ ]mX Xm

_hrZm| H$s Nw>≈>r [a dh Ka Am`m h° $& dh am_mßoQ>H$ _yS> _| h°, [a

[ÀZr CgH$ am_mßg H$m ]mP CR>mZm Zht MmhVr $& VrZ gmbm| H$

]rM H$ [mnadmna XwI Am°a ]¿Mm| H$s g_Ò`mZ Cg `mo›ÃH$ ]Zm

oX`m h° $& dh Zm°H$ar H$aZ H$m r _O]ya hm JB© h° $& amImb H$ Ka

AmZ [a CgH$s [ÀZr _mbm A[Z mB©-^m^r, _H$moZH$ eßH$a VWm

A›` [S>mog`m| H$s gˆX`Vm H$s ]mV H$aVr h° Vm amImb H$m A[Z

hr Ka _| [am`m[Z _hgyg hmZ bJVm h° $& O] Nw>≈>r g_mflV hmZ [a

OhmO [a bm°Q>Vm h° Vm dhm™ Cg gwZmB© [∂S>Vm h° - ""`ma Vw_ O°g

bmJm| H$m ]h˛V KwbZm o_bZm Zht MmohE ]r]r ]¿Mm _|, ]Q>m

A[Zr oO›XJr Vm BZ _erZm| H$ gmW h° g_P ! BZH$m Vb o[bmAm

Am°a MbmAm $&''69

5. oÃeßHw$ :

"oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr _| _mß Am°a ]Q>r H$ —oÓQ>H$mUm| g Xm [ro∂T>`m|

H$ A›Va H$m Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& _mß Z ‡_oddmh oH$`m Wm Am°a

ZmZm Z BgH$m odamY oH$`m Wm $& BgobE _mß A[Zr ]Q>r [a AßHw$e

bJmZm Zht MmhVr $& ha [r∂T>r A[Z AmJ AmZdmbr [r∂T>r H$m Ny>Q>

XZm MmhVr h°, boH$Z BgH$s EH$ gr_m hmVr h° [a BZ gr_mAm| _|

]ßY ahZm AJbr [r∂T>r Zht MmhVr h° V^r gßKf© hmVm h¢ $& Bg

]mV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

6. aV H$s Xrdma :

`h H$hmZr ]amOJmar H$ H$maU AmO H$ gwoeojV `wdm

_mZg H$s Hwß$R>m Am°a oZamem H$m C’V H$aVr h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$ ¤mam

boIH$m Z h_| h grI Xr h° oH$ ]¿Mm| H$ odÓ` H$ ]ma _| g[Z

XIZm aV H$s Xrdma H$s Vah h° Om H$^r r Qy>Q> OmZ H$s AdÒWm _|

h¢ $& aV g Xrdma MwZZm Agß^d h° d°g hr ]Q> H$s oejm ¤mam

^odÓ` H$ _hb H$s Amem r Ï`W© h° $&

7. Vrgam ohÒgm :

"Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z gß[mXH$ H$ Io S>V

Ï`o∑VÀd H$m oMÃU oH$`m h¢ $& AmO g_mO H$m H$mB© ^r jÃ

^´ÓQ>mMma g _w∑V Zht h° g] H$ht _ZwÓ` H$m YZ H$ Zm_ [a _yÎ`

oX`m OmVm h° $& Eg ´ÓQ> g_mO B©_mZXma Ï`o∑V H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m

ohÒgm _| ]m™Q> XVm h° $& Bg g] H$ ]rM Hw$N> bmJ Eg h¢ Om

g_`mZwgma A[Z H$m ]Xb Zht [mV h¢$ & Egm Ï`o∑V h° eam ]m]y $&

^´ÓQ> emgH$m| H$ ‡oV dh IwÎb_-IwÎbm A[Z g_mMma-[Ã _|

obIVm h°, [a›Vw g^r H$ ¤f AmoX H$ H$maU dh AI]ma hr ]›X

hm OmVm h° $& dh o\$a g H$Î[Zm H$aVm h° oH$ ´ÓQ>mMma H$ odamY _|

dh Hw$N> H$aJm $& [a g] CgH$s H$Î[Zm _mÃ ah OmVm h° $& dV©_mZ

_| dh Hw$N> H$a hr Zht [mVm h° $&

8. AbJmd :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m ]M[Z g amOZroV g odef bJmd ahm h° $&

Am` oXZ OZ gmYmaU [a hmZdmb AÀ`mMma H$s I]a| [∂T>H$a CZH$m

_Z odMobV h˛Am Am°a "]b N>r' H$ hÀ`mH$mßS> Z Vm C›h| ohbm

oX`m $& Bg H$mßS> H$m AmYma ]ZmH$a _›Zy ßS>mar Z "AbJmd' H$hmZr

obIr Am°a AmJ MbH$a BgH$m "_hm^mO' Zm_H$ C[›`mg _|

Í$[mßVnaV H$a oX`m $&

AmO H$s amOZroV H$s Agob`V H$m CKm∂S>Zdmbr AZw[_

H$hmZr h° "AbJmd' $&

9. EIm Z AmH$me ZmB© : (AmH$me H$ AmBZ _|) :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›ZyOr Z ehar Am°a J´m_rU [nade _|

AbJ-AbJ H$mUm| g Zmar H$s g_Ò`mE™ [mR>H$m| H$ gÂ_wI aIr

J`r h° $& XmZm| [nadem| _| Zmar AgßVwÓQ> XrIVr h¢ $& O°g gwaojV h¢,

Òdmdbß]r h¢, oddmohV h¢, OrdZ g [yU© gßVwÓQ> h¢, qH$Vw oVhar Ka

Zm°H$ar Am°a [∂T>mB© H$s oOÂ_Xmna`m| Z CZH$m ag oZMm∂S> ob`m h¢

Am°a dh ho»>`m| H$m T>mßMm _mÃ ah J`r h¢ $&

Bg H$hmZr H$g r [mÃ Iwb AmH$me H$ ZrM Amem-AmH$mßjm

H$ AZwÈ[ OrZm MmhV h¢, boH$Z CZH$s MmhV-MmhV hr ah OmVr

h° $& eha hm m Jm™d Zmar H$s A[Zr -A[Zr g_Ò`mE™ hmVr h° $&

bIm eha _| ahVr h°, Vm eha g D$] OmVr h° dh H$hVr h° -

""`hm™ Z Iybr, Z gm\$ hdm o_bVr h°, Z A¿N>m ImZ-[rZ H$m hr

C[b„Y hm [mVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma dh oOg YmaUm H$m bH$a JB© Wr,

dh PyR>r og’ h˛B© $& Cg Jm™d H$m OrdZ eha g ]wam bJZ bJm $&

Jm™d _| g]H$s A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`m h° Am°a g^r H$m X_ KwQ> ahm h°

Cg dmVmdaU _| $& bIm dhm™ g ^mJZm MmhVr h° $& dh ]∂S>r

Vrd´Vm g A[Z [oV H$s amh XI ahr h° VmoH$ hm™ g OÎXr H$hrß Xya

[hm∂S> [a Om gH$ $&70 Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z EH$ ]ßJmbr JrV

H$s [ßo∑V`m| H$m oMÃU r oH$`m h° -

""emZm ]›Yw emZm ‡mUhrZ h ehaa BoVH$Wm

B™Q>a [mßOmS> bmhma ImßMmE XmÈU __© Ï`Wm

EImZ AmH$me ZmB©, EImZ AmH$me ZmB©,

EImZ A›YJbra ZaH$ _wo∑Va Ï`mHw$bVm $&''71

10. Agm_`oH$ _•À`w :

"oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr H$s h H$hmZr _›Zy ßS>mar H$s gwßXa H$hmZr

h° $& g_mO _| _‹`dJ© H$ AWm©O©Z H$aZdmb _wª` Ï`o∑V H$s _•À`w

hmVr h° Vm [yam Ka amÒV [a Am OmVm h° $& h Xr[y H$ H$bm Í$[ H$s

Agm_mo`H$ _•À`w H$s H$hmZr h° $& CgH$ o[Vm _he ]m]y H$s _•À`w

44 gmb H$s Am`w _| Amo\$g _| H$m_ H$aV-H$aV hm OmVr h° $&

Xr[y H$m ZmQ>H$ _| ¡`mXm ÈoM Wr $& ZmQ>H$ H$ OmZ _mZ H$bmH$ma

CÀ[b XŒm Z Cg Q≠ >m\$s XV h˛E ‡mÀgmohV oH$`m Wm $& C›hm|Z

[yZm H$s Ao^Z` gßÒWmZ H$m ‡de-[Ã ^r _™Jdm`m Wm, oH$›Vw

AMmZH$ o[Vm H$s _•À`w Z Xr[y H$s XwoZ`m H$m ]Xb oX`m $& Xr[y H$

H$bmH$ma H$s _•À`w hm JB© $& Bgr ]mV H$m boIH$m Z oMÃU Bg

H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° $&

C[`w©∑V [m™Mm H$hmZr-gßJ´hm| H$ Abmdm "AmßIm XIm PrR>'

]mbm[`mJr H$hmZr-gßJ´h h° CgH$m ‡H$meZ 1976 _| h˛A Am°a

Bg_| gmV H$hmoZ`m™ gßH$obV h° $& Bg _¢Z A[Z A‹``Z H$s gr_m

_| Zhr aIm h° $&

B ZmQ>` gmohÀ` :-

B ZmQ>H$H$s [na^mfm :

[moUZr ZmQ>` H$s CÀ[oŒm "ZQ≤>' YmVw g _mZV h° Am°a am_M›–

JwUM›– Z "ZmQ>`X[©U' _| BgH$m CX≤^d "ZmQ≤>' YmVw g _mZm h° $&

"ZQ≤ >' YmVw H$m AW© JmÃodj[U Edß Ao^Zd XmZm | Wm $&

XeÍ$[H$H$maZ Z•V, Z•À` Am°a ZmQ>` H$m A›Va Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& Z•Œm

Vmb-b` H$ AmolV hmVm h°, Z•À` mdmolV hmVm h°, oH$›Vw ZmQ>`

agmolV hmVm h° $& gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _| ZmQ>H$ H$m H$mÏ` hr _mZm J`m

h° $& CgH$m CX≤Ì` AmZ›X ‡moflV ]Vm`m J`m h° $& ZmQ>H$ gmohÀ` H$s

dh od⁄m h°, oOgH$s g\$bVm H$m [arjU aßJ_ßM [a hmVm h° $&

ZmQ≤>`H$bm H$s [na^mfm XV h˛E adr›–ZmW Z H$hm h° oH$ odo^›Z

de^yfm Am°a AßJ odj[ H$ AZwH$aU ¤mam ‡H•$oV ‡oVo]oÂ]V

H$aZdmbr H$bm ZmQ>H$ h° $& dÒVwVï ZmQ>H$ XIZ H$s MrO h° $& CgH$

Xe©H$ Am°a lmVm hmV h°, Om [mÃm| ¤mam MnaÃm| H$ Ao^Zd g ‡^modV

hmV h° BgobE AmMm`m Z Cg –Ì`H$mÏ` H$s gßkm Xr h° $& ZmQ>H$

e„X, [mÃ, de-^yfm, AmH•$oV, md^ßJr Am°a oH´$`mAm| AmoX H$

AZwH$aU ¤mam VWm mdm| H$ ‡Xe©Z ¤mam Xe©H$m| H$m WmW© OrdZ H$

oZH$Q> bmVm h° $& Ao^Z` ZmQ>H$ H$m ‡YmZ AßJ h° $& g\$b ZmQ>H$

dh h° oOg XIV h˛E Xe©H$ h AZw^d Zhr H$a [m` oH$ dh ZmQ>H$

XI ahm h° $& ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m g]g ‡YmZ JwU `h h° oH$ dh _mZd

_ZmodkmZ H$m gy˙_ [maIr hm $&

^maVr`-g_rjm-emÒÃ H$ AZwgma ZmQ>H$ H$ VrZ ‡_wI VÀd

h° - dÒVw, Zm`H$ Am°a ag $& [a [mÌMmÀ` g_rjm emoÒÃ`m| Z N>h

VÀd ÒdrH$ma oH$` h° $& H$WmdÒVw, [mÃ, H$Wm[H$WZ, XeH$mb,

CX≤XÌ` $& e°br, qhXr H$ AmYwoZH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| BZ XmZm| ‡H$ma H$

VÀdm| H$m g_mamh hm J`m h° $&

(1) o]Zm Xrdmam H$ Ka :

`h _›ZyOr H$s _m°obH$ aMZm h° $& XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| od\$b

h˛E Xm d°dmohH$-Om∂S>m H$s h gß`w∑V H$hmZr h° $& em^m Am°a AoOV

VWm _rZm Am°a O`ßV [oV-[ÀZr h° $& em^m A[Z Mhma Xrdmar _|

]ßX Í$[ H$m À`mJH$a H$m_H$mOr Zmar H$m Í$[ YmaU H$a bVr h¢ $&

BgH$ obE CgH$s AmoW© [napÒWoV ]h˛V hX VH$ oOÂ_Xma h° $&

dÒVwVï AmoW©H$ _mM [a od\$b og’ hmZ H$s Ï`Wm [wÈf H$m CVZr

hr Q>rgVr h° oOVZr H$m_jÃ _| A[Z [wÈfÀd H$ Xw]©b hmZ H$s

^mdZm $& em^m A‹`mo[H$m h° Am°a ]mX _| q‡gr[b ]ZVr h° AoOV

oddeVm H$ H$maU [ÀZr H$ H$m_H$mOr Í$[ H$m ]XbH$a o\$a g

J•ohUr H$ Í$[ _| Zht bm°Q>m gH$Vm $& Am°a AoOV H$s h oddeVm

odH•$oV H$m Í$[ YmaU H$a em^m H$ H$m_H$mOr Í$[ H$s H$È AmbmMZm

H$aZ [a Cg CH$gmVr h°$ & Bg odS>ß]Zm H$m [hb Zht H$a [mV r $&

AVï XmZm| H$ ]rM Xama CÀ[›Z hmVr h° $&

em^ Am°a AoOV H$ ]rM CÀ[›Z Xama H$m [mQ>Z H$m ‡`mg

AoOV H$s ]hZ OrOr H$aVr h° [a›Vw dh ‡`mg od\$b hm

OmVm h° $& O`ßV H$ ‡`mg od\$b hr Zht hmV ]oÎH$ Cg Xama H$m

Am°a AmoYH$ Mm° ∂S>m H$aZ _| ghm`H$ hmV h¢ $& BgH$ ob`

AoOV H$s gße`d•oŒm H$maU^yV h° $&

O`ßV em^m Am°a AoOV XÂ[oV H$m A›VaßJ o_Ã h¢ $& O`ßV

A[Z o_Ã Am°a o_Ã-[ÀZr H$ ]rM gm°XmB©-gß]ßY MmhVm h°, BgH$

obE dh CZ XmZm| H$ ]rM C^aZdmb _V^Xm| H$m g_mflV H$aZ H$

obE H$^r-H$^ma em^m H$ [jm H$m g_W©Z ^r H$aVm h° $& CgH$m

`h g_W©Z AoOV H$ _Z _| em^m Am°a O`ßV H$ ]rM AZwoMV ÒVa

VH$ ‡Jm∂T> gß]ßY hmZ oH$ eßH$m OJmVm h° $& odS>ß]Zm h hmVr h° oH$

AoOV H$ hmW g EH$ Zm°H$ar oZH$b OmZ H$ ]mX CgH$ obE Xygar

Zm°H$ar H$m ‡]ßY H$aZ _| em^m Am°a O`ßV H$m gß`w∑V ‡`mg g\$b

hm OmVm h° Cg g\$bVm H$ ‡oV AoOV H$m Am^mar ahZm Wm dhmß

dh Cg g\$bVm H$m em^m Am°a O`ßV H$ ]rM H$ AZwoMV gß]ßYm H$

‡_mU H$ Í$[ _| _mZ ]°R>Vm h° $&

AoOV H$s Bg Ma_ gße` d•oŒm H$ H$maU em^m H$m Ka À`mJZ

[a odde hmZm [∂S>Vm h¢ $&

(2) _hm^mO H$m ZmQ≤>` Í$[m›Va :

gZ≤ 1982 _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$m ZmQ≤>`

Í$[m›Va oH$`m $& lr_Vr A_mb AbZm, Cfm JßJmbr, ‡_ moQ>`mZr

AmoX H$ oZXeZ _| Cg "amÓQ≠>r` ZmQ≤>` od⁄mb`' Z ]∂S> CÀgmh H$

gmW oXÎbr H$ _ßM [a ‡ÒVwV oH$`m $& Òd`ß _›Zy ßS>marZ gmjmÀH$ma

_| _wP H$hm oH$ "_hm^mO' H$m _ßMZ ]h˛V gr g\$b ahm $& "_hm^mO'

_| boIH$m Z A[Z Ï`o∑VdmXr OrdZ-Xe©Z H$m À`mJH$a ]•hV≤

Am°a Xe H$s Ama ‹`mZ oX`m h° Am°a g_mO H$m dmÒVodH$ oMÃ

h_ma gm_Z ‡ÒVwV H$aV h˛E h r Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° oH$ amOZroV H$m

ÒdÍ$[ oH$VZm K•oUV hm J`m h° $& AmO H$ht r _mZd _yÎ`m| Am°a

_mZd OrdZ H$ obE H$mB© _hŒd Zhr ahm $&

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| hr ZmQ>H$s`Vm gßdmXmÀ_H$Vm Am°a

MnaÃ-oMÃU H$s Hw$ebVm od⁄_mZ h° C∑V g^r JwU "_hm^mO'

ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa _| r h° $& ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa H$s g\$bVm BZ oXZm| _ßMr`Vm

H$ JwU [a oZ^©a _mZr OmVr h° Bg H$gm°Q>r [a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ‡ÒVwV

ZmQ≤>` Í$[mßVa Iam CVam h° $&

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| odÒV•V MMm© H$s h° BgobE `hm± Bg

]mV H$m XmhamVr Zht hˇ± $&

1. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m™. ]rZm B©fl[Z 63

3. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd 96

4. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m©. __Vm ew∑bm 58

_ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

5. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m©. ]rZm B©fl[Z 30

7. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr C[›`mg S>m©. oZ_©bm O°Z 285

8. _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ A‹``Z _mYyar ]mO[`r 80

9. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 25

11. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar 7

13. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m©. __Vm ew∑b

14. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar

15. H$WmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar AoZVm amOyaH$a

16. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m aMZm gßgma S>m©. ]rZm B©fl[Z

17. H$bdm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 41

18. H$bdm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 43

19. ZB© H$hmZr oXem, Xem, gß mdZm S>m©. B›–ZmW _XmZ 207

20. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma ‡oVoZoY H$hmZrH$ma S>m©. °Èbmb JJ©

21. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma oh›Xr H$hmZr S>m™. am_Hw$_ma JwflV 19

24. ]mY Am°a Ï`mª`m S>m™. H$m_Ìda e_m© 88

(gmohoÀ `H$ oZ]›Y)

27. gmohpÀ`H$ H$me [moa^mofH$ 181

e„Xmdbr

28. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 10

(_¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h)

30. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27

33. OrVr ]mOr H$s hma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 40

34. H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 63

35. g`mZr ]wAm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 68

36. Ao^ZVm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 77

38. Ì_emZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85

39. Xrdma ]¿M Am°a ]agmV _›Zy ^ßS>mar 98

40. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 103

41. H$sb Am°a H$gH$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 124

42. Xm H$bmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 138

43. _¢ hma JB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 140

44. VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra _›Zy ^ßS>mar 19

(VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra)

45. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar 31

47. AZMmhr JhamB©`m _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47

48. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 57

49. KwQ>Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 61

50. hma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 81

51. MÌ_ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 111

52. j` _›Zy ^ßS>mar

(`hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h)

54. Vrgam AmX_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 39

55. gOm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 72

56. ZH$br hra _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85

57. Zem _›Zy ^ßS>mar 95

58. B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX _›Zy ^ßS>mar 103

59. amZr _m™ H$m M]yVam _›Zy ^ßS>mar 122

60. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| S>m©. oXbr[ _ham 73

_mZdOrdZ H$s g_Ò`mAm| H$m

oZÈ[U

61. `hr gM h° _›Zy ^ßS>mar 134

62. `hr gM h° _›Zy ^ßS>mar 135

63. ZB© Zm°H$ar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 11

(EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h)

64. ]ßX XamOm H$ gmW _›Zy ^ßS>mar 23

65. N>V ]ZmZdmb _›Zy ^ßS>mar 49

66. gßª`m H$ [ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85

67. H$_a H$_am Am°a H$_a _›Zy ^ßS>mar 107

69. AmV OmV `m`mda _›Zy ^ßS>mar 13

(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h)

70. Xama ^aZ H$s Xama _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27

71. ÒÃr gw]moYZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 39

72. em`X _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45

73. EImZ AmH$me ZmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 126

75. o]Zm oXdmamß H$ Ka _›Zy ^ßS>mar 15

76. _hm^mO H$m ZmQ≤>`Í$[mßVa _›Zy ^ßS>mar 8

ïï V•Vr` A‹`m` ïï

a _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` odfX≤ [naM`

H _›Zy ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ`

1. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ

2. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r

3. _hm^mO

4. Òdm_r

5. H$bdm

H _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZr gmohÀ`

1. _¢ hma JB© H$hmZrgßJ´h

2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra H$hmZrgßJ´h

3. `hr gM h° H$hmZrgßJ´h

4. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] H$hmZrgßJ´h

5. oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h

H _›Zy ßS>mar H$m ZmQ≤>` gmohÀ`

1. o]Zm Xrdmam| H$ Ka

2. _hm^mO ZmQ≤>` Í$[m›Va

V•Vr` A‹`m`

B _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m odfX [naM` :-

M C[›`mg gmohÀ` :

C[›`mg AmO gmohÀ` H$s AÀ`ßV bmH$o‡` Edß ge∑V od⁄m

h¢ $& _ZmaßOZ H$m VŒd Cg bmH$o‡`Vm Am°a OrdZ H$m Ï`m[H$ AßH$Z

eo∑V gß[›ZVm XVm h¢ $& ZmQ>H$ Am°a H$hmZr r AmX_r H$m _ZmaßOZ

H$aV h¢, [aßVw ZmQ>H$ Ohm™ aßJ_ßM H$s gr_mAm| g ]™Ym h˛Am h¢, dhm™

H$hmZr r OrdZ H$ gßoÌbÓQ> Edß d°od‹`[yU© [jm| H$m oMoÃV H$aZ

_| Aj_ h¢ $& C[›`mg H$s g\$bVm OrdZ H$m CgH$s g_J´Vm Edß

Ï`m[H$Vm H$ gmW g_mhma H$aZ H$s —oÓQ> g _hmH$mÏ` H$ g_H$j

h¢ $&

C[›`mg OrdZ H $ ha Jbr-Hy $M _ | K y_ gH$Vm h °,

AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma ha N>mQ>r-]∂S>r MrO H$m oMÃ AßoH$V H$a gH$Vm

h¢ $& AWm©V≤ CgH$m _yb CXÌ` hmVm h¢ - ""`WmW© H$m odÌdmg oXbmV

h˛E AmJ MbZm $&'' C[›`mg H$m _mÃ _ZmaßOZ H$s dÒVw _mZZm

CgH$s _yb eo∑V Am°a _hŒd H$s Ad_mZZm H$aZm h¢ $&1

qhXr C[›`mg _ybVï gm_moOH$ WmW© H$m gßdmhH$ ahm h¢ $&

qhXr H$ [hb C[›`mg "[arjm JwÈ' _| VV≤`wJrZ maVr` g_mOH$m

oMÃ, [wZOm©JaU H$s MVZm Am°a _yÎ`m| H$s ‹doZ PßH•$V hmVr h° $&

BgH$ ]mX _ZmaßOZ ‡YmZ oVobÒ_r, EÊ`mar Am°a Omgygr C[›`mg

obI JE, [aßVw qhXr C[›`mg H$s odH$mg-`mÃm _| CZH$m _hŒd

og\©$ [mR>H$m| _| A‹``Z ÈoM OmJ´V H$aZ H$s –oÓQ> g h¢ $&

‡_M›X Z g]g [hb gm_moOH$ `WmW© H$m [hMmZ,

_mZd-_Z H$s Xw^Y Vhm| _| Pm™H$m Am°a Ï`o∑V VWm g_mO H$m

gm[ojH$ oMÃ ‡ÒVwV H$aV h˛E qhXr C[›`mg gmohÀ` H$ ßS>ma H$m

^am $&

‡_M›X H$s Bgr [aß[am H$m odH$mg g_mOdmXr Am°a gm_moOH$

MVZm H$ C›Zm`H$ C[›`mgH$mam|Z oH$`m $&

gmohÀ`H$ma gßdXZerb ‡mUr h° $& gm_moOH$ Vm dh hmVm hr

h° $& gm_moOH$ [naoÒWoV`m™ A[Z KmV-‡oVKmV g Cg oZaßVa

‡^modV H$aVr h¢ $& A[Zr Ao^Ï`o∑V H$ obE dh gmohÀ` H$s

oH$gr r od⁄m H$m ‡l` ∑`m| Z b, wJ-MVZm H$ Òdam| H$m CgH$s

aMZm _| oZZmoXV hm CR>Zm AdÌ`ß^mdr h° EH$ hr `wJ-MVZm ^r

o^›Z-o^›Z odMmaYmam H$ Ï`o∑V`m| ¤mam A[Zr oZOr gßdXZm H$

AZwÈ[ J´hU H$s OmVr h¢ $&

gmohÀ`H$ma wJrZ WmW© H$m A[Zr gßdXZm Edß Ï`o∑VÀd H$

gm™M _| T>mbH$a Cg EH$ Z`m Í$[, Z`m _mX©d XVm h° $& C[›`mg

Mmh gm_moOH$ hm, _Zmd°kmoZH$ m EoVhmogH$ hm, dhr bIH$

H$s gßdXZm H$m _wIa ]`mZ H$aVm h° $&2

C[›`mg e„X gßÒH•$V H$m h° oOgH$m AW© h° - oZH$Q> aIZm $&

ZmQ≤ >`emÒÃ _| ‡oV_wI gßoY H$m EH$ C[^X ^r Bgr Zm_ g

Ao^ohV h° -

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H$s odefVm h h° oH$ d [mÃm| H$ gmW EH$mH$ma hmH$a CZH$m OrdZ

AßoH$V H$aVr h¢ BgH$ ]ma _| amO›– mXd Z H$hm h° -

""_a Am°a _›Zy H$ bIZ _| hr _m°obH$ A›Va h¢ dh H$Wm H$

[mÃm H$ gmW BVZr AoYH$ EH$mH$ma hm OmVr h° oH$ CZH$m "Xw^m©Ω`'

Cg A[Zm "Xw^m©Ω`' bJVm h° $&''20

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z Bg C[›`mg H$ odf` _| Òd`ß obIm h°

oH$ - ""Bg_| g›Xh Zht oH$ [hbm A‹`m` _wP ]h˛V - ]h˛V [g›X

Am`m Am°a Xygam A‹`m` A¿N>r hr Zht Amem g AoYH$ A¿N>m

obIm J`m $& ........ dhr Vrgam Am°a Mm°Wm A‹`m` oeoWb ]Z

J`m $& A[Z-A[Z dH$VÏ` H$ A›VJ©V boIH$mZ ÒdrH$ma oH$`m

h° oH$ dh h_em A_bm Am°a aßOZm H$ ]rM _| hr ahr h° $& aßOZm H$

‡oV A_a H$m Ï`dhma Cg ]hX H$ÓQ> XVm Wm $& aßOZm Z Xm A‹`m`m|

_| _wP gM_wI ]h˛V Èbm`m, A_bm O]-O] AmVr _Z EH$ Jha

AdgmX EH$ AOr]-gr oI›ZVm, CXmgr Am°a oda∑Vr g ^a

CR>Vm $& h _¢ AmO r Zht OmZVr oH$ [mÃm| H$ gmW A[Z H$m y

EH$mEH$ H$a XZ H$ d•oŒm bIZ _| ghm`H$ h° m ]mYH$ $& dh ]ZmVr

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Am°a ]∂S>r JhamB© g ....... EH$ Am°a r AZw^d oH$`m dh CVZm hr

Z`m Wm $&''

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A_bm H$m MmhVr Wr dh Cgg gdWm© o^›Z Wr $& A_bm H$ odf`

_| CgZ obIm h° oH$ odoeÓQ> dJ© _| Mbr ]wo’dmnXZr Ah_≤dmoXZr

A_bm O] g]H$m hr PwR>bmVr, AÒdrH$maVr Mbr JB© m bm _a

de _| ∑`m| AmVr $&........

AbßH$ma ‡`mJ H$s —oÓQ> g odMma H$a Vm C[›`mg _| AbßH$mam

H$m ‡`mJ H$ht r ÒdVßÃ hmH$a AbJ g Zht h˛Am A_bm Z A[Z

EH$ [Ã _| A_a H$m obIm h¢ -

""Bg g_` Vm h_ma oX_mJ _| YwAmßYma H$s gßJ_a_a H$s M≈>mZ|,

CZH$ ]rM N>mQ>r gr "Prb' Am°a AH$br S>m|Jr ........ eaX[yoU©_m

H$s amV H$s CßJob`m| _| oWaH$Vm, gwZham eam]^am o]Îbm°ar

[°_mZ $&''21

aßOZm H$m oddmh oZoÌMV hmZ [a CgH$s$ ‡g›ZVm - ""aßOZm

Amg_mZ H$s Ama VmH$Vr h¢, Vm gVaßJr Bß–YZwf oIb CR>V h¢ Am°a

ZrMH$s Am°a oZhmaVr h° Vm ∑`mna`m| _| aJß-o]aßJ \y$b Py_Py_H$a

_wÒH$am CR>V h¢ $&''22

C[›`mg H$ erf©H$ [a odMma H$a Vm "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' _|

"g•ÓQ>m Ï`o∑VÀd H$s C¿MVa _wo∑VH$m_Zm' H$s Ao^Ï`o∑V h˛B© h¢ $&

Bg C[›`mg H$s aßOZm H$m ‡_ g¿Mm Am°a Jham h° qH$Vw CgH$m ‡_

Zm h¢ $& XIm| Am°a Hy ß$ Zm VwP XIZ XDß$' H$ Í$[ H$m h° $& "—ÓQ>m'

H$bmH$ma ]ohaßJ Am°a AßVaßJ AmßIm| H$m ]ßX H$a b Vm g•ÓQ>m H°$g

]Z gH$Vm h¢ ? oH$gr H$s XX© g ]ßYr o]Iar _wÒH$mZ Cg AmßI

ImbH$a XIZ H$m odde H$a XVr h¢ $&

"EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' _| H$bmH$ma H$ OrdZ H$s g_Ò`m [a ]∂S>r

JhamB© g odMma oH$`m J`m h¢ $&

erf©H$ H$ odf` _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m H$hmZ h° oH$ - ""`h erf©H$

_wP Bg C[›`mg H$ obE gmW©H$ Zht bJVm $& Am°a amO›– A^r r

Bg gmW©H$ _mZV h¢ $&''23

(2) Am[H$m ]›Q>r :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m `h C[›`mg "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' Bg ZH$br

AmYwoZH$Vm g Xya AmO H$s _hmZJar oO›XJr H$ EH$ [hby H$s VrIr

dmÒVodH$Vm H$m ghr ]mY H$amZdmbm C[›`mg h¢ $& oh›Xr H$m h

[hbm C[›`mg h° oOg_| EH$ odef [napÒWoV _| [∂S> h˛E ]¿M H$s

_ZïnÒWoV H$m BVZ odÒV•V \$bH$ [a oMÃmßH$Z oH$`m J`m h¢ $&

"" "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' _| ]ßQ>r Zm_ H$ EH$ Eg ]mbH$ H$s H$Wm h°

oOg A[Z o[Vm H$m ÒZh [napÒWoVde Zht o_b [mVm Am°a _mVm

H$ bm∂S>-fl`ma g CgH$ ÒdVßÃ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m odH$mg hr Zht hm

[mVm $& AßVVï dh A[Zr _mVm H$ obE Egr H$Qw>oÒWoV oZ_m©U H$a

XVm h° oOgH$ H$maU H$h Cgg _w∑V hmZ H$s ]mV gmMZ H$ obE

odde hm OmVr h¢ $$&''24

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h gd©‡W_ _m°obH$ C[›`mg h¢ $& Bg_| C›hm|Z

XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Ym| H$ odKQ>Z Am°a mdr [r∂T>r [a CgH$ ‡^mdm| H$m

‡ÒVwV oH$`m $& ]ßQ>r H$s _mZogH$ pÒWoV H$m bJ^J Xm gm° [•ÓR> _|

Ao^Ï`∑V oH$`m h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$ _mVm o[Vm eHw$Z Am°a AO` h° Om

oH$ AmYwoZH$ ÒdVßÃ odMma Ymam g ‡^modV h¢ $& XmZm| Ahß mdZm

g J´ÒV h° $& eHw$Z Am°a AO` H$^r g_Pm°Vm Zht H$a [mV h¢, oOgH$

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ahZ bJV h¢$ & eHw$Z AO` H$m N>m ∂S>H$a, oXÎbr _| ]ßQ>r H$ gmW

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[a ^r Cg __Àd H$m ghO XÒ` Zht X [mVr m Vm H$_ XVr h° m

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__r-[m[m H$s b∂S>mB© Am°a VZmd H$m Zht g_P [mVm h° $& AO`

eHw$Z AbJ Vm [hb hr hm MwH$ W $& [a›Vw Hw$N> g_` [ÌMmV

VbmH$ hm OmVm h° $& eHw$Z ]ßQ>r H$m Z Vm hoW`ma H$ Í$[ _| hr

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H$ Í$[ _| ^r XIVr h° Om AO` Am°a CgH$s Xyar H$m o_Q>m XJm $&

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VbmH$ XZ g [hb hr _ram Zm_H$ Xygar ÒÃr g oddmh H$a bVm

h° $& BgobE XmZm| _| VbmH$ AoZdm`© hmVm h° $& AO` g VbmH$

bZ H$ ]mX eHw$Z Z r AO` H$s Vah A[Zr oO›XJr H$m ]XbZ

H$m ‡`ÀZ oH$`m eHw$Z r Xygam „`mh H$aVr h°, V] ]ßQ>r H$m odÓ`

A™Ya _| [∂S> OmVm h° $& ]ßQ>r Z Vm S>m∞. Omer H$m - oOgg eHw$Z

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AO` H$s Xygar [ÀZr _ram H$m A[Zr _m™ H$ Í$[ _| ÒdrH$ma H$a

[mVm h° $& \$bÒdÍ$[ Cg hmÒQ>b _| ahZ H$ obE ^Om OmVm h¢ $&

eHw$Z S>m∑Q>a Omer g oddmh H$aVr h° h oXImZ H$ obE oH$ oX

AO` _ram H$ gmW oddmh H$a gH$Vm h° Vm ∑`m dh oddmh Zht H$a

gH$Vr ? \y$H$s Bg oddmh [naUm_ H$m OmZV h˛E od–mh r H$aVr h°

[a›Vw eHw$Z S>m∞. Omer g oddmh H$a bVr h° S>m∞. Omer odYwa h°

VWm [hbr [ÀZr g CZH$ EH$ [wÃ Ao_ VWm [wÃr OmV h¢ $& CgH$m

Ï`o∑VÀd AmH$f©H$ VWm gwbPm h˛Am h¢, dh H$oR>Z g H$oR>Z g_Ò`m

H$m ^r AmgmZr g VWm ghO T>ßJ g hb H$a XV h¢ B›ht JwUm| g

eHw$Z S>m∑Q>a Omer g AmH$of©V hmVr h° $&

S>m∑Q>a Omer g oddmh H$aZ H$ [ÌMmV eHw$Z A[Zr H$mR>r

N>m∂S>H$a Omer H$s H$mR>r _| ]ßQ>r H$ gmW ahZ bJVr h° $& ]ßQ>r g]H$

]rM ^r AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVm h° ∑`m|oH$ CgH$m \y$b, _mbr,

]mJ ]JrM oOZg CgH$m odef bJmd Wm dh g] [rN> hr Ny>Q> JE

W $& ]ßQ>r _hgyg H$aVm h° oH$ EH$ __r hr Vm CgH$s Wr [a›Vw bJVm

h° dm ^r CgH$s Zht ahr h° $& Ao_-OmV, eHw$Z H$m _m™ H$ Í$[ _|

ÒdrH$ma H$a bV h¢ [a›Vw ]ßQ>r S>m∞. Omer H$m [m[m H$ Í$[ _| ÒdrH$ma

Zht H$a [mVm $& Omer g OwS>Z H$ [ÌMmV≤ ]›Q>r H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$ H$B©

[hby C^a H$a AmV h° $& CgH$ gmMZ H$m —oÓQ>H$mU ]Xb OmVm

h° $& dh Òd`ß H$m A[ojV _hgyg H$aVm h° $& Am°a ]ßQ>r H$m Ï`dhma

o]ÎHw$b ]Xb OmVm h° Am°a __r H$m XwI [h˛™MmZ _| Cg gwI H$s

AZw^yoV hmVr h° Am°a S>m∑Q>a Omer H$ e„Xm| _| hr g dh "Wm∂S>m

‡m„b_ MmBÎS>' ]Z OmVm h° $&

]ßQ>r A[Z [m[m (AO`) H$m Zht wbm [mVm h° VWm EH$m›V _|

C›h| [Ã r obIVm h° $& ]ßQ>r H$s _ZmoÒWoV g_PV h˛E eHw$Z Cg

CgH$ [m[m H$ gmW H$bH$Œmm ^OZ H$m amOr hm OmVr h° $& AO`

]ßQ>r H$m H$bH$Œmm b OmVm h¢, ]ßQ>r dhmß r A[Z H$m AH$bm _hgyg

H$aVm h° dh __r H$ Í$[ _| _ram H$m Zht A[Zm [mVm $& [m[m H$

[mg AmH$a ]ßQ>r H$m __r H$s ]h˛V `mX AmVr h° [a dh Hw$N> H$h

Zhr [mVm $& dh rVa hr rVa KwQ>Z bJVm h°, ghO qOXJr Zht Or

[mVm $& H$^r od–mh, H$^r CXmgr, H$^r AH$bm[Z Cg gßÃÒV ]ZmE

aIVm h¢ $&

]ßQ>rH$s [r∂S>m H$ ‡oV A[Zr gßdXZerbVm H$s dOh boIH$mZ

IwX ]VmB© h° ....... ""Bg [yar pÒWoV H$s Bg odS>ß]Zm h h° oH$ Bg

gß]ßYm|ß H$ obE g]g H$_ oOÂ_Xma Am°a g] Ama g ]JwZmh ]ßQ>r hr

Bg Q≠> OS>r H$ Ãmg H$m g]g AoYH$ mJVm h° $& eHw$Z-AO` H$

gß]ßYm H$m VZmd Am°a MQ>I ]ßQ>r H$s Zg-Zg _| hr ‡oV‹doZV hmVr

h° $& pÒWoV H$s Bg odS>ß]Zm Z hr _a _Z _| EH$ AmVßH$ OJm`m

Wm $& eHw$Z-AO` H$ Am[gr gß]ßYm _| ]ßQ>r Mmh oH$VZm hr \$mbVy

Am°a AdmßN>Zr` hm J`m hm, [aßVw _ar —oÓQ> H$m g]g AoYH$ CgrZ

AmH$of©V oH$`m $& dÒVwVï C[›`mgH$ma H$ obE A‡oVam‹` MwZm°Vr,

ghmZw^yoV Am°a _mZdr` H$ÈUm H$ H$›– og\©$ d hr bmJ hm [mV h°,

Om H$ht Z H$ht \$mbVy hm JE h¢ $&'' ]ßQ>r H$ [m[m (AO`) Cg

hmÒQ>b OZ H$s Ï`dÒWm H$a ah h¢ $& __r g Vm dh [hb hr H$Q>

MwH$m hmVm h° Am°a `hm™ AmH$a dh [m[m g ^r H$Q> Om`Jm $& dh

AH$bm hr ah Om`Jm $&

""`h AmYwoZH$ OrdZ H$s OoQ>bVm H$m em[ h° oOg h_

[hMmZV Vm h° [a›Vw oOgH$m g_woMV hb m oZXmZ h_ma [mg Zht

h¢ $&''25

`hm™ EH$ ‡ÌZ h CR>Vm h° oH$ ]ßQ>r dJ©JV [mÃ h° m Ï`o∑VJV

[mÃ ? boIH$m Z Vm Cg dJ©-[mÃ hr ]ZmZm Mmhm h°, V^r dh

"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' hm J`m h° $& boH$Z ^maVr` g_mO _| Z Vm `

[mnadmnaH$ pÒWoV`m™ AoYgßª` o_bVr h° Am°a Z hr ha ]mbH$ _|

EH$ AoVna∑V OrdZ gßdXZm hr hmVr h° $& qH$Vw ]ßQ>rZ A[Z [nade

H$ ‡oV ^r AÀ`ßV gßdXZerb h° $& dh dJ© [mÃ hmH$a ^r Ï`o∑V

[mÃ hr AoYH$ h¢ $&

]ßQ>r H$m _m‹`_ ]ZmH$a eHw$Z Am°a AO` EH$-Xyga H$ ‡oV

A[Z rVar AgßVmf Am°a AmH´$me H$m g_[©U md _| ]XbZ H$s

H$moee H$aV h¢ $& CZH$m oZÓRw>a Ahß ]ßQ>r H$ gßdXZerb Ï`o∑VÀd

H$ H$m_b VßVwAm| H$m Yra-Yra ZÓQ> H$aVm ahVm h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$ obE

EH$ Ka _| CgH$s __r h°, qH$Vw [m[m Zht Xyga Ka _| CgH$ [m[m h°,

qH$Vw __r Zht $& BgobE CgH$s oZ`oV dhm™ ahZ _| h¢ Ohm™ XmZm| _|

g H$mB© Zht Am°a em`X dh IwX r Zht h¢ $& ]ßQ>r H$m hmÒQ>b O

oX`m OmVm h° $& Bg [nadV©Z H$m ]ßQ>r Zht MmhVm, [a Bg_| CgH$s

B¿N>m-AoZ¿N>m H$m gdmb Zht h¢ $& hm™ H$mB© odH$Î[ hr Zht h¢ $&

g] Hw$N> Z`m IarX oX`m J`m h° $& O°g ]ßQ>r H$s A] VH$ H$s gmar

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Xygar pÒWoV VH$ gßH´$_U H$ ]rM CgH$s gmar MVZm gßdXZey›`

^m¢MH$-gr hm CR>r h¢ $&

Bg C[›`mg _| ]ßQ>r H$s [r∂S>m [mR>H$m| [a __©Ò[eu ‡^md S>mb

o]Zm Zht ahVr $& boH$Z H$db [mR>H$m| H$s H$ÈUm OJmZm boIH$m

H$ C[›`mg obIZ H$m ‡`mOZ Zht h¢ $& dh ]wo’ H$ ÒVa [a [mR>H$m|

H$m Bg ¡dbßV g_Ò`m H$ odf` _| gmMZ H$m ‡naV H$aZm MmhVr

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oddeVm H$ H$maU Ï`o∑V ^rVa-hr ^rVa Qy>Q>V OmZ H$s oZ`oV

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]ßQ>r A[Zr Am`w H$ ]mbH$m| g H$ht ¡`mXm g_PXma oXIm`m J`m

h° $& Bg ‡oH´$`m _| dh gdm©oYH$ ‡oV^m gß[›Z m AZw^yoV-‡dU

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Edß AodÌdgZr` bJVm h° $& S>m∞. Omer H$m [m[m Z H$h [mZ H$s

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Zht h¢, Vm CgH$m Ï`dhma Am_ ]mbH$m| O°gm H°$g hm gH$Vm

h¢ ?''26

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dh A∑ga ]ßQ>r g o_bZ OmVm h° qH$Vw eHw$Z H$ obE CgH$ _Z _|

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bIH$ A[Zr H$b_ MbmVm h° $& Òd`ß _‹`dJu` bIH$m| Z Bg wJ

H$s [napÒWoV`m| H$s Pbm h°, _hgyg oH$`m h¢ $&

ZB© H$hmZr Z ÒÃr-[wÈf gÂ]›Ym| H$s Òd¿N>›XVm Am°a

AmYwoZH$Vm ]mY H$m aImßoH$V oH$`m h° Om WmW© h° $&

M H$hmZr H$s [na^mfm :

H$hmZr H$Wm gmohÀ` H$s Xygar _hŒd[yU© od⁄m h° $& H$hmZr

gmohÀ` _| EH$ ÒdVßÃ H$bm H$ Í$[ _| odH$ogV hm MwH$s h° $&

AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr gmohÀ` _| h Í$[ r ]ßJbm H$ _m‹`_ g [m¸mÀ`

gmohÀ` g Am`m h° $& AßJ´Or _| oOg "emQ>© ÒQ>mar' H$hV h° $& oh›Xr

_| JÎ[ Zm_H$m oH$gr _mÃm _| ‡MbZ ahm h° $& [a›Vw H$hmZr e„X hr

gdm©oYH$ ÒdrH•$V h° $& H$^r-H$^r bKwH$Wm r H$hm OmVm h° $&

H$hmZr H$s Ï`mª`m H$aV h˛E O`eßH$a ‡gmX obIV h° -

""gm°›X © H$s EH$ PbH$ H$m oMÃU H$aZm Am°a CgH$ ¤mam BgH$s

g•oÓQ> H$aZm hr H$hmZr H$m b˙` hmVm h° $&''

EM O. dÎg obIV h -

""H$mB© _Ywa H$WmÀ_H$ aMZm Om gabVm g ]rg o_ZQ> _| [∂T>r

Om gH$, H$hmZr H$hm Om gH$V h° $&''

odÌd ‡og’ H$hmZrH$ma ES>Ja EbZ [m Z H$hmZr H$s [na^mfm

XV h˛E H$hm h° oH$-

""H$hmZr AmY K Q> g bH$a EH$ `m Xm K Q>m| H$ ]rM [∂T>

ob`m OmZdmbm J⁄ d•VmßV h° $& H$hmZr EH$ J⁄mÀ_H$ H$Wm h° Om

EH$ ]°R>H$ _| hr [∂T> br Om gH$ $&''

ZB© H$hmZr H$s [hbr [r∂T>r H$s g\$b boIH$m H$ Í$[ _|

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m Zm_ ]∂S> gÂ_mZ g ob`m OmVm h° $& _ohbm

H$hmZrH$mam| _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$m Zm_ AmXa g ob`m OmVm h° $& d°g

oh›Xr _| H$hmZr obIZdmbr _ohbmAm| H$m AZw[mV [hb g hr

]h˛V H$_ ahm h° $& Am°a Cg_| _›Zy H$s Vah Ï`o∑VÀd _| H´$mßoVH$mar

VŒdm| H$m ob` h˛E AmYwoZH$Vm ]mY H$amZdmbr H$hmoZ`m™

obIZdmb| Zhr H$ ]am]a h¢ $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s aMZmE™ [wÈf H$s

AmH$mßjmAm| g ‡naV hmH$a Zmar H$m oMÃ C[oÒWV Zht H$aVr ]oÎH$

Zmar H$m Zmar H$s –oÓQ> g oMÃU H$aVr h° _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m|

H$s ‡_wI odefVm AZw^dm| H$s g¿MmB© Am°a gßdXZerbVm h¢ $&

gmohÀ` H$s VrZ ‡_wI od⁄mAm| _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr ‡oV^m

oXImB© h° boH$Z CZH$s odef ª`mVr H$hmZrH$ma H$ Í$[ _| h° $&

Hw$N> g_rjH$m| Z _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _wª`Vï d°`o∑VH$

MVZm [a AmYmnaV _mZm h° $&

S>m∞. B›–ZmW _XmZ Z obIm h¢ - ""_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmZrH$bm

H$m _yb Òda ^r d°`o∑VH$ MVZm g ‡arV h¢ $& BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _|

gX°d Ï`o∑V H$s Hw ß$ R>mAm| H$m oMÃU VWm am_mßoQ>H$ ‡_ H$m

Ï` ßΩ`mÀ_H$ oZÈ[U h¢, K yQ >Z, [amO` VWm oddeVm H$s

Ao^Ï`o∑V h¢ $&''

`⁄o[ BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _yb Òda d°`o∑VH$ MVZm [a

AmYmnaV h° oH$›Vw Cg_| odamQ>Vm Am°a Ï`m[H$Vm BVZr AoYH$ h°

oH$ H$ht d°`o∑VH$ MVZm AmJ MyZH$a ghgm _hmZ gm_moOH$

g›X^m g Ow∂S> OmVr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ ]ma _| -

S>m∞. °Èbmb JJ©Z - ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma ‡oVoZoY H$hmZrH$ma Zm_H$

bI _| ]Vm`m h° oH$ -

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m™ gmXÌ` hmVr h° Am°a OrdZ H$ oZH$Q>

H$hmoZ`m| _| AZw^yoV H$s JhZVm Am°a ZE _yÎ`m| H$m C^maZ H$s

j_Vm r $&''

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ [mÃ Hwß$R>mJ´ÒV h° $& [napÒWoV H$

oIbm\$ OÈa Hw$N> H$aZm MmhV h¢ [a ‡À`jVï Hw$N> H$a Zht [mV $&

ÒÃr [a AoYH$ma OVmZm [wÈf A[Zm Y_© Am°a [m°ÈfÀd g_PV h° $&

H$db [oV hr Zht g_mO H$m ha [wÈf Zmar H$ ‡oV gßHw$oMV

–oÓQ>H$mU aIVm h° $& goX`m| g ÒÃr H$m X]mE aIZ H$s Om [aÂ[am

h° Cg [aÂ[am g [wÈf dJ© ]mha Zht oZH$b [m`m h° $& Mmh ÒÃr

H$_mZdmbr hm, amOZroV _| hm m gm_moOH$ gßÒWmAm| g Ow∂S>r hm

ha jÃ _| oÒÃ`m| H$ ‡oV [wÈfm gßH$sU© –oÓQ>H$mU hr aIVm h° $&

BgobE ÒÃr A] [wÈf H$ oIbm\$ Om ahr h° A] g_mO _| ÒÃr H$m

ad°`m ]XbZ bJm h¢ $&

AmO H$m H$hmZrH$ma [nade H$ X]md g CÀ[›Z ha pÒWoV H$m

CX≤KmoQ>V H$aVm h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$s "j`' H$hmZr _| AmoW©H$ gßH$Q>

g CÀ[›Z KwQ>Z H$m oMÃU h° $& "amZr _m™ H$m M]yVam' _| AßYodÌdmg

H$ oIbm\$ b∂S>Zdmbr Jwbm]r _m™ H$m oMÃU h° $& oH$gr M]yVam| m

Mm°IQ> [a oX`m ObmH$a gßVmZ ‡moflV hm gH$Vr h° boH$Z CZ ]¿Mm|

H$ [mbZ-[mfU H$s g_Ò`m I∂S>r hm OmVr h° Bg gm_moOH$ WmW©

H$m _›Zr ßS>mar Z H$bmÀ_H$Vm g oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& "`hr gM h°'

H$hmZr H$s Xr[m [hb oZerW g Am°a ]mX _| gßO` g ‡_

H$aVr h° $& oZerW g A[_moZV hmH$a r Xr[m CgH$ gmW [mQ>u _|

OmZ H$ obE B›H$ma Zht H$a gH$Vr $& `h AmO H$ `wdm [r∂T>r H$s

H$_Omar hr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ [yd© Om _ohbm gmnhÀ`H$ma gmohÀ`-OJV _|

AmB© C›hm|Z "Am™Mb _| XyY Am°a Am™Im| _| [mZr' dmbr Zmar H$s

H$m_b VWm Jna_m_` ‡oV_m AoYH$ oMoÃV H$s $& boH$Z _›Zy H$m

Bg ‡oV_m g odef bJmd Zht Wm Am°a Bgr H$maU C›hm|Z Zmar _Z

H$s KwQ>Z-Qy>Q>Z VWm AmH´$me A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| oMoÃV oH$`m C›hm|Z

A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| Zmar _Z H$s AZw^yoV`m| H$m Ao^Ï`∑V

oH$`m h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>marZ [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´hm H$m g•OZ oH$`m Om Bg

‡H$ma h¢ $&

H$hmZr gßJ´h ‡W_ gßÒH$aU

1. _¢ hma JB© gZ≤ 1957

2. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra gZ≤ 1959

3. `hr gM h° gZ≤ 1966

4. EH$ flb°Q> g°bm] gZ≤ 1968

5. oÃeßHw$ gZ≤ 1978

A] VH$ 50 H$hmoZ`m™ obIr h° $&

A] h_ EH$-EH$ H$hmZr H$m odÒVma g XI|J $&

(1) _¢ hma JB© :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m `h [hbm H$hmZr gßJ´h 1957 _| ‡H$moeV

h˛Am $& h H$hmZr Bg gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h° VWm Bgr H$hmZr

H$ AmYma [a H$hmZr gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU h˛Am h° Bg gßJ´h _| 12

H$hmoZ`mß gßJ´ohV h° $&

1. B©gm H$ Ka B›gmZ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ "_¢ hma JB©' H$hmZrgßJ´h H$s ` ‡W_ H$hmZr

h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| Ymo_©H$ Hw$‡d•oV`m| [a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $&

[hmo∂S>`m| g oKa eha_| o_eZar b∂S>oH$`m| H$m H$m∞bO h° $&

g] OJh ham-^am oXImB© XVm h° $& gm_Z EH$ Ob h° $& garZ Ob

H$s D™$Mr-D™$Mr Xrdmam| H$m XIm H$aVr h° Am°a gmMVr h° oH$ H$m∞bO

H$ obE h OJh ∑`m| MwZr JB© ? Am°a H°$oX`m| H$ OrdZ H$s odoMÃ

H$Î[ZmE™ H$aVr ahVr h° $& H°$gm OrdZ hmJm CgH$m Z AmZ›X Z

CÎbmg Z ag $& Bgr H$m∞bO H$s _Xa ]h˛V A¿N>r h° Am°a ¡`mXmVï

ÒQ>m\$ Z›g H$m h° $& EZr Am°a ogÒQ>a O°Z ^r ]h˛V A¿N>r h° dh

h_em h™gVr ahVr h° $& aÀZm ogÒQ>g© H$m oh›Xr [∂T>mVr h° Cg H$m∞bO

Am°a \$mXa H$ ‡oV ]hX H$m°Vyhb Am°a ` h° $& EZr Am°a O°Z A[Zr

B¿N>m g g] Hw$N> N>m∂S>H$a ZZ ]Zr Wr $& B›hm|Z oO›XJr _| MM© Am°a

H$m∞bO H$ ogdm Hw$N> XIm hr Zht d H$m∞bO H$ [rN>dmb MM© _|

ahVr h° Am°a H$m∞bO _ H$m_ H$aVr h°, ]g hr h° CZH$m OrdZ _ar

Am°a bygr H$ Mham| [a _wX©Zr N>mB© ahVr h° Z oH$gr g ]mbVr h°, Z

h™gVr h° $&

""Oybr C_´ _| BZH$ ]am]a hmJr [a MhH$Vr ahVr h° ]mV H$a|Jr

Vm Egr b¿N>Xma oH$ Vo]`V ∂S>H$ CR> $& h™gJr Vm Eg oH$ gmam

ÒQ>m\$-È_ Jy™O OmE, CgH$m Vm AßJ-AßJ O°g oWaH$Vm ahVm h° $&''

EH$]ma Oybr \$mW© B`aH$m ∑bmg b ahr Wr Am°a H$sS>g H$s H$mB©

H$odVm g_PmV h˛E EH$ b∂S>H$s H$m My_ bVr h° $& _Xa ZmamO h˛B©

Am°a Oybr H$m MM© ^O oX`m d \$mXa H$ [mg JB© \$mXa CgH$s

AmÀ_m ewo’ H$aV h¢ $&

""`hm™ H$ \$mXa EH$ Abm°oH$H$ [wÈf h° EH$X_ oXÏ` ! H$mB©

H°$gm ^r [oVV hm m oH$gr H$m _Z Oam r odH$maJ´ÒV hm, BZH$

gÂ[H©$ _| AmZ g hr CgH$s AmÀ_m H$s ewo’ hm OmVr h° $& Xya-Xya

VH$ ]∂S>m Zm_ h° \$mXa H$m $& ]mha H$s o_eZarO g oH$VZ hr bmJ

AmV h° \$mXa H$ [mg AmÀ_mewo’ H$ obE $&''66

O] bygr MM© _| AmB© V] d ^r Oybr g H$_ MßMb Z Wr $&

\$mXa Z VrZ oXZ _| hr CgH$s H$m`m[bQ> H$a Xr $& \$mXa Mmb-T>mb

g EH$ ]∂S>r Ï` _yoV© bJV W Am°a Cg XIH$a _Z l’m g a CR>

Egr Ï`o∑Œd h¢ CZH$m Cg_| Egr H$m°Z-gr eo∑V h° Om AmÀ_m H$s

ewo’ H$a XVr h° $& \$mXa Z Xm oXZ _| ∑`m oH$`m oH$ Oybr h™gZm yb

JB©, CgH$s gmar emIr, gmar h™gr, gmar _ÒVr O°g oH$grZ gmI

br hm $& `| Oybr H$m Z`m Í$[ Wm bJVm Wm O°g Oybr Zht CgH$s

oO›Xm bme Ky_ ahr h° $&

ogÒQ>a EZr Z H$hm oH$ - ""\$mXa Z CgH$s AmÀ_m H$m [odÃ

H$a oX`m CgH$s AmÀ_m H$ odH$ma o_Q> JE $&''67

MM© _| EH$ Iy]gyaV ZZ≤ EßoObm H$m bm`m OmVm h° $& dh [mJbm|

O°gm Ï`dhma H$aVr h¢ $& Bgr H$maU dh \$mXa H$ [mg Or OmVr h°

boH$Z dh \$mXa H$ H$m]y _| Zht AmVr $& dhr H$hVr h¢ - ""_wP

H$mB© Zht amH$ gH$Vm, Ohm™ _am _Z hmJm _¢ OmD™$Jr $& _¢Z VwÂhma

\$mXa ........ o\$a AmR> M]mH$a ]mV Vm∂S>H$a ]mbr ....... A] d

H$^r \$mbVy H$s ]mV| Zht H$a|J $&''68

EßoObm \$mXa H$ ∂T>mJ H$m [Xm©\$me H$aVr h° Am°a Bg ]mV g

bygr ‡g›Z hmVr h° \$mXa H$s ZmH$m_`m]r [a $& Am°a EH$ oXZ bygr

MM© g mJ OmVr h° $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX MM© VWm H$m∞bO H$ Mmam|

Am°a D™$Mr-D™$Mr Xrdma I∂S>r H$s OmVr h¢ $&

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Y_© H$ Zm_ [a hmZdmb Zmar

emfU H$ oIbm\$ "EßoObm' ¤mam AmdmO CR>m`r h° $& _mZogH$

gßÒH$mam| Ed_≤ AmÀ_ewo’ H$ Zm_ [a MM© H$ \$mXa wdoV`m| g A[Zr

H$m_V•oflV H$a C›h| bme ]Zm XV h° $& EßoObm Bg A›`m` H$ ‡oV

od–mh H$aVr h° CgZ \$mXa H$m Zem S>mCZ H$a oX`m Am°a \$mXa H$m

^ßS>m\$mS> oH$`m $&

\$mXa Bg Ag\$bVm [a AmÀ_ΩbmoZ H$ _ma _a Om ah W $&

Bg ‡H$ma boIH$m Z B©gmB© o_eZar gßÒWmZm| _| MbZdmb

AZ°oVH$ ´ÓQ>mMma H$m [Xm©\$me H$aH$ A[Zr ghr Y_© oZa[j –oÓQ>

H$m [naM` oX`m h¢ $&

2. JrV H$m MwÂ]Z :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr AmYwoZH$ Edß ‡mMrZ [aß[am H$ ]rM N>Q>[Q>mVr

Zmar H$ AÏ`∑V ‡_ H$m oMÃU ]∂S> hr ge∑V T>ßJ g H$aVr h° $&

H$oZH$m Bg H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m h° dh A¿N>r Jmo`H$m h° &

_mWwa gmh] H$ hm™ g_mamh _| Ohm™ eha H$ H$od, gmohÀ`H$ma,

oMÃH$ma, Jm`H$ OwQ>Z dmb W dhm™ H$oZH$m H$m _m°grZ O oX`m

Bgr g_mamh _| H$oZH$m H$m [naM` H$od oZoIb g hm J`m oOgH$

AZH$ JrV dh JmVr Wr $& o_gO _mWwa H$ AmJ´h [a H$oZH$m Z

oZoIb H$m EH$ JrV Jm`m oOgH$m oZoIbZ ]h˛V [g›X oH$`m $&

oZIb H$oZH$m H$ Ka AmZ-OmZ bJm $& H$oZH$m aoS>`m [a

JmZ bJr $& H$oZH$m Am°a oZoIb AZH$ odf`m| [a MMm© H$aV h° $&

ÒÃr-[wÈf gß]ßYm [a r MMm© h˛B© $& H$oZH$m H$m H$hZm Wm -

""]mV h_ oH$VZr hr ]∂S>r-]∂S>r ]Zm b, oZoIb Xm [a Ï`dhma

_| h_ AmJ Zht ]∂T> [mV h° $& Am[ Om `hm™ ]°R>H$a BVZr bÂ]r

Mm° ∂S>r ]mV H$a ah hm _mZ bm H$b H$m Am[H$ ]rdr Am` Am°a

oH$gr Xyga [wÈf H$ gmW dh A[Zm emarnaH$ gÂ]›Y aI Vm ]Xm©ÌV

H$a gH|$J Am[ ? m| S≠>m|BJÈ_ _| ]°R>H$a ]mV ]ZmZm gab hmVm h° $&

[a d ]mV a hr ahVr h°, H$ma og’mßV $&''69

EH$ oXZ oZoIbZ H$oZH$m H$m ]mßhm_| aH$a My_ ob`m $& V]

CgZ oZoIb H$m EH$ MmßQ>m _ma oX`m $& gflVmh H$ ]mX oZoIb H$m

[Ã Am`m oOg_| obI Wm -

""gM Vw_Z _ar Am™I Imb Xr oH$ emarnaH$ gß]ßY H$ [a r

b∂S>H$ H$s o_ÃVm H$m H$mB© AmYma hm gH$Vm h°, Am°a Bgrob` _wP

Cg oXZ H$m A[Zm Ï`dhma H$MmQ> ahm h° $& _wP Vw_ [a Oam ^r

JwÒgm Zht, A[Z [a hr ΩbmoZ h° $&''70

`h H$hmZr [aß[am Am°a gßÒH$mam| _| OH$∂S>r Zmar H$oZH$m H$

‡_ H$s Hw ß$R>m H$m oMoÃV H$aVr h° $& dh oZoIb g ‡_ H$aVr h°,

boH$Z Ï`∑V Zht H$a [mVr $& BZ XmZm| H$ ‡_ H$ odH$mg _| oH$gr

Vah H$s [mnadmnaH$ `m AmoW©H$ ]mYm`| Zht hmJr BgH$ obE

H$oZH$m H$ gßÒH$ma oOÂ_Xma h¢ $&

AmO H$s Zmar [yU©Í$[ g Z Vm AmYwoZH$ ]Z [m`r h° Z A[Zr

g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH$ma H$m N>m∂S> gH$Vr h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$ ¤mam boIH$m

Z odOmVr` AmH$f©U Am°a Zmar X` H$ emÌdV gÀ` H$m ‡oV[moXV

oH$`m h° $&

3. OrVr ]mµOr H$s hma :

`h EH$ Zmar H$s Egr H$hmZr h° Om ‡H•$oV H$ odÈ’ OmH$a

OrVH$a r hma OmVr h° $&

VrZ b∂S>oH$`m™ Amem, ZobZr Am°a _wabm EH$ hr H$m∞bO _|

[∂T>Vr h° $& oddmh H$ ]ma _| BZ g^r H$m _mZZm Wm oH$ A[Z

Ï`o∑VÀd H$m IyZ H$aH$ Bg ‡H$ma [oV H$ aßJ _| aßJ OmZm CZH$s

H$Î[Zm H$ ]mha H$s ]mV Wr $& boH$Z Zmar gwb^ ^mdZm H$

\$bÒdÍ$[ Amem Edß ZobZr oddmh H$a bVr h¢ $& _wabm A[Z

og’mßVm [a A∂S>J ahVr h¢ $& dh E_.E. _| woZdog©Q>r _| ‡W_ ÒWmZ

‡mflV H$aH$ AmJ H$mg© H$aZm Amaß^ H$aVr h¢ $& dh AßV VH$

AoddmohV ahZm MmhVr h° Am°a Bg ]mV [a Amem g eV©

bJmVr h° $& AmemZ H$hm -

""BVZm OmZVr hˇ™ oH$ oOgg eV© bJm ahr hˇ™ dh g]Hw$N> hmH$a

^r Zmar h° $& Am°a Zmar H$m EH$ gmWr MmohE, EH$ ghmam MmohE,

[nadma MmohE Am°a MmohE ]¿M $& C¿M g C¿M oejm r CgH$s

Bg mdZm H$m Zht MwH$ gH$Vr $&71

_wabm H$hVr h° oH$ - ""∑`m XoH$`mZwgr bmJm| O°g ]mV| H$aVr

h° $& ghmam Cg MmohE Om A[Z H$m A]bm g_P ! _¢ g]bm hˇ™,

_wP oH$gr H$m ghmam Zht MmohE $&''72

_wabm AoddmohV Wr Am°a oejm-od^mJ H$ EH$ D™$M [X [a

[h˛™M JB© Wr $& dh EH$ g^m H$m g^m[oVÀd H$aZ Bbmhm]mX JB© oH$

[›–h dfm H$ ]mX CgH$s _wbmH$mV Amem g hmVr h° $& Amem Cg

A[Z Ka b JB© dhm™ Cg Amem H$m Ka CgH$ VrZm| ]¿M g^r Hw$N>

]h˛V A¿N>m bJm $& Amem OrVr ]mOr H$s mX oXbmH$a _wabm g

BZm_ _m™JZ H$ ob` H$hVr h°$ & V] _wabm Amem H$s [m™M dfu`

b∂S>H$s _m™JVr h° $&

""Vm A[Zr h o]oQ>`m _wP X X $&''73

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z Zmar [a _mV•Àd H$s odO` ‡ÒVwV

H$s h¢ $& H$mB© r Zmar A[Z Zmar-gwb^ mdZmAm| H$ H$maU [oV H$

Í$[ _| EH$ gmWr, EH$ ghmam, ^am-[yam [nadma Am°a ]¿M

MmhVr h° $& _wabm Bgr ‡H•$oV H$ odÈ’ OmH$a AßV VH$ AoddmohV

ahVr h° [a Cg emßoV hmogb Zhr hmVr $& Zmar H$m "ZmarÀd'

_mV•Àd g Am°a AoYH$ oZIa AmVm h° $& Zmar "_mV•Àd' H$ o]Zm

AYyar h°, ht _wabm H$s hma h° $& CgZ ]mOr Vm OrV br [a dÒVwVï

dh hma J`r h¢ $& dmÒVd _| h EH$ gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h¢ $&

4. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr :

_›Zy ßS>mar Z ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| ‡_ H$m Z [mZ H$s N>Q>[Q>mhQ>

Ï`∑V H$s h° $& Zmo`H$m "Í$[' h° dh d°MmnaH$ –oÓQ> g od–mh H$aVr

h°, [a WmW© _| H$_Oma [∂S> OmVr h° $&

"Í$[' A[Zr od_mVm H$ H$maU ÒHy$b N>m ∂S>H$a Ka _| [∂T>mB©

H$aZ bJVr h° $& gm°Vbr _m™ H$ H$R>ma oZ`ßÃU H$ H$maU dh h_em

S>ar S>ar gh_r-gh_r ahVr h° $& Bgr H$maU CgH$ o[Vm Í$[H$m

CgH$ _m_m-_m_r H$ [mg O XV h¢ $& dhm™ ahH$a Í$[ _°oQ≠>H$ H$s

[arjm [mg H$a bVr h° $& Ohm™ CgH$m [naM` EH$ AZmW b∂S>H$

"bobV' g hmVm h° $& Om _m_m H$m [mbH$ [wÃ h° CgH$ gmW Í$[ H$m

‡_ Yra-Yra ]∂T>Vm OmVm h° $& bobV È[ H$ ‡oV ‡_ ‡H$Q> H$aVm h°

Am°a Cg ohÂ_V XH$a C¿M oejm H$ ob` odXe Mbm OmVm h° $&

bobV H$ OmZ H$ ]mX Í$[ H$s emXr dH$sb gmh] g hm OmVr

h° $& Í$[ B¡OV IßoS>V hmZ H$ ` g Xygam| H$s Wm[r h˛B© B¿N>mAm|

H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a A[Z Aa_mZm| H$m Jbm Km|Q> XVr h° $& ÒHy$b H$s

[∂T>mB© g bH$a oddmh VH$ H$ _m_bm| _| dh Òd`ß oZU©` Zhr b

[mVr $& Cg ha ]ma o[VmOr H$s B¿N>m H$ AmJ PwH$Zm [∂S>Vm h° $&

o[VmOr H$s ]mV Cg od–mh H$aZ g amH$Vr h° -

""H$m°Z, Í$[ ]Q>r ! Aa h ]∂S>r g_PXma b∂S>H$s h°, _am H$hZm

dh H$^r Q>mb gH$Vr h° bm ! AmO H$ O_mZ _| Egr b∂S>H$s ]∂S>

^mΩ` g o_bVr h° $& Í$[ H$m bJm O°g CgH$m gmam odamY, gmam

H´$mY ]h J`m h° $&''74

Í$[ H$ [oV CXma oXb H$ B›gmZ h° $& [oV H$s Ï`ÒVVm H$

H$maU Am°a bobV H$s `mX g Ï`oWV hmH$a Í$[ A[Z Ka _|

AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVr h° $& A_arH$m g bm°Q>H$a bobV dH$sb

gmh] H$ Ka _h_mZ ]ZH$a ahVm h° $& Í$[ A] emXr-gwYm H$

H$maU bobV g EH$ Xyar ]Zm` ahVr h° Am°a CgH$ gmW ]h˛V H$_

]mbVr h° $& bobV Í$[ H$m XoH$`mZygr ]mVß À`mJ H$a A[Z gmW

^mJ oZH$bZ H$ obE CH$gmVm h° $& Í$[ bmH$bmO H$ S>a g [hb

_Zm H$a XVr h° $& [a bobV H$ g_PmZ [a Í$[ mJZ H$ obE V°`ma

hm JB© $& bobV Í$[ H$ _Z H$m [ya gflVmh ^a –∂T> ]ZmVm ahm $&

odXe H$s ]mV| ]VmH$a CgZ Cg [war Vah g_Pm oX`m oH$ Om Hw$N>

^r d H$aZm Om ah h¢ dh oH$gr ^r –oÓQ> g AZwoMV Zht h°, Am°a

Í$[ Z r A[Z Am[H$m [yar Vah V°`ma H$a ob`m, bobV Z H$hm -

""A¿N>m Í$[ ! H$b amV H$m h_bmJ Mb X|J $& _¢ gda hr

`hm™ g o]Xm bH$a Y_©embm _| Om oQ>Hy™$Jm $& Vw_ amV ]mah ]O H$

H$ar] ÒQ>eZ amS>dmb M]yVa [a _wP o_bmJr g_Pt ? S>amJr Vm

Zht Zm ?''75

Í$[ Z H$hm - ""Zht bobV EH$ ]ma H$_Omar H$m \$b wJV

MwH$s hˇ™, Cgg O›_ a H$ obE g]H$ o_b J`m $&''76 mOZm H$s

amV hr dH$sb gmoh] Í$[ H$m A[Z o_Ã H$s [∂T>r-obIr [ÀZr H$

^mJ OmZ H$m g_mMma gwZmV h¢ -

""]∂S>r _wgr]V _| Wm ]Mmam $& CgH$s ÒÃr A[Z oH$gr

AmoeH$ H$ gmW mJ JB© $&''77

Am°a Í$[ g dH$sb gmh] H$hV h° oH$ - ""[∂T>r-obIr Vm Vw_

^r hm, mJZ H$s ]mV Vm Xya ahr, Xm gmb hm J`, _wP H$^r mX

Zht AmVm oH$ Vw_Z Am™I CR>mH$a oH$gr A›` [wÈf g ]mV ^r

H$s h° $&''78

B›ht ]mVm| H$ [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Í$[ bobV H$ gmW ^mJ Zht

gH$Vr Am°a H$_µOma [∂S> OmVr h° Am°a AßV VH$ dH$sb gmh] H$s

[ÀZr ]Zr ahVr h° $&

`h H$hmZr Egr ^maVr` b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr h° Om ‡_r Am°a

[oV XmZm| H$ ‡oV B©_mZXma ahZm MmhVr h° $& Í$[ H$mB© odXer Zmar

Zht oH$ emXr H$ ]mX ^r ‡_r H$ gmW ^mJ OmE $& [aß[am Edß

gßÒH$mam| H$ H$maU hr Í$[ oeoWb [∂S> OmVr h° $& [aß[am Edß gßÒH$mam

H$m oZdm©h H$aZm ^maVr` Zmar H$s odS>Â]Zm h° Bgr CXÌ` H$m

‡oV[moXV H$aZm Bg H$hmZr H$m b˙` Wm $& gßÒH$ma Edß Í$oT>`m| H$

]›YZ Zmar H$m oH$gr H$Xa Xw]©b ]Zm XV h¢ $& BgH$s AZw^yoV Bg

H$hmZr H$ ¤mam Ï`∑V h˛B© h° $&

5. g`mZr ]wAm :

Bg H$hmZr _| AZwemgZo‡` "g`mZr ]wAm' H$m oMÃ boIH$mZ

oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

]M[Z g hr d g_` H$s oOVZr [m]›Y Wr A[Zm gm_mZ

gß^mbH$a aIZ _| oOVZr [Qw>Wr Am°a Ï`dÒWm H$s oOVZr H$m`b

Wr Cg XIH$a MoH$V hm OmZm [∂S>Vm Wm $& H$hV h° - ""Om [|ogb

dh EH$ ]ma IarXVr Wr dh O] VH$ BVZr N>mQ>r Z hm OmoV oH$

CZH$s [H$∂S> _| ^r Z AmE V] VH$ Cgg H$m_ bVr Wr $& Om a]a

C›hm|Z Mm°Wr H$jm _| IarXr Wr Cg Zdt H$jm _| AmH$a g_mflV

oH$`m $&''78

g`mZr ]wAm H$ oddmohV H$ g_` o_b H$m™M Am°a MrZr H$

]V©Z [›–h gmbm| H$ ]mX ^r ghr gbm_V aIVr h° $& [nadma H$

g^r bmJm| [a ]wAm H$m AmVßH$ N>m`m h˛Am h° $& ]wAm H$s AoV

AZwemgZ o‡`Vm H$m oeH$ma CZH$s [m™M dfu` [wÃr "A›Zy' ]Z

OmVr h° $& dh EH$ AkmV ^` g oKar ahVr h°, ImZ[mZ H$s

AÀ`oYH$ gVH©$Vm H$ ]mdOyX r "A›Zy' ]r_ma hm JB© $& S>m∞∑Q>a Z

am` Xr oH$ - ""]¿Mr H$m [hm∂S> [a b Om`m OmE Am°a oOVZm AoYH$

Cg ‡g›Z aIm Om gH$ aIm OmE $& g]Hw$N> CgH$ _Z H$ AZwgma

hm hr CgH$m ghr BbmO h° $&''79 S>m∞∑Q>a H$s gbmh H$ AZwgma

Cg [hm∂S> [a b Om`m J`m $& Hw$N> g_` bJmVma ]wAm H$m [Ã H$

¤mam g_mMma o_bV ah, [aßVw EH$ _ohZ H$ ]mX r [oV H$m H$mB©

[Ã Zht Am`m Vm dh qMoVV hm CR>r $& d amV H$m gm Z [mB© Am°a

gmar amV XwïÒdflZ XIVr ahr Am°a amVr ahr $& _mZm CZH$m dfm g

O_m h˛Am ZmarÀd o[Kb [∂S>m Wm Am°a A[Z [ya dJ H$ gmW ]h ahm

Wm $& dh XIVr h° oH$ CgH$ [oV AH$b Mb Am ah h°, A›Zy gmW

Zht h° Am°a CZH$s Am™I r bmb h° Am°a dh \y$Q>-\y$Q>H$a am [∂S>r $&

Cg d∑V [oV H$m obIm [Ã o_bVm h° $& [Ã H$s [hbr [ßo∑V [∂T>H$a

hr dh amZ bJr O°g H$mB© ]h˛V ]∂S>r XwK©Q>Zm KoQ>V hwB© hm $& ]mX _|

[Vm MbVm h° oH$ [oVZ Om obIm h° dh A›Zy H$ obE Z hmH$a

[Mmg Í$[`dmb gY H$ H$m fl`mb Qy>Q> OmZ H$s KQ>Zm H$ ]ma _| h° $&

`h dmÒVodH$Vm OmZH$a amV-amV ]wAmOr h™gZ bJr $& [m™M

AmZH$s gwamhr Vm∂S> XZ [a Zm°H$a H$m ]war Vah [rQ>Zdmbr ]wAmOr

[Mmg È[`mßdmb gQ> H$ Qy>Q> OmZ [a ^r hßg ahr Wr $& _mZm C›h|

ÒdJ© H$s oZoY o_b J`r hm $&

g`mZr ]wAm H$m Òd^md odef hr Bg H$hmZr H$m H$œ` h° $&

[mJb[Z H$s gr_m VH$ Ï`dÒWm Am°a g_` H$s [m]›Xr _ZwÓ` H$m

_ZwÓ` Zht _erZ ]Zm XVr h° $& _mZm "am]mQ>' hm Om g_` g H$m_

H$a $& ]wAm H$m Ka emÍ$_ H$s Vah gOm h˛Am ahVm Wm, Ohm Ï`dÒWm

H$ Zm_ [a g^r gXÒ`m| H$m Ob H$ H°$Xr H$ g_mZ ahZm

[∂S>Vm Wm $& em`X Bgr AmVßH$ g A›Zy ]r_ma [∂S>r Am°a ]wAm H$m

_me©b bm oeoWob hm J`m $& gªV _mß H$m __Àd OmJ•V h˛Am $&

gQ> H$ Xm fl`mb Qy>Q>Z [a g`mZr ]wAm oXb ImbH$a hßgZ bJr Am°a

gm_m›` B›gmZ ]ZZ H$m CÎbmg AZw^d H$aZ bJr $&

6. Ao^ZVm :

Bg H$hmZr _| ‡_r H$ ¤mam N>br JB© Zmar H$s Ï`Wm H$m ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m J`m h° $& AmYwoZH$ g_mO _| A[Z ZH$br AmMaU g

`wdoV`m| H$m R>JZdmb `wdH$m | H$s _mZogH$Vm H$m oMÃU

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° $&

H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ h° - "Ao^ZVm' qH$Vw `h H$Wm h° EH$

Ao^ZÃr H$s Ï`Wm H$s $& aßOZm Ao^ZÃr h° Cg Ao^Z` H$m em°H$

ÒHy$b OrdZ g hr Wm $& H$m©bO H$ aßJ_ßM [a A[Z Ao^Z` H$m

oZImaV h˛E dh o\$Î_r ogVmam| H$s H$Vma _| Am JB© $& dh EH$ Zm_r

o\$Î_ Ao^ZÃr h° $& aßOZm H$m MmhZdmbm| H$s gßª`m AoYH$ h°,

[aßVw oOg dh IwX ‡_ H$a gH$ Egm H$mB© Z Wm $& dh A[Z Imbr

OrdZ H$m oH$gr H$ ‡_ g a XZm MmhVr h° $&

aßOZm H$s o_Ã H$mo_Zr A[Zr gmboJamh H$s [mQ>u _| Cg b

J`r $& dhm oXbr[ g _wbmH$mV h˛B© $& dh o]OZg H$aZ ]Â]B© Am`m

Wm $& aßOZm oXbr[ H$s Ama AmH•$ÓQ> h˛B© $& oXbr[ H$m o]OZg O_

J`m Wm $& CgZ ]ßJbm-JmS>r b ob`m Wm Am°a amO em_ dh

aßOZm H$ gmW JwOmaVm Wm $& Cg Ao^Z` [gßX Zhr Wm $& aßOZm H$m

oddmh H$ ]mX H$m_ N>m∂S>XZ H$s ]mV H$aVm Wm $& aßOZm H$hVr h° -

""AmOH$b _¢ ZE H$m™Q≠> ∑Q> r Zhr bVr $& VwÂh| oM∂T> h° Z gm°

A] h g] N>m∂S> Xy™Jr $&''80

""Vw_ H$hm, Vm _¢ Eg gm° H$m_ Hw$]m©Z H$a gH$Vr hˇ™ $&''81

oXbr[ o]OZg H$ ob` Mbm J`m & [›–h oXZ ]mX bm°Q>

Am`m $& EH$ oXZ oXbr[ Z H$hm OmZVr hm H$mo_Zr VbmH$ XZ H$s

gmM ahr h° $& aßOZm H$hVm h° hmß amO H$s oH$Q>oH$Q> g EH$ ]ma hr

oH$Ògm IÀ_ & V] oXbr[ H$hVm h° - ""‡_ H$s EH$mo›VH$m _| _am

odÌdmg h° Vw_ Mmh _wP XoµH$`mZyg H$hm `m [wamU[›Wr [a b°bm

_OZy H$m ‡_ hr _a ‡_ H$m AmXe© h° $& H$b _mZ bm oH$gr H$maU

g _¢ VwÂh| Zhr [m gHy™$ Vm gM H$hVm hˇ™ OmZ X Xy™ ! VwÂhma o]Zm Vm

_¢ A[Z OrdZ H$s H$Î[Zm r Zhr H$a gH$Vm $&''82

oZÓH$[Q> aßOZm Z oXbr[ [a odÌdmg H$a ob`m $& Am°a [°g H$s

AmdÌ`H$Vm [a oXbr[ H$m H$mam MH$ ^r X oX`m $& Cg_| CgZ

]mah hOma È[` a Am°a [›–h oXZ H$ ob` XhamXyZ-oXÎbr Mbm

J`m $& oXbr[ H$ VrZ-Mma [Ã Am` Am°a CgH$ ]mX aßOZm ‡Vrjm

H$aVr ahr $& oXZ ]rVV J` $& aßOZm CgH$ Ka J`r Ka [a Zm°H$a Wm,

CgH$ [mg H$mB© I]a Zht Wr $& aßOZm K]am J`r $& H$mJO H$ ob`

_O H$s XamO Imbr $& Cg_| ∂T>a gma [Ã W $& XhamXyZ g aIm H$

‡_[Ã W $& EH$ [Ã oXbr[ H$ o[VmOr H$m Wm $& oOg_| CgH$s [ÀZr

Am°a ]¿M H$ g_mMma W, gmW hr oH$gr dH$sb gmh] g ]mah

hOma È[` bZ H$s ]mV Wr $& h XIV aßOZm H$m _mh^ßJ h˛Am $&

oXbr[ ÒÃr Am°a [°gm XmZm| —oÓQ> g ´ÓQ> Wm $& aßOZm Vm aßJ_ßM [a

Ao^Z` H$aVr Wr [aßVw oXbr[ H$m Vm gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` gmo]V

h˛Am $& AmMma Am°a odMma H$ Xmha ÒVa [a [wÈf ¤mam gßdXZerb

Zmar H$m _Z N>bm J`m h° $& aßOZm oXbr[ H$m [Ã obIVr h° -

""_¢ Vm H$db aßJ_ßM [a hr Ao^Z` H$aVr hˇß [a VwÂhmam Vm

gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` h° $& ]∂S> D™$M H$bmH$ma Am°a gY h˛E Ao^ZVm

hm Vw_ _a XmÒV $&''83

oXbr[ emXrewXm h° ` [Xm©\$me hm OmVm h° $& dh aßOZm H$m

odÌdmgKmV H$aVm h° $& h H$hmZr EH$ Zmar H$s Ï`Wm H$s H$hmZr h°

Am°a gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h° $&

7. Ì_emZ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s Bg H$hmZr _| d°dmohH$ OrdZ _| ÒÃr Am°a

[wÈf H$ ]rM CÀ[›Z hmZdmb AmH$f©U H$s JhamB© H$m Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$

dU©Z h° $& _mZdr` gßdXZm VWm _Zm^mdm| H$m oMÃU oH$`m

J`m h° $& Cg_ Ì_emZ Am°a [hm∂S>r H$m gßdmX h° $&

Bg H$hmZr H$m Zm`H$ VrZ ]ma emXr H$aVm h° $& Am°a VrZm|

[ÀZr _a OmVr h° & boH$Z O] O] ed H$m ObmZ dh Ì_emZ OmVm

h° - V] V] H$hVm h° oH$ _¢ A[Zr [ÀZr H$m ]h˛V fl`ma H$aVm hˇ™ _¢

CgH$ o]Zm Zhr ah gH$Vm $& V] Ì_emZ AdmH≤$-gm ah OmVm h° $&

CgZ [hm∂S>r g H$hm - ""Bg Ï`o∑V H$s Ï`WmZ _a X` H$m

_W S>mbm $& `m| Vm `hm™ amO hr Eg oH$VZ hr Ï`o∑V AmV h°, [a

OmZ ∑`m| BgH$ XwI _| BgH$s dXZm _| Egm ∑`m Wm Om _¢ H$^r Zht

^yb gHy™$Jm $& Vw_ XIZm A] h OrodV Zhr ahJm $&''84

VrZ df© ]rV JE dh wdH$ oH$gr e] H$m obE Ì_emZ J`m $&

Ì_emZ Z gmMm dh A^r OrodV h° $& dh `wdH$ odbm[ H$aVm h°

Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmAmJr _°Z ÒdflZ _| r Zhr gmMm Wm $&

A] _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm H°$g OrodV ahˇ™Jm $& _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm $&

Cg wdH$ H$s Xygar [ÀZr _a JB© $&

Xm df© r Zht ]rV hmJ oH$ o\$a Ì_emZ H$ H$mZm| _| o\$a dhr

[naoMV Òda gwZmB© [∂S>m $& dh wdH$ Bg ]ma A[Zr Vrgar [ÀZr H$

ed H$m ObmZ Am`m Wm $& CgH$m H´$›XZ CVZm hr H$ÈU Wm $& CgH$

[hbdmb È[ _| Am°a AmO _| H$mB© A›Va Z Wm $&

EH$ hr [wÈf H$m A[Zr VrZ-VrZ [oÀZ`m| H$ [rN> EH$ hr

‡H$ma H$m odbm[ H$aV ZOa AmVm h° $&

""Vw_ _wP N>m∂S>H$a H$hm™ JB© ? mX h°, oH$VZr ]ma Vw_Z H$g_|

ImB© Wr oH$ oµO›XJr-^a Vw_ _am gmW XmJr - Vw_ Vm _wP AH$bm

N>m ∂S>H$a Mbr JB© $& A] _¢ VwÂhma o]Zm OrodV Zht ah gH$Vr $&

Vw_ _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm Zhr Vm _wP VwÂhma [mg AmZ H$m H$mB©

C[m` H$aZm [∂S>Jm $& Vw_ Zht Vm _a OrdZ H$m H$mB© AW© Zht, H$mB©

gma Zht H$mB© ag Zht, VwÂht Vm _am OrdZ Wr, _ar ‡aUm Wr $&

A] _¢ OrodV ahH$a H$È™Jm hr ∑`m ? _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm, _¢

VwÂhma o]Zm Zht ah gH$Vm $&''85

dh wdH$ ha]ma odbm[ H$aV h˛E EH$ hr ]mV XmhamVm h° oH$

dh BgH$ o]Zm OrodV Zht ah gH$Vm $& Vrgar ]ma dh Xmd H$ gmW

H$hVm h° oH$ Vrgar [ÀZr g hr CgH$m g¿Mm ‡_ Wm $& [hbr CgH$s

AZwJmo_Zr Wr, Xygar ghJmo_Zr Vm Vrgar o‡` o_Ã oOgH$ o]Zm

dhr EH$ H$X_ ^r AmJ Zht ]∂ ∂T> gH$Vm $& ha ]ma EH$ hr ]mV

Hß$R>ÒW [mR> H$s Vah XmhamVm ahVm h° $&

Ì_emZ H$s ]mV| gwZH$a [hm∂S>r H$db _wÒH$amVr h¢ $&

Ì_emZ H$ _Z_| dfm g _ZwÓ` H$ Abm°oH$H$ ‡_ H$s Om YmaUm

O_r h˛B© Wr CgH$m Y∑H$m bJVm h° $& CgH$m [Vm Mb OmVm h° oH$

_ZwÓ` H$m ^mdZm H$ gmW H$mB© gß]ßY Zht h° $& B›gmZ H$ ÒdmWu

Abm°oH$H$ ‡_ H$m XIH$a Ì_emZ H$m X` [ÀWa hm CR>Vm h° $&

CgH$s hmbV XIH$a [hm∂S>r Cg g_PmVr h˛B© H$hVr h° -

""Vw_ BVZm hr Zht g_PV oH$ Om B›gmZ ‡_ H$aVm h° Cg

OrdZ g r H$_ fl`ma Zht hmVm dh H$mar mdwH$Vm [a oO›Xm Zht

ah gH$Vm $& dh OrdZ H$s [yU©Vm H$ obE o\$a ‡_ H$aVm h°, OrodV

ahZ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aVm h° $& dh ha od`mJ Pb bVm h°, Ï`Wm gh

bVm h° $& ∑`m|oH$ g]g AoYH$ ‡_ Vm _ZwÓ` A[Z Am[g

H$aVm h¢ $&''86

Bg H$hmZr H$m H$œ` gd©Wm ZdrZ Am°a _m°obH$ h° & _›Zy ßS>mar Z

Ì_emZ Am°a [hm∂S>r H$m gOrd [mÃ H$ Í$[ _| oZo_©V H$a

_mZdOrdZ H$ emÌdV gÀ` H$m COmJa oH$`m h° $& dh oOVZr EH$

oZÓR>Vm Am°a V›_`Vm g ‡_ H$a gH$Vm h°, CVZr hr ghOVm g

CgH$ od`mJr H$m ^r gh bVm h° $& ha [wÈf H$ obE Zmar EH$

AmdÌ`H$Vm h° $& Bgr Vœ` H$m H$hmZr H$ _m‹`_ g C^mam J`m h° $&

_mZd H$s OrdZ OrZ H$s$ AmH$mßjm ‡_ ^mdZm g AoYH$

]bdmZ h° $& H$mar mdwH$Vm m ‡_ H$ ghma hr B›gmZ oO›Xm Zht

ah gH$Vm $& OrZ H$s AmaOy ‡_ mdZm g AoYH$ ‡]b hmVr h° $&

Bgr emÌdV gÀ` H$m boIH$mZ Bg H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

8. Xrdmar, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV :

boIH$mZ Bg H$hmZr _| [aÂ[am g OH$∂S>r AoeojV Zmna`m™

oeojV Zmar H$ gÂ]›Y _| Z OmZ ∑`m-∑`m MMm©E™ H$aVr ahVr h° $&

BZ AoeojV Zmna`m| H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m WmW© oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

e›Zm Am°a e°b oeojV b∂S>oH$`m™ h° $& e°b H$ Ka _| Am°aV|

Xw[ah _| h_em J[g[ H$aVr ahVr h° $& Cgr _mhÎb _| EH$ neojV

XÂ[oV ahZ Am`m h° $& [ÀZr gmohÀ` _| Í$oM aIVr h° Vm Cg

o_bZ H$ ob`| bmJ AmV-OmV h° $& CgH$ Zm_ [Ã AmV h° $& CgH$

bI AI]mam| _| N>[V h¢ $& [oV H$m `h g] [gßX Zhr Wm $& EH$

oXZ dh ImZm ]ZmH$a _rqQ>J _| Mbr OmVr h° Am°a amV H$m Xa g

bm°Q>Vr h° Vm [oV eH$ H$aVm h° $& [oV-[ÀZr _| H$hm-gwZr hm JB© $&

amV _| O] bm°Q>r Vm AmX_rZ r Pm¢Q>m [H$∂S>H$a Xm Pm[Q> aI oXE

Am°a H$h oX`m -

""oZH$b Om _a Ka g, oOZ `ma-XmÒVm _| Ky_Vr o\$a h°,

C›ht H$ Ka OmH$a ]°R> $&''87

^m^rZ H$hm [∂S>mg _| Egm H$mßS> hm Omd Vm [∂S>mgr hmZ H$

ZmV h_mam r Hw$N> Ya_ hm hr Omd $& gm° B©, _¢ r ohÂ_V H$aH$

JB© $& gmMm H$h Xy™Jr oH$ [°a [H$∂S>H$a _mµ\$s _m™J b $& [a dh Vm _a

D$[a ]agZ bJr ]mbr -

""]ohZOr ! JbVr H$È™Jr Vm gm° ]ma _mµ\$s _m™J byJr [a oOg

_¢ JbVr g_Py™ hr Zht, CgH$ obE ∑`m| _mµ\$s _m™Jy™ ? AmO _mµ\$s

_m™J by™ Am°a H$b o\$a dh H$È™ Bgg ∑`m \$m`Xm ? h_ XmZm| H$m

gmW oZ^ Z gH$ Vm gmW ahZ g ∑`m \$m`Xm ? ........ Mbm oH$Ògm

IÀ_ $&''88

[oVZ Cg Ka g oZH$b OmZ H$m AmXe oX`m $& dh [hZ h˛E

H$[∂S>m _| hr Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbr OmVr h¢ $&

`h EH$ ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ H$hmZr h¢ $& `hm™ Xrdma [wamZr Í$o∂T>`m|

H$m, ]¿M Z`r [r∂T>r H$m VWm ]agmV Z` odMma Am°a gm_moOH$

_yÎ`m| H$m ‡VrH$ h° $& _ßS>br ObmH$a X]r O]mZ Am°a ahÒ`mÀ_H$

T>ßJ g [am` Kam| H$ ]mV| CN>mbZm, [aqZXm H$aZm AmoX ^maVr`

oÒÕ`m| H$ ob` ZB© ]mV Zht h° $& AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$s `h XwI^ar

H$hmZr r ahr h° oH$ dh XmZm| Va\$ o[gVr ahVr h° $& EH$ Va\$ [wÈf

‡YmZ g_mO Am°a Xygar Am°a [aß[amJV Í$o∂T>`m| _| Am]’ Zmar

g_mO, Zmar hr Zmar H$m XwÌ_Z h° $& Zmar H$m D$[a CR>mZ _| _XX

Zht H$aVr, ]oÎH$ CgH$s A[jm H$aVr h° $&

oeojV Zmar A[Zm ÒdVßÃ Ï`o∑VÀd MmhVr h°, O]oH$ CgH$m

[oV Cg_| ]mYm CÀ[›Z H$aVm h° $& V] dh A[Z ÒdVßÃ Ï`o∑VÀd

H$s ajm H$ obE Ka N>m∂S> XVr h° $& Bgr ]mVH$m bH$a J™dma Í$o∂T>J´ÒV

Am°a AneojV Zmna`m™ Bg [∂T>r obIr Zmar H$s C[jm H$aVr h° $&

`hm™ _›Zy ßS>marZ Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$ gßKf© H$s ]mV ]VmB© h° $& EH$

Am°a [aß[amJV gm_moOH$ Z°oVH$Vm g ]mßYr [wamZr [r∂T>r H$s Zmna`m™

h° Vm Xygar Am°a [aß[amJV gßÒH$mam| H$m Vm ∂S> Z` _yÎ` ÒWmo[V

H$aZdmbr ZB© [r∂T>r h° $& [wamZr [r∂T>r H$s Zmna`m™ AmO r A[Z H$m

[wÈf H$s Xmgr Am°a mΩ`m hr _mZVr h° $& V^r Vm ΩJm H$hVr h¢ -

""Vw_ A[Z Ka _| _aXm H$m gOm| H$m gwI Zht X gH$m Vm VwÂh|

∑`m [yOZ H$m „`mh oH$`m h°ß $&''89

Bg H$hmZr _| Egr _ S>br H$m oMÃU h° Om [aß[amdmXr

hmZ H$ H$maU oH$gr ZE gm_mwoOH$ [nadV©Z H$m EH$X_ Zht

ÒdrH$maVm $& hm™ Z`-[wamZ AmXem H$ ]rM Vmb_b Z ]°R> [mZ H$

H$maU [oV-[ÀZr H$ gß]ßYm _| CÀ[›Z VZmd Am°a [mnadmnaH$

o]Iamd H$s pÒWoV H$m COmJa oH$`m J`m h¢ $&

9. [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr :

`h H$hmZr A[Z Am[H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma g_PZdmbr

emÒÃrOr H$s MnaÃ ‡YmZ H$hmZr h¢ $&

EH$ gmohÀ`H$ma g emÒÃrOr H$s _wbmH$mV g_ßXa H$ oH$Zma

[a hm OmVr h¢ $& [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr AhßdmXr h¢ $& [ßoS>VOr Òd`ß H$m

_hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma ]VmV h° -

""Vm _¢ hˇ ™ H$hmZr bIH$ [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr ! `oX oh›Xr

gmohÀ` g Am[H$m Wm ∂S>m ^r [naM` hmJm Vm Am[Z JOmYa

emÒÃr H$m Zm_ AdÌ` gwZm hmJm dh ZmMrZ _¢ hr hˇ ™ $&''90

gmohÀ`H$ma Z H$hm - ""`m| oh›Xr gmohÀ` Vm _am A[Zm odf` hr

h°, Bg Ama ÈoM r h° [a ]mV h h° oH$ Ò_aU eo∑V µOam H$_Oma

h°, BgobE Hw$N> mX Zht H$a [m ahm hˇ™ $& Am[ A[Zm oH$gr ‡H$moeV

[wÒVH$H$m Zm_ ]VmBE, em`X Cgg Hw$N> mX Am OmE™ $&''91 [ßoS>V

JOmYa emÒÃr Z H$hm gmohÀ` _| Am[ ZE oIbm∂S>r _mby_ [∂S>V

h¢, Am°a H$hm oH$ [wÒVH$ A^r VH$ Vm H$mB© N>[r Zht h¢, [a erK´ hr

VrZ-Mma N>[Zdmbr h¢ $& AmO g gmV gmb [hb "aoÌ_' _| EH$

H$hmZr oZH$br Wr "A_rar-Jar]r' $& oh›Xr H$s em`X hr H$mB© Egr

[oÃH$m hmJr, oOgH$ gÂ[mXH$ H$m [Ã Z Am`m hm| oH$ erK´ hr

A[Zr aMZm oOE $&

EH$ oXZ gmohÀ`H$ma Z XIm oH$ emÒÃrOr ]∂S> hr gßV•ÓU

ZÃm| g oH$gr wdVr hm ÒZmZ H$aV h˛E XI ah h° Am°a Cgr _| C›h|

H$hmZr H$m flbmQ> ZOa Am`m $& Xyga oXZ emÒÃrOr oÏh∑Q>a h˛Jm| H$

"bm o_Oa]b H$m Mmardmbm' ohÒgm ¡`m| H$m À`m| obIH$a A[Zr

H$hmZr H$ Í$[ _| bIH$ H$m X XV h¢ $& A[Zr H$hmZr _| Mma g

ghmZw^yoV OVmZdmb `h emÒÃrOr amV H$ AßYa _| ]V©Z CR>mZ

Am` hmQ>b H$ N>mH$a H$m Mma g_PH$a [rQ>V h¢ $&

AmO g_mO _| Eg AZH$ Ï`o∑V _m°OyX h¢, Om ]h˛V hr gm_m›`

bI m EH$mY aMZm H$ ¤mam A[Z H$m ]∂S>m gmohÀ`H$ma m bIH$

_mZ bV h¢ $& PyR>r ‡eßgm H$ ¤mam A[Z MnaÃ H$s Xw]©bVm H$m

oN>[mZ H$m ‡`mg H$aV h°, oOgH$m CXmhaU emÒÃrOr h° $&

boIH$m Z AmO H$ bIH$m| H$s PyR>r Ah_dmoXVm [a Ï`ßΩ` H$aH$

CZH$m g¿Mm ‡oVq]] h_ma gm_Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Eg gmohÀ`H$ma

`m bIH$ CZH$s gmohÀ` gß]ßYr AÎ[kVm g g_mO H$m ZwH$gmZ

[h˛™MmV h¢ $& gmohÀ` H$ jÃ _| ¡`mXmVa bIH$ _m°obH$Vm H$ A^md

_| VÒH$a d•oŒm J´hU H$aV h˛E ZOa AmV h¢ $& boIH$m Z [ßoS>VOr H$

H$WZ H$ ¤mam hr A[Z CXÌ` H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$a oX`m h¢ $&

""JOmYa emÒÃrZ oI›Z _Z g H$hm ]∂S>m XwïI hmVm h°,

AmOH$b H$ bIH$m| H$m XIH$a H$mB© AZw^d Zhr, A‹``Z Zht,

gmYZm Zht ]g ‡oV^m H$m amJ Abm[-Abm[ H$a H$b_ MbmV h°

_mZm| gmohÀ` obIZm H$mB© Kmg H$mQ>Zm hm $&''92

_›Zy ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| Ahß g [ro∂S>V emÒÃrOr H$m MnaÃ

oMÃU ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Cg gmohÀ` H$s H$mB© JßY Zhr h° Am°a h_em

AmÀ_-‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° Am°a Òd`ß H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma

g_PV h¢ $&

10. H$mb Am°a H$gH$ :

Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z EH$ oddmohV Zmar "amZr' H$s dXZm

^ar KwQ>Z oMoÃV H$s h¢ $&

amZr H$m oddmh H°$bme g h˛Am h° $& H°$bme WmW© _| H$mbm

h°, CgH$m Mham _w™hmgm Am°a MMH$ H$ XmJm| g am h˛Am h° $& CgH$

D$[a ]mah hOma H$m H$Om© h° $& Bgob` oXZ amV ‡g _| H$m_ H$aVm

ahVm h° $& dh Mm°]rgm| K Q> ‡g H$s _erZm| H$ ]rM H$m_ H$aV

H$aV Òd`ß _erZ ]Z OmVm h° $& mdhrZ Edß aghrZ H°$bme H$m Z

amZr _| oXbMÒ[r Wr, Z Ka _| H°$bme emXr H$ obE amOr Z Wm

CgH$s _m Z Oma-O]aXÒVr g emXr H$adm Xr $&

amZr H$ hmß EH$ [BßJ JÒQ> AmVm Wm $& oOgH$m Zm_ eIa Wm

dh gwßXa Wm $& amZr A[Z [oV H$s CXmgrZVm H$ H$maU eIa H$s

Ama AmH•$ÓQ> hmVr h° $& EH$ ]ma [mZr aZ amZr ZrM OmVr h° Am°a

^ar ]mÎQ>r obE D$[a M∂T>V oJa [∂S>r $& H°$bme ‡g OmZ H$ obE

ZrM CVa ahm Wm Cg Xa hm JB© Wr dh H$hVm h° XIH$a ∑`m| Zhr

MbVr hm ? dh Mbm OmVm h° $& V] eIa Am`m CgZ amZr H$m hmW

[H$∂S>H$a CR>m`m ]mbm -

""Aa h ∑`m ? Vw_Z Vm A™Jwbr H$mQ> br, Am°a O] g È_mb

oZH$mbH$a CgZ ]∂S> Xwbma g ]m™Y oX`m $& ‡_ g ]m™Yr JB© Cg Jm™R>

_| AZm`mg hr amZrH$m X` r ]™Y J`m $&''93

eIa H$m „`mh CgH$s OrOrZ EH$ gw ßXa b∂S>H$s g H$am

oX`m $& amZr H$ _Z _| eIa H$s [ÀZr H$ ‡oV gm°oV`mS>mh CÀ[›Z

h˛Am $& amZr d°g hr o]H$a OmVr h° O°g yIr eaZr H$m oeH$ma H$mB©

Am°a hoW`m b $& amZr A] ]mV-]mV [a eIa H$s [ÀZr g PJ∂S>Vr

ahVr h° $& EH$ oXZ Vm eIa g r CbP JB© $& eIa PJ∂S>m _| H$^r

Zhr AmVm [a O] amZr Z ]mar _| g H$m`b oZH$mb H$a \|$H$Z

AmaÂ^ oH$E Vm eIa H$m ]mbZm [∂S>m - hQ> OmAm hm™ g, A[Z

ohÒg H$s N>V [a ahm, Zhr Vm hmW [H$∂S>H$a oZH$mb Xy™Jm $&'' V]

amZr H$hVr h° b [H$∂S>, [H$∂S> Vm hmW Agb _aX H$m ]¿Mm h° Vm

[H$∂S>H$a hr oXIm X Am°a dh oMÎbmZ bJr $& eIa A›Xa Mbm

J`m [a amZr H$s MrI [wH$mam| Z gmar A∂S>mg-[∂S>mg BH$Q≤>R>m H$a

oX`m Bg PJ∂S> g VßJ AmH$a H°$bme _H$mZ ]Xb bVm h° $& amZr

A[Zr H$m_-AV•oflV H$m bH$a amVr ahVr h¢ $& AV•flV B¿N>mAm| H$m

H$b H$s H$gH$ g Cg AßVVH$ Nw>Q>H$mam Zht o_bVm $&

AmOH$s [napÒWoV H$m oZ_m©U [mÌMmÀ` ‡^md g h˛Am h° $&

AmYwoZH$ g_mO _| Ï`o∑V H$s Xm°∂S> È[`m| H$ [rN> h° $& Bg Xm°∂S> _|

A[Zr [ÀZr H$ ‡oV [oV oOÂ_Xmar H$m r yb OmVm h¢ $& [ÀZr Ka

_| [∂S>r AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVr h° [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ ÒÃr A›` [wÈf

H$m ghdmg Ty>™T>Vr h° Am°a O] ÒÃr H$s h B¿N>m [yU© Zht hmVr Vm

AV•oflV H$ H$maU Zmar AZH$ ‡H$ma H$s odH•$oV`m| H$m oeH$ma hm

OmVr h° $&

boIH$mZ ⁄o[ Zmar H$ odH•$V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m dmUr Xr h° VWmo[

]XbV h˛E _mZX S>m| Am°a ÒÃr-[wÈf H$ [nadoV©V gß]ßYm [a A¿N>m

‡H$me S>mbm h° $&

11. Xm H$bmH$ma :

bobV H$bm _| ‡drU oMÃm Am°a _mZd gdm H$aZdmbr AÈUm

BZ XmZm| H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m `WmW© oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z

oMÃm VWm AÈUm XmZm| A¿N>r ghob`m™ Wr Am°a gmW-gmW

hm ÒQ > b _| ahVr h ¢ $& d °MmnaH$ _V^Xm | VWm Ï`dhmnaH$

o^›ZVmAm| H$ ]mdOyX r XmZm| _| ‡JmT> ÒZh h¢ $& oMÃm oMÃH$ma

h°, Vm AÈUm g_mO godH$m $& AÈUm CXma Ï`o∑VÀddmbr b∂S>H$s

h° Jar]m| H$ XwïI Xya H$aZm VWm CZH$ ]¿Mm| H$m [∂T>mZm Cg A¿N>m

bJVm h¢ $& AÈUm g o]bHw$b od[naV Òd^mdH$s oMÃm h° $& oMÃm

A_ra ]m[ H$s bm∂S>br ]Q>r h° $& dh EH$ gr_m VH$ ÒdmWu VWm

A›V_wIu b∂S>H$s h° $& Cg [Bo›Q>ßJ H$ Abmdm oH$gr ^r H$m`© _|

oXbMÒ[r Zht h° $&

EH$ oXZ _wgbmYma dfm© H$ H$maU EH$ o^ImnaZ H$s _m°V hm

OmVr h° $& XmZm| ghob`m o^ImnaZ H$ ]¿M| H$m A[Zr _m™ H$ ed

H$ [mg oM[H$m h˛Am XIVr h° $& oMÃm Cg –Ì` H$m A[Z H°$_a _|

H°$X H$aH$ H$bmÀ_H$ AmZßX H$m AZw^d H$aVr h° $& [aßVw AÈUm Cg

]¿Mm| H$m ghmam XVr h° CgH$s bmbZ [mbZ H$aVr h° $& oMÃm

o^ImnaZ H$s VÒdra odXe _| ^OVr h°, Ohm™ Cg ‡W_ [waÒH$ma

‡mflV hmVm h°, VrZ gmb ]mX EH$ ‡Xe©Zr _| oMÃm H$s |Q> AÈUm g

hmVr h° $& CgH$ gmW Xm N>mQ>-N>mQ> ]¿M h° $& Cg ]¿M H$ ]ma _|

[yN>Z [a AÈUm ]VmVr h° oH$ XaAgb `h dhr ]¿M h° oOgH$m

oMÃ oMÃmZ ]Zm`m h° $& h gwZH$a oMÃm odMma _ΩZ hm OmVr h¢ $&

Xm H$bm-‡o_`m| H$ OnaE H$mar ^mdwH$Vm Am°a oZaW©H$

H$bm H$s A[jm R>mg H$m`© Am°a _mZdVm H$ _hŒd H$m ‡oV[moXV[

oH$`m J`m h° $& H$hmZr _| dV©_mZ g_mO H$s odgßJoV`m| H$m ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m J`m h° $& oMÃm Ohm™ H$Î[Zm bmH$ _|, A[Z hr oMÃbmH$ _|

odhma H$aVr h° dhm™ Xygar Ama AÈUm WmW© _| A[Z H$m_ _| _ΩZ

h° $& _mZm H$_© hr CgH$m OrdZ hm $& ]m∂T> [ro∂S>Vm H$ oMÃ, o^I_ßJr

AZmW ]¿Mm| H$m oMÃ oMoÃV H$a CgH$m ‡Xe©Z H$a oMÃm ª`moV

‡mflV H$a bVr h° $& dht AÈUm CZ ]m∂T> [roS>Vm| H$s gdm H$aVr h¢ $&

CZ AZmW ]¿Mm| H$m JmX bVr h° $& H$mar mdwH$Vm g AmÀ_ gßVwÓR>r

Zht o_bVr oOVZr AÈUm H$m XrZ-XwïIr`m| H$s gdm H$aZ g CZH$s

XwïI Xwa H$aZ g AmÀ_mZßX o_bVm h¢ $& oMÃm XwïI H$m og\$© H$mJO

[a CVmaVr h¢ [a AÈUm WmW© _| Cg XwïI H$m oZdmaU H$aVr h¢ $&

Bgr Vah _›Zy ßS>mar Z oMÃm Am°a AÈUm BZ XmZm| H$bmH$mam|

H$ _m‹`_ g oMÃH$bm g ]∂T>H$a OrdZ C[`mJr H$_© H$m lÓR> og’

oH$`m h¢ $&

12. _¢ hma JB© :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr ¤mam _›Zy ßS>mar Z AmO H$ amOZroVkm| [a VrIm

Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $& `h H$hmZr AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _| obIr

J`r h° $&

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H$aVyV XIH$a CgH$ odÓ` H$s KmfUm H$aVm h° -

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g Xm AmXe© ZVmAm| H$m oZ_m©U H$aVr h° $& XmZm| hr ZVm AbJ

AbJ H$maUm| g [X^´ÓQ> hmV h¢ $& CZH$s Ag\$bVm _| hr boIH$m

Z A[Zr hma oXImH$a H$hmZr H$ AßV H$m ]∂S>m hr MmQ>Xma ]Zm

oX`m h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z gmM-odMma H$ ]mX "H$_b H$sM∂S> _| hr CÀ[›Z

hmVm h°' AZwgma A[Z [hb ZVm H$m O›_ oH$gmZ H$ gm_Z O]

VH$ amQ>r H$m ‡ÌZ Zht Wm V] VH$ ]∂S> AmXe© Xe-gdm, Zd

oZ_m©U VWm H´$mo›V H$s ]mVß H$aVm h¢ $& boH$Z o[Vm H$s _•À`w, _m™

Am°a j`J´ÒV ]hZ H$s Amhm| H$m gwZH$a A[Zr odYmVm g_mZ

boIH$m g CR> H$hVm - ""_¢ A[Zr AßYr _m™ H$s XX©-^ar Amhm| H$s

C[jm oH$gr ^r _yÎ` [a Zht H$a gH$Vm $& Vw_ _wP H$ht Zm°H$ar

∑`m| Zht oXbm XVr ? JwOma H$m gmYZ hm OmZ g _¢ ]mH$s gmam

g_` ghf© Xe-gdm _| bJm Xy™Jm $& VwÂhma g[Z g¿M H$a Xy™Jm $&

[a [hb _a [Q> H$m Hw$N> ‡]›Y H$a Xm $&''95

A[Zr Ag\$bVm [a CgH$m _Z ^∂S>H$ CR>Vm h° $& A[Zr

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OmVm h° $&

Xygam [mÃ Amo^OmÀ` dJ© g Ow ∂S>m h° $& Bg ZVm H$m O›_

H$am∂S>[oV H$ hm™ H$am XVr h° Ohm™ gwI hr gwI h° $& boH$Z AmoW©H$

gÂ[›ZVm hr CgH$ AYï[VZ H$m H$maU ]Z OmVr h° $& odbmogVm _|

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CR>m` m| hr OdmZr ∑`m| ]]m©X H$s Om` ? h g] H$aH$ ∑`m ZVm

Zht ]Zm Om gH$Vm ?''96

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g_mO gdm H$aZ H$ obE ZVm Ag_W© h° $& dV©_mZ gm_moOH$ gßX^m

_| AmXe© MnaÃ _yÎ`hrZ hm J` h¢ $& g_mO _| ‡_wI g_Ò`m AmoW©H$

Ag›VwbZ H$s h° $& g_mO _| AmoW©H$ gßVwbZ hmVm Vm oOZ

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XeÏ`m[r gm_moOH$ ´ÓQ>mMma H$ _yb _| hr AgßVwbZ _wª` H$maU

h° $& dV©_mZ gm_mnOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m ^r gOrd oMÃ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m

J`m h° $& AmO H$ ZVmAm| H$m EH$ _mÃ CXÌ` odew’ amÓQ≠>gdm H$s

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ahm Vm Cg _ßoOb H$^r ‡mflV Zht hmJr _›Zy ßS>marZ A[Z Xmo`Àd

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(2) VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :

_›ZyOr H$m `h Xygam H$hmZr-gßJ´h h° Om gZ≤ 1959 _|

‡H$moeV h˛Am Wm $& Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h _| AmR> H$hmoZ`m™

gßH$obV h¢ $&

1. VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra :

boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _| "Xe©Zm' H$s AßV[uS>m H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m

h¢ $& Xe©Zm H$ ¤mam boIH$m Z EH$ Egr Zmar H$s H$hmZr ‡ÒVwV H$s

h° Om [oV H$s XrK© jUmdÒWm H$ H$maU Zm_ V•oflV H$ obE V∂S>[Vr

h¢ $& AV•flV bmbgm Cg [∂S>m°gr hare H$s Ama AmH•$ÓQ> H$aVr h° $&

Z°Zm "Xe©Zm' H$s ]∂S>r ]hZ H$s b∂S>H$s h° Am°a dh A[Zr ]r_ma

_m°gr H$m XIZ Am`r h° $& boH$Z Xe©Zm Z°Zm H$m [hMmZ Zht

gH$Vr $& AVï odde hmH$a Z°Zm dhr ÈH$Vr h° ∑`m|oH$ dh A[Zr

_m°gr g fl`ma H$aVr h° $& boH$Z AßV VH$ dh Cgg o_b Zht [mVr $&

Xe©Zm Z°Zm g o_b o]Zm hr X_ Vm ∂S> XVr h° $& Z°Zm Xe©Zm H$s

S>m`ar H$ Hw$N> [›Z VWm hnae Zm_H$ bIH$ H$s H$hmZr hmogb

H$aVr h° $& Am°a ht g Xe©Zm H$s H$hmZr eÈ hmVr h¢ $&

Xe©Zm Q>r.]r. g ]r_ma [oV H$s gdm H$aVr h° $& A[Zm gmam

g_` dh [oV gdm _| o]VmVr h° $& dh ]∂S>r bJZ Edß VÀ[aVm g

[oVH$s XI^mb H$aVr h° $& naÌVXmam| g og\©$ _m°oIH$ ghmZw^yoV

o_bVr h° $& d Q>r.]r. O°gr ]r_mar H$ H$maU CgH$s Am°a Pm™H$H$a

^r Zht XIV $& AmoW©H$ A^md H$ H$maU Xe©ZmZ EH$ H$_am oH$am`

[a X aIm h° $& Cg H$_a _| AoddmohV hare ahVm h°, Om bIH$

h¢ $& [napÒWoVde VZ-_Z g fl`mgr Xe©Zm hare H$s Ama AmH$of©V

hmVr h° $& Xe©Zm h_em hare H$m oZhmaVr ahVr h° $& oXZ-]-oXZ

[oV H$s oJaVr hmbV XIH$a Xe©Zm amVr h° $& V] hare gmMVm

h° oH$ -

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hwB© oH$ Cg amVr ]]g Zmar H$m OmH$a A[Zr ]mhm| _| a by™, A[Z

obE Zht CgH$ g›Vmf H$ ob`, CgH$s gmßÀdZm H$ ob`, boH$Z

o\$a ª`mb Am`m, Bg AmJ H$m ObmZ g bm^ ?''97

Xe©Zm H$m hare H$ ‡oV bJmd XIH$a CgH$m [oV Cg _maVm

[rQ>Vm h° Am°a Ka g ]mha oZH$mb XVm h° $& dh Xe©Zm H$s _m™,

]hZ, ^°`m AmoX gß]ßoY`m| H$m [Ã obIH$a CZH$s _m°oIH$

ghmZw^woV H$m r Z\$aV _| [nadnV©V H$a XVm h° $& Xe©Zm Ka N>m∂S>

XVr h° $& boH$Z hr Xe©Zm A[Z [oV H$s _•À`w H$m g_mMma gwZH$a

H$hVr h° -

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qOXm hˇ™ $&''98

AßV _| odde hmH$a Xe©Zm EH$ ÒHy$b _| gßJrV H$s oeojH$m

]ZH$a OrdZ mMZ H$aVr h¢ $&

Bg ‡H$ma _›Zy ^ßS>marZ "‚b¢e ]¢H$' [’oV g H$hmZr

oMoÃV H$s h¢ $&

EH$ ÒdÒW Zmar A[Z ]r_ma [oV g B¿N>m V•flV Z hmZ H$

H$maU [a-[wÈf H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmVr h° $& oh›Xy [aß[am H$ AZwgma

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J`m h° $&

H$hmZr _| XmÂ[À` gr_mAm| _| ]ßYr ZmarH$s AV•flV H$m_

_ZmXem H$m oMoÃU oH$`m h¢ $& "VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra' Bg

H$hmZr _| VrZ oZJmh h¢, Z°Zm, hare Am°a Òd`ß Xe©Zm H$s $&

2. AH$br :

boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _| gm_m ]wAm H$m _mn_©H$ oMÃU ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m h¢ $&

gm_m ]wAm ]wo∂T>`m h°, gm_m]wAm [naÀ`∑Vm h° gm_m]wAm

AH$br h° $&

gm_m]wAm H$m OdmZ ]Q>m Mbm J`m Vm CgH$ [oV H$m Egm

gX_m [wh™Mm oH$ d gß›`mgr ]Z J` $& ha gmb EH$ _ohZ H$ obE

gm_m]wAm H$ [oV Ka AmH$a ahV h¢ $& [oV H$ ÒZh hrZ Ï`dhma H$

H$maU ]wAm H$m A[Zr oO›XJr [mg-[S>mgdmbm| H$ amg hr H$aZr

[∂S>Vr h° $& [mg-[∂S>m°g H$ Ka _wßS>Z hm, N>«>r hm, `m emXr ]wAm

dhm™ bJZ[yd©H$ H$m_ H$aVr h°$& O] CZH$ [oV g›`mgr _hmamO Ka

AmV Vm C›h| ]wAm H$m Bg H$Xa Xygam| H$ Ka H$m_ H$aZm A¿N>m Zht

bJVm $&

EH$ ]ma Xya H$ g_Yr H$ hm™ b∂S>H$s H$s emXr Wr $& ]wAm H$m

odÌdmg Wm oH$ g_oYZ AdÌ` ]wbm`|Jr $& g_Yr [°gdmb hmZ H$

H$maU ]wAm b∂S>H$s H$m A¿N>r |Q> XZm MmhVr h° BgobE AmoW©H$

gßH$Q>m| _| oKar ]wAm [wÃ H$s AßoV_ oZemZr È[r AßJwR>r H$m ]MH$a

Mm™Xr H$s qgXwaXmZr-gmS>r Am°a „bmCO _ßJdmVr h° $& Am°a ]wAm

H$bµ\$ bJr gmS>r Am°a ZB© MyoS>`m™ [hZH$a oZ_ßÃU H$s amh XIVr

h° $& ""nH$VZ ]O JE amYm ? ∑`m H$hm, VrZ ? gaXr _| Vm oXZ H$m

[Vm hr Zht bJVm h° $& ]O VrZ hr h° Am°a Yy[ gmar N>V [a g Eg

qg_Q> JB© _mZm $& em_ hm JB© hm $&''99

_whaV H$m g_` ]rV OmZ [a r ]wbmdm Z Am`m $&

gmV ]O amYmZ D$[a g XIm Vm N>V H$s Xrdma g ghr,

Jbt H$s Ama _w™h oH$E EH$ N>m`m _yoV© oXImB© Xr $& Vm CgH$m _Z

^a Am`m amYmZ BVZm hr H$hm - ""]wAm ! gXu _| I∂S>r-I∂S>r hm™

∑`m H$a ahr hm $? AmO ImZm Zhr ]ZJm, ∑`m ?''100

AmoIa Qy>Q> ˆX` Am°a WH$ H$X_m| g ]wAm ImZm [H$mZ H$

obE C™JrR>r ObmZ ]°R> JB© $&

Bg H$hmZr _| gm_m]wAm H$ ¤mam Ï`o∑V H$ AH$b[Z H$s pÒWoV

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h° Om gm_moOH$ gß]ßYm H$m oZaßVa ]Zm` aIZ H$ obE ‡`ÀZerb h°

EH$ OJh dh H$hVr h° -

""` Vm gmb _| Ω`mah _ohZ hna¤ma _| ahV h¢ B›h| Vm ZmV

naÌVdmbm| g Hw$N> bZm-XZm Zht, [a _wP Vm g]g oZ^mZm [∂S>Vm

h° $& _° ^r g]g Vm ∂S>-Vm ∂S>H$a ]°R> OmD™$ Vm H°$g Mb $&........

gmam Ya_ H$a_ hr byQ>|J, gmam Og hr ]Q>ma|J Am°a _¢ AH$br

[∂S>r-[∂S>r `hm™ BZH$ Zm_ H$m am`m H$È™ $& Cg [a g H$ht AmD™$

OmD™$ dh r ]Xm©ÌV Zht hmVm $&''101

gm_m ]wAm H$s AßV[r∂S>m H$m gw›Xa oMÃ boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr

_| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

3. AZMmhr JhamB`m™ :

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ Xna– kmZm[mgH$s b∂S>H$ H$m

o_g gwZßXr A[Z ^°`m Am°a ^m^r H$ [mg ahVr h° $& dh

A‹`mo[H$m h° $& o‡›gr[mb H$ AmXemZwgma dh EH$ Jar] b∂S>H$

oedZmW H$m oh›Xr Am°a BoVhmg [∂T>mZ bJVr h° $& Cg EH$ Q>`weZ

^r oXbdm XVr h° $& H$^r H$^ma Cg [°g r XVr ahVr h° $&

oedZmW gwZßXm H$ hm™ gflVmh _| VrZ oXZ [∂T>mZ H$ obE AmVm

h° $& Hw$N> oXZm| H$ ]mX dh am O AmZ bJVm h° $& CgH$m

amO-amO H$m AmZm °`m-^m^r H$m [gßX Zhr $& dh gwZßXm H$m _OmH$

C∂S>mV h¢ $& EH$ ]ma gwZßXm H$m ]wIma AmVm h° $& oedZmW ha amO

AmH$a hmb [yN>H$a Mbm OmVm h° $& EH$ oXZ oedZmW gwZßXm H$

H$_a _| ‡de H$aVm h° $& H$_a _| H$mB© Zht $& gwZßXm H$s ^m^r

oedZmW H$m gwZßXm H$ [mg XIVr h° $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX °`m-^m^r

oedZmW H$m [∂T>mZ H$ obE gwZßXm H$m _Zm H$aV h¢ $& oedZmW [a

gwZßXm r H´$mnYV hm OmVr h° $& Am°a oedZmW H$m Ka AmZ H$ obE

_Zm H$a XVr h° -

""A] _¢ VwÂh [∂T>m Zht gHy™$Jr $& H$m∞bO H$ H$m_H$ ]mX _¢

]h˛V WH$ OmVr hˇ™ - BVZm "ÒQ≠>Z' _wPg ]Xm©ÌV Zht hmVm $&''102

EH$ oXZ oedZmW Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB`m™ hb H$aZ hVw EH$ oH$Vm]

gwZßXm H$m XVm h° oOg_| EH$ ‡_-[Ã Wm $& Cg [Ã H$m [∂T>H$a gwZßXm

Va-]Va hmVr h° Am°a oedZmW H$ Jmb [a V_mM O∂S> XVr h° $& Xwga

oXZ gwZßXm H$m∞bO Mbr OmVr h° Vm dhm™ Cg [Vm MbVm h° oH$

oedZmW Z AmÀ_hÀ`m H$s h° $& VrZ-Mma oXZ H$ ]mX EH$ b∂S>H$m

Cgg o_bZ AmVm h° $& dh H$hVm h° oH$ oedZmW Z Xr h˛`r nH$Vm]

_| CgH$m ‡_[Ã h° ∑`m|oH$ CgH$ ‡_[Ã oedZmW hr obIVm Wm $&

gwZßXm oedZmW H$m ]H$gya _mZVr h° Am°a A[Z H$_a _| OmH$a A[Z

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Zht H$a [mVm $& AVï dh AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a bVm h° $& gwZßXm ‡W_ Cg

Obr-H$Q>r gwZmVr h° [a ´_ oZamg hmZ [a A[Z Am[H$m hÀ`mnaZ

g_PVr h° $&

4. ImQ> og∑H$ :

boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _| _OXyam| H$ emfU H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m

h° $& Q>H$gmb _| H$m_ H$aZdmb lo_H$m| H$ emfU H$m oMoÃV oH$`m

h° $& h EH$ gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h° $&

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H$m∞bO H$s N>mÃmAm| H$m Q>H$gmb XIZ H$s AZw_oV XV h° VWm

Òd`ß Q>H$gmb oXImZ bJV h¢ $& C›hm|Z CZ ^oR>`m| H$m oXIm`m

Ohm™ H$¿M YmVw H$m Jbm`m OmVm h° $& dhm™ EH$ ]∂S> hmb _| XÀ`mH$ma

_erZ h° Ohm™ _OXya r _erZ H$s Vah oZaßVa H$m_ H$aV h° $& Hw$N>

_OXya ImQ> og∑H$m| H$m AbJ oZH$mbZ H$m H$m_ H$aV h° $& N>mÃmE™

CZ _erZm| H$ ]rM PwbgV _OXyam| H$m XIH$a H$hVr h¢ oH$ -

""`h Vm ]∂S>m hr IVaZmH$ H$m_ h°, Oam-gr MwH$ _| Abmò

grYr Q>m™J [a hr Am oJa $&''103

I›Zm gmh] H$hV h° hm™ ]h˛V-gr XwK©Q>ZmE™ hmVr h° $& A^r

H$mB© Xm _hrZ [hb hr EH$ AmX_r H$s XmZm| Q>m™J H$Q> JB© $& N>mÃmE™

H$hVr h° - ""o\$a r bmJ hm™ H$m_ H$aZ AmV h°, A[Zr OmZ

H$m Omoò_ _| S>mbH$a $&104 V] I›Zm gmh] H$hV h° - ""H$m_ H$aZ

Aa, EH$ hr OJh Imbr hm Vm [Mmgm Qy>Q> [∂S>V h° $& Am[ OmZVr

Zht h_ma Xe _| B›gmZ H$s OmZ ]∂S>r gÒVr h¢ $&''105

BZ _OXyam| H$m _mogH$ dVZ 60 È[` o_bV h° `h OmZH$a

N>mÃmE™ AmÌM`© MoH$V hm OmVr h° $&

`hm™ boIH$m Z ]am OJmar ^r g_Ò`m H$m ^r oMoÃV

oH$`m h¢ $&

Bg Xm°amZ Q>m™J H$Q> h˛E _OXya H$s [ÀZr I›Zm gmh] g o]ZVr

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Om` $& boH$Z I›Zm gmh] Cg XwÀH$maV h° $& M[amgr Cg ]mha

YH$b XVm h° $& gmar N>mÃmE™ Cg –Ì` g Ï`oWV hm OmVr h° $&

""A] H$hm™ OmE™ gaH$ma ? ]rg gmb VH$ Am[ bmJm| H$s

Zm°H$ar H$s, Am[H$s Zm°H$ar _| hr Q>m ™J JB©, A] H$hm™-OmE™

gaH$ma ? h_ [a X`m H$naE, Zht Vm ]mb-]¿M ^yI| _a

OmE™J $&''106

I›Zm gmh]Z b∂S>oH$`m| H$ Mham| [a H$ÈUm H$m XIm Vm ‡gßJ

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OmZ [a Hwß$Vr amV _| dm`obZ ]OmZm [gßX H$aVr h° $& XwoZ`mXmar

oZ^mV-oZ^mV Hw ß$Vr [yar Vah Qy>Q> MwH$s h° $& dh A[Z Am[ H$m

Aghm` _hgyg H$aVr h° $& Egr [napÒWoV _| CgH$ _w ™h g

oZH$bVm h° -

""h JdmZ A] Vm Vy [m[m H$m CR>m b $& _wPg ]Xm©ÌV Zht

hmJm $& _¢ Qy>Q> MwH$s h˛™ $&''112

BVZr ]∂S>r XwoZ`m _| ∑`m H$mB© r Egm Zht h° Om CgH$s [rR>

[a AmÌdmgZ-^am hmW aIH$a Xm e„X gmßÀdZm H$ H$h X ?

gmodÃr H$s _m™ Z [Vm bJm ob`m oH$ gmodÃr Xm odf`m| _|

\$b h° $& ""A] Am[ Hw$N> H$a ]hZOr Zht Vm h_ma BVZ È[`m| [a

[mZr o\$a Om`Jm $&''

gmodÃr H$s _m™ Hwß$Vr g CgH$s A‹`mo[H$mAm| g o_bH$a OÍ$aV

[∂S>Z [a È[`m [°gm IM© H$aH$ r Cg [mg H$admZ H$m AmJ´h aIVr

h° $& Hw ß$Vr Vm `h g] A¿N>m Zht bJVm, oH$›Vw dh gmodÃr H$r

_m™ H$ EhgmZm| g X]r hmZ H$ H$maU AoZ¿N>m hmZ [a ^r CgH$

ÒHy$b [h˛™MVr h° $& dhm™ [h˛™MH$a r AmXe©dmXr Hwß$Vr oH$gr g Hw$N>

H$h Zht gH$s $& O] dhm™ g ]mha oZH$bVr h° V] dh ]war Vah

Im™gZ bJr h° $& Hwß$Vr _Z hr _Z gmMZ bJVr h° -

""CgH$s h Im™gr, h ImIbr-ImIbr AmdmO [m[m H$s

Im™gr H$ oH$VZr o_bVr-OwbVr h° hˇ]hˇ d°gr hr Vm h¢ $&''113

Hwß$Vr AmoW©H$ [napÒWoV`m| H$ H$maU odde ]Z MwH$s h° $&

A[Zr B¿N>m H$ odÈ’ OmH$a AmMaU H$aVr h¢ Am°a Òd`ß hr XwïIr

]Z OmVr h° $& Hwß$Vr _Z g j`J´ÒV hm OmVr h¢ $&

boIH$m Z VÀH$mbrZ [nade H$ AZwÈ[ hr AmXe© Am°a

`WmW© H$ ]rM gßKf© oXImH$a AßV _| AmXe© H$s hma oXImB© h° $&

Bg_ h_| EH$ _‹`_dJu` [nadma H$s oO›XJr H$ Qy>Q>Z H$s Ma_mhQ>

gm\$ gwZmB© XVr h° $&

boIH$m Z oejm - OJV _| Ï`mflV ^´ÓQ>mMmam| H$s PbH$ ^r

‡ÒVwV H$s h° $&

2. Vrgam AmX_r :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| _ZmJ´ßoW`m| g J´ÒV "gVre' H$

AßV¤›¤ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& boIH$mZ [wÈf H$s hrZVm-J´o›W H$m

H$hmZr H$m H$œ` ]Zm`m h° $&

gVre Am°a eHw$Z [oV-[ÀZr h° $& d EH$ Xyga H$m ]h˛V MmhV

h° $& oddmh H$ VrZ gmb ]mX r gßVmZ ‡moflV H$m H$mB© oMhZ ZOa

Zht AmVm h° $& Bg H$maU eHw$Z A[Zr S>m∞∑Q>ar Om™M H$adm bVr h°,

boH$Z gVre _| A[Zr S>m∞∑Q>ar Om™M H$admZ H$s ohÂ_V Zht

hmVr $& Bgg gVre A[Z Am[ H$m Z[w ßgJ g_PZ bJVm h° $&

gVre H$m H$B© ]ma hmVm h° oH$ dh S>m∞∑Q>a g Om™M H$am b Am°a

eHw$Z H$m ]Vm X oH$ dh [yU© [wÈf h° - boH$Z [m°ÈfhrZVm H$s

J´ßWr g J´ÒV gVre S>m∞∑Q>a H$ [mg Zht Om gH$Vm $& gVre eHw$Z H$

H$m_ _| hmW ]™Q>mZ hVw A[Zr _m™ H$m A[Z Ka ]wbmZm MmhVm h°,

boH$Z eHw$Z _Zm H$aVr h˛B© H$hVr h¢ -

""Vw_ _wPg Mm°JwZm H$m_ H$adm bm [a amV H$m VwÂhmar ]m™h

Zht N>m∂S> gH$Vr $& dhm™ AmV hr gmar WH$mZ o_Q> OmVr h°, AJb

oXZ H$ obE VmµOJr Am OmVr h° $&''114

eHw$Z A[Z fl`ma _| gmg H$m ]mYH$ g_PVr h¢ $& EH$ ]ma

CgH$m EH$ [wamZm o_Ã AmH$a oQ>H$ J`m Wm $& eHw$Z oeÓQ>Vm H$s

gr_m bm™KH$a CgH$ gmW [e Am`r V] gVre H$m JwÒgm ^r

Am`m Wm $&

eHw$Z H$m EH$ [naoMV "AmbmH$' Vrgam AmX_r ]ZH$a CZ

XmZm| H$ OrdZ _| C[pÒWV hmVm h° $& AmbmH$ bIH$ h° $& eHw$Z

Am°a AmbmH$ _| gnhoÀ`H$ [Ã Ï`dhma MbVm ahVm h° $&

"AmbmH$' H$ Am OmZ g gVre odMobV hm OmVm h° $& A[Zr

[ÀZr H$ MnaÃ H$ ]ma _| Z OmZ ∑`m-∑`m gmMVm h° $& dh eHw$Z

Am°a AmbmH$ H$m aßJ hmW [H$∂S>Zm MmhVm h° $& AVï odde hmH$a

g∂S>H$m| [a ^Q>H$Vm ahVm h° $& dh H$^r A[Z Am[ _| [m°ÈfVm H$m

A^md _hgyg H$aVm h° Vm H$^r eHw$Z H$m Ï`dhma Cg CoMV bJVm

h° $& AmbmH$ dm[g Mbm OmVm h¢ $& gVre o\$a g A[Zr [ÀZr H$m

MmhZ bJVm h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| ÒÃr-[wÈf H$ ]XbV gÂ]›Ym| [a

‡H$me S>mbm h° $& `h EH$ Xwb©] Ï`o∑V H$s H$hmZr h° $& [m°Èf

hrZVm H$s J´ßoW g J´ÒV gVre A[Zr [ÀZr [a eH$ H$aVm h° $& boH$Z

dh eH$ H$m ‡H$Q> H$aZ _| Ag\$b ahVm h° $& gVre O°g Ï`o∑V H$

_Zm^mdm| H$m gw˙_ odÌbfU H$aZm boIH$m H$m CXÌ` ahm h° $&

gm_moOH$ gßX^© _| XI Vm ‡mMrZ Edß ZdrZ _yÎ`m| H$

Q>H$amhQ> H$s H$hmZr h° $& AmO Zmar-[wÈf H$ [aß[amJV ÒWyb gß]ßYm

_| H$m\$s [nadV©Z Am`m h° $&

3. gOm :

gOm H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z AmO H$ ›`m`VßÃ [a VrIm Ï`ßΩ`

oH$`m h° $& `h H$hmZr gm_m›` [nadma H$s `mVZm[yd©H$ OrdZ H$m

‡ÒVwV H$aVr h° $&

Amem H$ o[Vm [a ]rg hOma È[` J]Z H$aZ H$m BÎOm_

bJm`m OmVm h° $& H$mQ>© _| H$g Mb ahm h° $& Amem H$ XmXmOr Ka

J•hÒWr MbmZ H$ obE [¿Mrg È[`m| _| ohgm] obIZ H$m H$m_

H$aZ bJ Am°a A[Z ]Q> H$m [°g OZ bJ $& AmoW©H$ A^md H$

H$maU ]¿M A[Z MmMm H$ hm™ _wgr]Vm| _| oXZ H$mQ>V h¢ Am°a _m™

A[Z ^mB© H$ Ka Mbr OmVr h° $& Bg Vah EH$ gwIr [nadma

›`m` H$s ‡oH´$`m H$s b[Q> _| \™$gH$a CO∂S> OmVm h° $& AmemZ ÒHy$b

]g N>m∂S> Xr $& Amem H$s _m™ A∑ga ]r_ma ahZ bJr boH$Z BbmO

H$aZm Agß^d Wm $& o[VmOrZ Mwfl[r gmY br Wr $& XmXmOr H$m H$m_

Ny>Q>Z [a d A[Zr [›eZ _| g [›–h È[` OZ bJ $& Amem brbm

MmMr H$R>ma Wr Bgr H$maU _w›Zw H$ XI^mb H$ obE MmMm H$ dhm™

J`r $& Amem Z A[Zr [∂T>mB© N>m ∂S> Xr Am°a Ka H$m gmam H$m_ H$aZ

bJr $&

AßV_| Amem H$ o[VmOr H$m oZXmf H$ama oX`m OmVm h° $& Amem

Iwer g CN>b [∂S>Vr h° Vm XmXm XmXr \y$Q>H$a am [∂S>V h¢ $&

AmemZ H$hm - ""_w›Zy [m[m nahm hm J` ....... nahm hm

J` .......'' ]m]mZ H$hm - ""_¢ H$hVm Z Wm ]Q> JdmZ H$ Ka _|

Xa h°, AßYa Zht $&''115

^maVr` H$mZyZ H$s bÂ]r Am°a IMubr ‡oH´$`m™ _| h _‹`_

dJu` [nadma ]war Vah ]a]mX hm OmVm h° $& Amem H$ o[Vm H$m H$g

H$mQ>© _| [m™M gmb VH$ MbVm ahmß ›`m`-Ï`dÒWm ]∂S>r AmgmZr g

B_mZXma Ï`o∑V H$m r _wOna_ H$ama XH$a Cg H$Q>Ka _| I∂S>r H$a

XVr h° $& gmam g_mO Cg Ï`o∑V H$s Ama VWm CgH$ [nadma H$s

Ama K•Um^ar ZOam| g XIVm h° $& CZH$s C[jm H$aVm h° $&

Bg ‡H$ma H$mQ> © H$s "gOm' g ^r ]∂T>H$a `hr "gOm' o]Zm

oH$gr A[amY H$ gma [nadma H$m wJVZr [∂S>Vr h¢ $& Bgg EH$ gwIr

[nadma Vhg-Zhg hm OmVm h° $& Am°a Cg Ï`o∑V VWm CgH$

[nadma H$m AßVhrZ mVZmAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°ß $&

^´ÓQ> Ï`dÒWm Am°a VßÃ H$s Am_ Ï`o∑V Am°a g_mO H$m oH$g

Vah oZÓ‡mU Am°a gßkm ey›` ]Zm XVr h° BgH$m `h H$hmZr EH$

CXmhaU h° $& Amem H$ ` ‡ÌZ Bg ]mV H$s Jdmhr XV h¢ - ""[a

[fl[m H$m ∑`m h˛Am h° ? dh Iwe ∑`m| Zht hm ah h° ? CZH$m mdhrZ

Mham J∂T> _| Y™gr h˛B© oZÒVO, oZOud Am™Im _| g Iwer H$s M_H$

∑`m| Zht Am ahr ?''116

Bg odH•$V ›`m`-[’oV H$ H$maU Z H$db Amem H$ [m[m H$m

[nadma o]Iam ]oÎH$ g_mO _| Cg O°g Z OmZ oH$VZ hr [nadma

Qy>Q>H$a o]Ia J` hm|J $&

4. ZH$br hra :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z C¿M dJ© H$ EH$ Egr Zmar H$s

H$Wm dUuV H$s h° oOgH$ [mg gwI-gwodYmE™ h° boH$Z dh [oV

‡_ g dßoMV ahVr h° $& [oV ‡_ H$ A^md _| Cg gmam EÌd`© PyR>m

Am°a ZH$br bJVm h° $&

o_gO gaZ Am°a B›Xw XmZm| ]hZ h¢ $& BZH$ [m[m ]∂S> am¡` H$

[yd© _wª`_ßÃr h° $& o_gO gaZ H$m oddmh [m[m H$s B¿N>m H$ _wVmo]H$

o_b _mobH$ g h˛Am Wm, O]oH$ B›Xw A[Zr B¿N>m g hr EH$

ÒHy$b _mÒQ>a g oddmh H$a bVr h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ o[Vm-[wÃr _|

VZmd [°Xm hm OmVm h° $& B›Xw A[Zr Ka-J•hÒWr _| Iwe h° $& CgH$m

[oV Cg ]h˛V MmhVm h° $& B›Xw Hw$N> oXZm| H$ obE gaZ H$ Ka ahZ

AmVr h° $& ]hZ H$ Ka Am` [m™M oXZ r Zht h˛E Am°a CgH$ [oV H$

[m™M [Ã r Am J` $& o_gO gaZ B›Xw H$ obE hma bZm MmhVr h°

[a B›Xw Cg _Zm H$a XVr h° $& dhr hma dh A[Z obE IarXVr h° $&

B›Xw H$m dm[g ]wbmZ H$ obE [oV H$m Q>brJ´m_ AmVm h° $& B›Xw Ka

OmZ g [hb OrOm g ]mV H$aZ \$mZ H$aVr h° [a d AZrVm Zm_H$

EH$ b∂S>H$s H$ gmW ]mha Mb J` h¢, gwZH$a dh CXmg hm OmVr

h° $& B›Xw H$ Mb OmZ [a gaZ hra H$m hma oZH$mbVr h° [a [oV H$

EH$oZÓR>m ‡_ H$ A^md _| Cg dh hma ZH$br bJVm h° $&

""BZ hram| _| Vm M_H$ hr Zht, Vm ZH$br h¢ $& H$hr Om°har

CZH$ gmW YmIm H$a J`m $& BVZ odÌdmg H$m Om°har Am°a YmIm !

H$b OmZ H°$g C›h| ^´_ hm J`m $& C›hm|Z o\$a EH$ ]ma Jm°a g

XIm - Zht-Zht, ` hram Zht hm gH$V $& BVZ \$sH$ Am°a

_ßX ....... o]ÎHw$b gmX H$m™M H$ Qw>H$S>m| H$s Vah ........ ! ''117

Bg H$hmZr _| Xm ]hZ g_mO H$ Xm dJm H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVr

h° $& o_gO gaZ C¿M dJ© H$m, Vm B›Xw _‹` dJ© H$m $& C¿M dJ© H$s

Zmna`m™ m°oVH$ gwI-gwodYm H$m hr OrdZ H$m Ma_m gwI _mZ bVr

h° $& [aßVw gmYmaU OrdZ mMZ H$aZdmbr Zmar H$ XmÂ[À` gwI H$m

XIH$a hr CZH$m _mh ßJ hmVm h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| ^m°oVH$ gß[›ZVm [a ^mdmÀ_H$

g_•o’ H$s odO` oXImB© h¢ $&

5. Zem :

_›Zy ^ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ ‡m°∂T>m H$m A[Z [oV H$ ‡oV

Agr_ ‡_ VWm ghmZw^yoV H$m Ï`∑V oH$`m h° $&

Xg dfu` AmZßXr H$m oddmh eßH$a g h˛Am $& eßH$a Hw$N> H$_mVm

Zht Wm $& AmZßXr Om Hw$N> H$_mH$a bmVr h° dh N>rZ bVm h° Am°a

eam] [rVm h° $& AmZßXr H$s gmg oXZ^a Cgg H$m_ H$admVr VWm

VmZ _maVr h° $& gmg H$s _•À`w H$ ]mX Ka H$s [yar oOÂ_Xmar

AmZßXr H$m CR>mZr [∂S>r ∑`m|oH$ eßH$a eam]r Wm $& AmZßXr H$ Xm

]¿M _a J` Am°a o\$a AH$bm oH$eZ≤ ah J`m $& _m™ oXZ^a o[Vm H$m

_ma ImH$a Am™gy ]hmVr h° h XIH$a oH$eZy Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbm OmVm

h° $& bmJm| H$s _OXyar H$a Om r [°g ‡mflV hmV dh eßH$a H$m eam]

[rZ H$ obE X XVr h° $& AmZßXr A[Z hmS> Jbm-JbmH$a eßH$a H$m

eam] o[bmVr ahr Am°a eßH$a [rVm ahm $&

oH$eZy ]mah dfm H$ ]mX _m™-]m[ H$s gwY bVm h° $& eßH$a ]Q>

H$ AmZ H$s I]a AmZßXr H$m XVm h° Am°a Cgg [°g bH$a, eam]

[rZ Mbm OmVm h° $& AmZßXr gmMVr h° oH$ - ""eßH$a AmO H$ oXZ

^r eam] [rZ J`m $& ∑`m| Zht gma _whÎb _| Xm° ∂S>Vm o\$am ? ∑`m|

Zht CgZ Ka-Ka OmH$a I]a Xr oH$ oH$eZy Am ahm h¢ ?''118

oH$eZy AmVm h° Am°a XIVm h° oH$ CgH$m o[Vm A] r eam]

[rVm h° $& Am°a _m™ H$m [rQ>Vm h° $& AmZßXr amZ bJr - Am°a

H$hVr h¢ -

""_wP hm™ g b Mb, oH$eZy ....... hm™ g b Mb ! _¢ A]

EH$ oXZ ^r Bg Ka _| ahZm Zht MmhVr $& _¢Z ]h˛V ghm h°, A]

Am°a Zht ghm OmVm, _wP hm™ g b Mb AmO hr $&''119

oH$eZy Z H$hm™ AmO hr VwP b MbyßJm _m™ AmO hr H$∑H$m H$m

^r b Mby™Jm ` gmMm Wm [a A] Zht ` CgH$ bm`H$ Zht h° $&

oH$eZy A[Zr _m™ H$m bH$a Ka g ZrH$b J`m $& ]hˇ-]Q>m AmZßXr

H$m A¿N>m ª`mb aIV W $& o\$a ^r AmZßXr CXmg ahVr Wr $&

A∂S>mg-[∂S>mg H$ hm™ OmH$a dh ogbmB©-]wZmB© H$aZ bJr $& Am°a

Om [°g o_b dh eßH$a H$m OVr Wr $& O] oH$eZy H$m Bg ]mV H$m

[Vm Mbm Vm CgZ H$hm oH$ ogbmB©-]wZmB© H$aZ H$s ∑`m

AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, Cgg H$h XVr Vm dh È[` X XVm $&

A[Zm [oV eam]r hmV h˛E ^r AmZßXr Cg "[a_úa' _mZVr

h° $& Am°a A[Z hm∂S> Jbm-Jbm H$a eßH$a H$m eam] [rZ H$ [°g XVr

h° $& eßH$a H$m [rZ H$m Zem h° Vm AmZßXr H$m o[bmZ H$m `h Zem

XmZm| H$m h° $& EH$ H$m A[Zr H$V©Ï` mdZm H$m Vm Xyga H$m A[Zr

JbV AmXV H$m $& Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Am`©Zmar H$s

]mV H$s h° Om maVr` gßÒH•$oV g ]›Yr h° $&

6. B›H$_-Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z _‹`dJu` [nadma H$ Ï`o∑V H$

]ma _| ]Vm`m h° $& Om rVa g ImIbm hmH$a r o_œ`m AmÀ_gÂ_mZ

H$ H$maU hßgr H$m H$maU ]ZVm h° $& H$hmZr _| Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$

]rM H$ AßVa H$m Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m h° $&

S>m∞. X`mb ‡gmX MVwdXr ]mb odefk h¢ $& Jm™d _| CZH$ [mg

]h˛V H$_ _arO AmV h¢ oOgH$ H$maU AmoW©H$ A^md ]Zm ahVm Wm

boH$Z Bg ]mV H$m ÒdrH$ma Zht H$aV $& CZH$ mB© bIZD$ _| ahV

h° $& CgH$s VrOr _oh_m Ebm[Wr H$s S>m©∑Q>a h° $& S>m™. X`mb H$m

]Q>m _oh_ CgH$m h_C_´ h° $& dm Bg ^r S>m©∑Q>a ]ZmZm MmhV W

qH$Vw S>m™. X`mb H$m Ebm[Wr _| odÌdmg Zht Am°a d Cg BOroZ`a

`m dH$sb ]ZmZm MmhV W $& _oh_ B›H$_-Q>°∑g ]MmZ H$ ob`

ohgm] obIZdmbm ∑bH©$ ]Z J`m $& S>m™. X`mb [wamZ odMmam H$ h°

CgH$s ]Q>r gamO _°oQ≠>H$ _| [∂T>Vr h° CgH$ obE b∂S>H$m XIV h°

CgH$ odMma g b∂S>oH$`m J•hH$m`© _| Xj hmZr MmohE $& d gmMV

h° 26 dag H$s o]Zm „`mhr S>m©. _oh_m H$s oO›XJr ^mB© gmh]Z

Iam] H$a Xr $& S>m©. X`mb Ahß _| Sy>] hrZ J´ßoW g J´ogV h° $& CZH$s

oS>Ò[|gar Zhr MbVr qH$Vw _oh_m H$ gm_Z A[Zr oS>Ò[|gar H$s

^r∂S> H$m CÎbI ]ma-]ma H$aV h° $& _oh_m gaH$mar AÒ[Vmb _|

Zm°H$ar H$aVr h° Am°a ‡mBdQ> ‡°o∑Q>g ^r $& S>m™. X`mb A[Zr ha

]mV H$m CoMV Am°a CgH$s ha ]mV H$m AZwoMV ]VmV h° $& S>m™.

X`mb [wamZ odMmam| H$ ‡VrH$ h° Vm S>m ™. _oh_m AmYwoZH$

odMmam| H$s $& S>m™. X`mb H$m kmZ ÈH$m h˛Am h° dh g_` H$s

Ymam H$m g_P Zhr [mV og\©$ A[Z ]∂S>fl[Z H$m ‡ÒWmo[V H$aZm

MmhV h° $& S>m™. X`mb H$hV h° -

""oS>Ò[|gar _| ^r∂S> `m hr bJr ahVr h° ? bmJ eha H$ ]∂S>

]∂S> S>m©∑Q>am| H$m N>m∂S>H$a Jbr H$s Cg N>mQ>r gr oS>Ò[|gar _ m| hr

AmV h° ? O] eha H$ gma S>m©∑Q>am H$ hm™ Y∑H$ ImH$a oZame hm

OmV h° V] h_ma hm™ AmV h° $&''120

S>m™. X`mb A[Zr hrZJ´ßoW H$ AhßH$ma H$ H$maU C[hmg H$

[mÃ ]Z h° $& S>m™. X`mb _ZmodH$ma H$ oeH$ma h¢ $&

7. amZr _mß H$m M]yVar :

Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$mZ oZÂZdJ© H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aZdmbr

Zmar H$ MnaÃ H$m COmJa oH$`m h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| Xm dJ© h° - EH$

AßYodÌdmg Edß yV [aß[am H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h° Am°a Xygam BZ

_m›`VmAm| H$ odÈ’ od–mh H$aZdmbm g_mO, oOgH$m ‡oVoZoYÀd

EH$ ÒÃr Jwbm]r H$aVr h° $&

ZJa gR> H$s [ÀZr amZr _mß Z A[Z ]Q> H$m erVbm _mB© H$

H$m[ g Xya aIZH$ obE gmYw H$ H$hZ [a gmV oXZ VH$ A›Z-Ob

H$m À`mJ H$a oX`m Wm $& ]¿Mm A¿N>m hm J`m [a amZr _mß OmVr

ahr $& gR>Or Z CZH$r mX _| M]yVam ]Zdm`m $& ha [yZ_ _mgr H$m

Am°aV dhmß Xr`m ObmH$a ]¿Mm| H$ obE _Zm°Vr _mZV h° $&

Jwbm]r Xm ]¿Mm H$ gmW ahVr h° $& eam]r [oV H$m Ka g

oZH$mb oX`m h° $& dh oXZ^a _OXyar H$aVr h° & V] em_ H$m O°g

V°g ]¿Mm| H$ Am°a A[Z [Q>_| Xm amQ>r S>mbVr h° $& H$m_ [a [h˛™MZ

H$m Xa hm JB© Vm R>H$Xma Xyga _OXya H$m H$m_ [a bJm XVm h° BgrobE

arV ]¿Mm| H$m H$_a _| ]ßX H$a Jwbm]r H$m_ [a OmVr h° $& Jmßd H$

bmJ Jwbm]r [a VmZ _maV h°, Hw$N> X`m r oXImV h° $& Jwbm]r Z

bmH$ qZXm H$s [dm©h H$aVr h° Am°a Z hr CZH$s X`m H$s H$m`b h° $&

dh OmZVr h° oH$ bmJ H$mar ghmZw^yoV OVmV h° $& dh amV-oXZ

A[Z ]¿M H$s gwajm _| OwQ>r ahVr h° $& H$mH$m Jwbm]r H$ ]¿Mm| H$

obE MßXm BH$Q≤>R>m H$aZm MmhV W qH$Vw dh ]mV Cg ÈMVr Zht $&

oH$gr H$ XmZ-[w ` [a OrZm Jwbm]m| H$m [g›X Zht Wm $&

Jwbm]r _OXyar H$ gmW Hw$N> A›` H$m_ r H$aZZ bJVr h° $&

boH$Z _mhÎbdmb| Z OmZ H°$gr H°$gr A\$dmE \°$bmV h° $& dh

A[Z ]¿Mm| H$m Ka _| ]›X H$a H$m_ [a OmVr h° BgobE Jm™d H$s

oÒÃ`m™ Cg H$mgVr h° $& A›V _| _OXyarZ VWm A›` H$m_ H$aH$ dh

oZR>mb gr hm OmVr h° $& Hw$N> bmJ CgH$m AMV eara CR>m H$a b

AmV h¢ $& V] CgH$ A™oJ`m _| g "oeew gwajm H$›–' H$s agrX Am°a

H$m™M H$s har N>mQ>r MyoS>`m™ oZH$bVr h¢ $&

Bg H$hmZr _| Jwbm]r oZÂZdJ© H$s Zmar H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVr

h° $& amZr _m™ H$ M]yVa [a OmZ H$s A[jm Cg A[Z Am[ [a odÌdmg

h° $& _OXyar H$aH$ A[Z ]¿Mm| H$s [adnae H$aVr h° $& oH$gr H$s

X`m `m ^rI Cg Zht MmohE $& Jwbm]r AmÀ_oZ^©a Zmar h° $& IwX

VrZ oXZ VH$ yIr ahH$a A[Z ]¿Mm| H$ obE "oeew gwajm H$›–' _|

[m™M È[` O_mH$a AmVr h° $& Ohm™ ]¿Mm H$s [∂T>mB© Edß AmamΩ` H$s

XI^mb H$s OmVr h° $& Jwbm]r A[Zr ]Q>r H$ obE MwoS>`m™ IarXVr

h° $& _whÎbdmb Mmh Cg "S>mo`Z' H$H©$em, "MwS>°b' H$h boH$Z

dh Vm __Vm H$s _yoV© h° $& Jwbm]r _OXyar H$aH$ A[Z ]¿Mm| H$s

[adnae H$aVr h¢ $&

8. `hr gM h¢ :

"`hr gM h¢ H$hmZr Bgr H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h°

Am°a Bgr H$hmZr H$ AmYma [a Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU h˛Am

h¢ $& Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z Zmar-_Zm^mdm| H$m S>m`ar e°br _|

Xr[m H$ OrdZ _| ‡W_ "oZerW' H$m AmJ_Z hmVm h° $& Xr[m

gh[mR>r oZerW H$ gmW Mm™XZr amVm| _| Ky_Vr-o\$aVr h° $& Xr[m H$

o[Vm H$s _•À`w H$ ]mX oZerW g CgH$s AZ]Z hm OmVr h° $oOgH$

H$maU dh H$mZ[wa _| OmH$a A[Zm emYH$m`© H$aZ bJVr h° $&

Xr[m H$ OrdZ _| o\$a gßO` H$m AmJ_Z hmVm h° $& gßO`

hg_wI h°, ha _wbmH$mV H$ g_` aOZrJßYm H$ \y$b bmVm h° $& gßO`

H$m [mV hr Xr[m, oZerW H$m ^yb OmVr h° $& Xr[m gmMVr h° Am°a

H$hVr r OmVr h° oH$ -

""_¢ VwÂh| fl`ma H$aVr hˇ™, ]h˛V-]h˛V fl`ma H$aVr hˇ™ ? odÌdmg

H$am| gßO`, VwÂhmam-_am fl`ma hr h° oZerW H$m fl`ma Vm _mÃ N>b

Wm, ´_ Wm, PyR> Wm $&''121

O] B›Q>aÏ`y H$ obE Xr[m H$bH$Œmm OmVr h° Vm dhm™ CgH$s

^|Q> oZerW g hmVr h° $& oZerW Xr[m H$s _XX H$aVm h°$ & o\$a EH$

]ma Xr[m H$ _Z _| oZerW H$ obE fl`ma C_∂S> AmVm h° $& V] dh

gmMVr h¢ -

""‡W_ ‡_ hr g¿Mm ‡_ hmVm h°, ]mX _| oH$`m h˛Am ‡_ Vm

A[Z H$m wbmZ H$m, a_mZ H$m ‡`mg-_mÃ hmVm h¢ $&''122

oZerW H$s AÒ[ÓQ>Vm H$ H$maU dhr o\$a g Cgg ZmVm Vm∂S>

bVr h° Am°a gßO` H$m MmhZ bJVr h° $& gßO` H$ Mwß]Z, Ò[e©,

AmqbJZ Cg gÀ` bJV h¢ $& Xr[m H$m bJVm h° - `h Ò[e©,

`h gwI, `h jU hr gÀ` h°, dh g] PyR> Wm, o_œ`m Wm,

^´_ ....... Wm $&''

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s `h H$hmZr ]h˛V bmH$o‡` ]Zr Bgr [a

"aOZrJßYm' Zm_H$ o\$Î_ r ]Zr, Bg H$hmZr H$ bmH$o‡`Vm H$

H$maU Bg gßJ´h H$m Zm_H$aU "`hr gM h°' oH$`m h¢ $&

(4) EH$ flbQ> g°bm] :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h H$hmZr gßJ´h gZ≤ 1968 _| ‡H$moeV h˛Am

Bg_| Hw$b 9 H$hmoZ`m™ gßH$obV h° $&

1. ZB© Zm°H$ar :

`h EH$ gm_moOH$ H$hmZr h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z

[wÈf H$s ^m°oVH$dmXr –oÓQ> Am°a Cg_| ]br hmVr h˛B© Zmar H$s

oZ`oV H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

a_m BoVhmg H$s ‡m‹`mo[H$m h° & Hwß$XZ Am°a a_m gmW ahV h° $&

S>m∞. o\$a ZB© Zm°H$ar [a Hwß$XZ H$s oZ`wo∑V H$aV h¢ $& Cg Hß$[Zr ¤mam

‚b°Q> o_bm ‚b°Q> gOmZ H$s oOÂ_Xmar a_m [a h° $& Bgr dOh g dh

A[Zm b∑Ma V°`ma Zht H$a [mVr $& Cg Hwß$XZ H$ gmW [mQ>u _| OmZm

[∂S>Vm h° $& ‚b°Q> H$m \$ZuMa, [aX, S>H$maeZ H$aZm, _h_mZm| H$s

Amd^JV H$aZm B›ht _| a_m Im OmVr h° $& Hwß$XZ a_m H$s Zm°H$ar

Nw>∂S>dm XVm h° oOgg a_m H$m AoÒVÀd [yar Vah o_Q> OmVm h° $& a_m

H$m∞bO [a A[Zr ghob`m| H$ ob` bßM b OmZm MmhVr h° [a

Hwß$XZ H$ _h_mZ Cgr g_` AmZdmb h° Bgr H$maU a_m H$m A[Z

[oV H$m AmXe _mZZm [∂S>Vm h° Am°a dh Ka [a hr ahVr h¢ $&

Bg ‡H$ma a_m H$m Ï`o∑VÀd [wÈf ‡YmZ gßÒH•$oV H$m oeH$ma

h° $& CgH$ gm_Z Xm ]mV| h¢ - ZB© Zm°H$ar H$ AZwÈ[ [oVH$m gmW X

`m A[Zr ApÒ_Vm H$m ]ZmE aI| $& dh gm_moOH$ ‡oVÓR>m H$ [rN>

[∂S>Z H$ H$maU oeojV [ÀZr hmZ [a r Hwß$XZ H$ OrdZ _| EH$ em

[rg _mÃ ]Z OmVr h° $& Bg ‡H$ma a_m H$m∞bO H$s Zm°H$ar N>m∂S>H$a

Ka H$s Bg Z`r Zm°H$ar _| Ï`ÒV hm OmVr h° $& a_m H$ KwQ>Z, Qy>Q>Z

Am°a _mZogH$ VZmd H$m boIH$m Z oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

2. ]ßY XamOm| H$m gmW :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>marZ h oMoÃV oH$`m h° oH$ oddmh [yd©

‡_ [mnadmnaH$ odKQ>Z H$ obE H$maU ]Z gH$Vm h° $& _ßOar Z A[Zr

o[N>br qOXJr H$m N>m ∂S> [mVr h° Z hr MwZr h˛B© qOXJr H$m A[Zm

gH$Vr h° $& _ßOar H$s Bgr AßVa¤¤mÀ_H$ pÒWoV H$m boIH$m Z oMÃU

oH$`m h° $&

_ßOar ‡m‹`mo[H$m h¢ odo[Z Am°a _ßOar A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ

_| gwIr h° $& AMmZH$ _ßOar H$m odo[Z H$s o[N>br oO›XJr H$m [Vm

MbVm h° $& odo[Z H$ oH$gr Zmar H$ gmW gÂ]›Y W VWm Cgg

]¿Mm N>r h˛Am Wm $& _ßOar J^©dVr Wr $& CgZ gmMm em`X

AmZdmbm ]¿Mm XmÂ[À` OrdZ H$s Xama o_Q>m XJm $& boH$Z

odo[Z H$ Ï`dhma g VßJ AmH$a dh AbJ hm JB© $& dh A[Z VrZ

gmb H$ ]Q> AogV H$ gmW ahZ bJr $&

_ßOar H$ OrdZ _| "oXbr[' H$m AmJ_Z h˛Am $& _ßOarZ oXbr[

g emXr H$s $& CgZ bmH$-qZXm Z H$maU H$m∞bO H$s Zm°H$ar ^r

N>mS> Xr $& _ßOar A[Zr J•hÒWr _| g›VwÓQ> Wr $& AogV Nw>o≈>`m| g_mflV

hmZ [a AogV bm°Q>Z bJm VWr ÒHy$b g N>ï _hZr H$m o]b

Am`m $& oXbr[Z \$sg XZ g B›H$ma oH$`m $& V] _ßOar H$m [hbr

]ma A[Zr Zm°H$ar N>m∂S>Z [a A\$gmg h˛Am $& _ßOar H$s oO›XJr Xm

Qw>H$S>m| _| ]™Q> JB© Wr EH$ oXbr[ H$ gmW Am°a Xygar ]Q> AoV H$g

† †Wm $& V] _ßOar gmMVr h¢ -

""AmO oO›XJr H$m ha [hby ha pÒWoV Am°a ha gÂ]›Y EH$

g_mYmZ hrZ g_Ò`m hmH$a hr AmVm h°, oOg gwbPm`m Zht Om

gH$Vm, H$db mJm Om gH$Vm h°, oOg_| AmX_r oZaßVa o]IaVm

Am°a Qy>Q>Vm MbVm h¢ $&''123

Bg H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z Zmar H$ IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m oMoÃV

oH$`m h° $& _ßOar D$[a g emßV oXImB© XVr h° [a A›Xa g [yar Vah

Qy>Q> JB© h° _ßOar H$ Bg _ZïpÒWoV H$m boIH$m Z gw˙_Vm g dU©Z

oH$`m h°ß $&

3. EH$ flbQ> g°bm] :

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| o^›Z o^›Z bmJm| H$s _mZogH$Vm

H$m dU©Z oH$`m h¢ $& ha C_´ H$s A[Zr XwoZ`m Am°a A[Zr g_Ò`m

h° $& C_´ H$ gmW g_Ò`mE™ [nadoV©V hmVr h° $& hr Bg H$hmZr H$m

H$œ` h¢ $&

em_H$m [wÈf Amo\$g g WH$ H$a Am°a Am°aV| Kam| g D$] H$a

_Z ]hbmZ H$ obE hmQ>b J|bmS>© _| AmVr h° $& `hm™ Z J_u h° Z

ema ]g hbH$m-erVb ‡H$me h° m Q>]bm| [a g CR>V h˛E \w$g\w$gmV

Òda gßJrV _| hr odbrZ hmV h° $& _ßM [a EH$ b∂S>H$s Py_Vr

_wÒHw$amVr h˛B© JrV Jm ahr h° $& CgH$ gmW wdH$ PwZ-PwZ gm ]Om

ahm h¢ `wdH$ [aemZ h° $& `wdVr hßg ahr h° $& EH$ Q> ]b [a EH$

ÒWybH$s` IX≤aYmar Ï`o∑V ^mfU X ahm h° oOg EH$ Xw]bm-gm

Ï`o∑V gwZ ahm h° $& ]rM H$s Q>]b [a H$m∞bO H$s b∂S>oH$`m| H$m PwßS>

]°R>m h° $& d gmar AmYwoZH$Vm h° $& H$mZm H$s Q> ]b [a EH$ ‡m° ∂T>m

]°R>r h° Om Ka g D$]H$a H$m\$s [rZ H$ ]hmZ hm™ Am`r h° $& AßV _|

Z›h|-_w›Z ]¿M aßJrZ Jw„]ma bH$a Cg hmQ>b _| ‡de H$aV h° Am°a

CZH$ AmJ_Z g emßVr EH$ PQ>H$ H$ gmW o]Ia OmVr h° $&

Bg H$hmZr _| [mR>H$ oH$gr EH$ [mÃH$ gmW EH$mH$ma Zhr hm

gH$Vm $& `wdH$-`wdVr, ZVm, H$m∞bO JÎg©, ‡m° ∂T>m AmoX A[Zr

A[Zr g_Ò`m`| bH$a Bg H$hmZr _| C[nÒWV hmV h° $& B›ht

bmJm| H$s _mZogH$Vm H$s boIH$m Z dU©Z oH$`m h° $&

4. N>V ]ZmZdmb :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z ehar Am°a XhmVr ‡mMrZ Am°a ZB©

[r∂T>r H$ OrdZ-Xe©Z H$m X Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h¢ $&

eaX bIH$ h° Am°a dh bIZD$ _| ahVm h¢ $& eaX Ky_Z H$

ob` VWm A[Z ]M[Z H$s `mX| VmOr H$aZ _aR> Am`m h° Ohm™

CgH$ VmD$Or ahV h° $& VmD$Or Ymo_©H$ h° $& BZH$ b∂S>H$ _o›Xa

OmH$a MaUm_•V bmVß h° $& VmD$Or Z B›h ‡modOZ Am°a OZab ÒQ>ma

[a o]R>m oX`m h° $& N>mQw> H$m`ÒW b∂S>H$s g oddmh H$aZm MmhVm Wm

[a VmD$Or Z CgH$s A[Zr _Ou g emXr H$am Xr $& eaX Mm` [rZm

MmhVm h° V] VmD$Or XyY-bÒgr H$ \$m`X Am°a Mm` g hmZdmb

ZwH$emZ H$m gwZm XVm h° $& VmD$OrZ _H$mZ Vm ]Zdm ob`m [a D$[ar

_ßoOb Zht ]Zm`r $& C›hm|Z gr_|Q> \$H$Q≤>R>r H$s h° $& [mVm| H$m IbZ

Hw$XZ H$ ob` C›hm|Z N>V N>m∂S> H$s h° $&

gma [nadma [a VmD$Or H$s h˛Hy$_V MbVr h° $& VmD$Or Òd`ß

A[Z VarH$ g OrdZ Or ah h¢ Am°a Xygam| H$m ^r OrZ H$ ob`

]m‹` H$aV h° $& d ]m¯ OJV g Òd`ß ANy>V h¢ Am°a A[Z ]¿Mm| H$m

^r aIV h¢ $& VmD$Or H$m A[Z Am[ [a amgm h°, AmZdmbr [ro∂T>`m|

[a Zht $&

5. EH$ ]ma Am°a :

Bg H$hmZr _| [aÂ[amJV Z°oVH$Vm H$ ‡oV Iwbm od–mh Am°a

AmXe© h° $& "o]›Zr' [hb ‡_ H$s Ag\$bVm g oZame hm OmVr h°$&

dh Z`m OrdZ OrZ H$m gmhg Zht H$aVr CgH$s Bgr AßV¤¤mÀ_H$

pÒWoV H$m WmW© dU©Z boIH$m Z oH$`m h° $&

o]›Zr Xe©ZemÒÃ H$s ‡m‹`mo[H$m h° $& dh A[Zr ghbr gwf_m

H$ gmW Jm™d _| ahVr h° $& gwf_m H$ [oV Ì`m_ odXe J` h¢ $& o]›Zr

Hwß$O g ‡_ H$aVr h° $& Z°ZrVmb _| d XmZm| [oV-[ÀZr ]ZH$a hmQ>b

_| ah MwH$ h¢ $& boH$Z Hwß$OZ _Yy g emXr H$s Am°a o]›Zr H$ gmW

gÂ]›Y ]Zm` aI h¢ $& o]›Zr Bg gÂ]›Y H$m Vm∂S>Zm MmhVr h° [a

Hwß$O H$s fl`ma ar ]mV| Cg H$_Oma ]Zm XVr h° $& Hwß$O A[Zr [ÀZr

_Yw H$ AmXe g o]›Zr H$m oH$gr Am°a g emXr H$a bZ H$s gbmh

XVm h° $& V] o]›Zr g_P JB© oH$ Hwß$O H$ gmW CgH$ gÂ]›Y g_mflV

hm MwH$ h° $& o]›Zr H$ ^°`m CgH$m oddmh Z›XZ g H$amZm MmhV

h° $& Z›XZ Cgr Jm™d _| EH$ ‡mO|∑Q> [a Am`m h° $& CgH$m Zm_ h°

"AmoXdmog`m| H$s oddmh [’oV' gwf_m ^r o]›Zr H$m Z›XZ g

[naM` ]∂T>mZ H$ obE ‡naV H$aVr h° $& o]›Zr Hwß$O H$ _mh g Nw>Q>H$a

Z›XZ g Ow∂S>Zm MmhVr h° [a ∑`m H$È™ ? ∑`mß Z H$È™ ? Bgr CY∂S>]wZ

_| [S> OmVr h¢ $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| "[hb ‡_' H$m _hÀd[yU© ]Vm`m

h° $& Zmar A[Z ‡W_ ‡_ H$m g¿Mm ‡_ _mZVr h° $& CgH$ Ag\$b

hm OmZ [a oZame hm OmVr h° Z oH$gr Ama g OwS>Z H$m gmhg H$a

[mVr h° $& Z›XZ H$ ]ma _| CoMV oZU©` OÎX g Zhr b [mVr $& dh

oOg ]ZZ-Qy>Q>Z H$s mÃm g JwOaVr h° Bgr H$m WmW© dU©Z boIH$m

Z oH$`m h° $& Hwß$O H$ gmW gÂ]›Y Qy>Q>Z H$ C[amßŒm Z›XZ g Ow∂S>Zm

o]›Zr H$ ob` Agß^d Wm $& dh AßV¤ß¤mÀ_H$ pÒWoV _| OrVr h° $&

Zmar _Z H$s Bgr ZmOwH$ mdZm H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z AÀ`›V ghOVm g

oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

6. gßª`m H$ [ma :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ XwoZ`m _| __Vm

dmÀgÎ` H$s H$mB© H$s_V Zht hmVr d AZ_mb h° $& C›h| È[`m| g

Vmbm Zht Om gH$Vm $& Bg_ EH$ Egr wdVr H$ OrdZ H$m oMÃU

oH$`m h° oOg _m™ H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm $&

‡o_bm H$m∞bO _| [∂T>Vr h° $& CgH$s odYdm _m™ ]M[Z _| Cg

ZmZm-ZmZr H$ [mg N>m ∂S>H$a ^mJ OmVr h° $& boH$Z CgH$ odYdm

hmZ H$ ]mX ggwambdmbm| Z CgH$m gm°Xm H$a oX`m Wm Am°a A\$dmh|

\°$bm`r oH$ dh mJ J`r $& ]m]m Am°a AmOr ‡o_bm H$m ]hX MmhV

h° $& ]m]m ‡o_bm H$ Zm_ g oM∂T>V h¢ $& CgH$ AmZ g d H´$mY _|

AmH$a Ka H$s VÒdra, \$bXmZm naH$mS>© Vm∂S> XV h° $& Am°a Cg ‡o_bm

g o_bZ Zht XV $& AmOr Am[Zr ]Q>r H$ ob` amVr ahVr h° $& EH$

]ma ‡o_bm H$s _m™ Ka AmVr h° $& ‡o_bm H$m XIVr hr ahVr h° Am°a

o\$a Cg IrMH$a A[Z grZ g bJm bVr h° Cgr jU ]m]m ‡de

H$aV h° $& ""oZH$b OmAm Vw_ _a H$_a g ....... Vw_Z Cg AmZ hr

∑`m oX`m ? Bg Ka _| Vw_Z Cg KwgZ hr ∑`m| oX`m ? ∑`m| Zhr Cg

KgrQ>H$a ]mha H$a oX`m ?''124

]m]m A[Zr ]Q>r H$m Xg hOma H$m M°H$ XZm MmhV h¢ $& boH$Z

‡o_bm H$s _m™ Cg Nw>Vr VH$ Zhr $& dh A[Z ]Q>r H$m ga N>mVr g

oM[H$mH$a ]mbm| [a hmW \$aVr h° Am°a [m™M Í$[` H$m ZmQ> ‡o_bm

H$ hmW _| [H$∂S>mH$a PQ>H$ g ]mha Mbr OmVr h° $& ‡o_bm Am™gy

^ar Am™Im g XIVr hr ahVr h° $& [m™M È[` O°g N>mQ>r gßª`m Am°a

Xg hOma O°g ]∂S>r gßª`m H$ [a _m™ H$s __Vm hr _yÎ`dmZ h°, oOg

È[`m| g Vm°bm Zht Om gH$Vm $& _m™ H$s __Vm H$ gm_Z È[`m| H$m

H$mB© _yÎ` Zht h° $& Bgr emÌdV gÀ` H$m boIH$m Z A[Zr

H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

7. ]m™hm| H$m Kam :

`h H$hmZr AV•flV Zmar H$ _mZogH$ Vm°a [a Q>H$Z H$s ge∑V

H$hmZr h° $& Zmar H$ Ï`o∑VÀd H$m CgH$ Òdm^modH$ Ï`dhma H$m

Zmar gwb^ _oh_m H$m m°ZH$mbrZ AV•flV AmH$mßjmE™ odH•$V ]Zm

bVr h° $& hr Bg H$hmZr H$m H$œ` h° $&

H$Â_m H$m ]M[Z _| _m™ H$m fl`ma Zht o_bm $& gm°Vbr _m™ A[Z

]Q> Xw›Zr H$m ]m™hm| _| aH$a My_Vr ahVr h° $& O] H$Â_m AR>mahm

df© H$s hm JB© V] dh ‡_r e°bZ H$s Ama AmH$of©V hmZ bJr $&

CgH$ [Ã [∂T>H$a CgH$s ]m™hm| _| g_m OmZ H$m g[Z XIZ bJr $&

boH$Z o_Œmb h_em A[Z H$m_ _| _eJwb ahVm h° $& gma J•hÒWr

H$s ]mJS>ma H$Â_m H$ hmW _| h° $& CgH$m ]Q>m emZ h_em gmg H$

[mg ahVm h° $& Cg [°gm| H$s H$mB© H$_r Zht h° ]g fl`ma H$m hr

A^md h° $& Eg _| H$Â_m H$s VrOr eÂ_r Am°a CgH$m _ßJVa B–

H$m AmJ_Z hmVm h° $& CZH$ CZ_w∑V ‡_ H$m XIa H$Â_m VZ_Z g

gwbJ CR>Vr h° $&

H$Â_m ]M[Z g oddmhrV hm OmZ VH$ MmhVr h° oH$ H$mB© Cg

]m™hm| _| fl`ma H$a $& Eg _| gmg H$m ]wIma AmZ H$ H$maU em°Z

H$Â_m H$ [mg gm`m h° $& amV _| MrIVm h˛Am dh H$Â_m g oM[H$

OmVm h° $& Cg A[Zr ]m™hm| _| H$g bVm h° $& Bgg H$Â_m Jhar ZtX

g gm OmVr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>marZ H$Â_m H$s _ZmXem H$m WmW© dU©Z Bg H$hmZr

_| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& H$Â_m _ZmJ´ßoW`m| g J´ÒV h° $& dh MmhVr h°

oH$ H$mB© Cg ]m™hm| _| ^aH$a fl`ma H$a| boH$Z H$mB© CgH$s B¿N>m

[yoV© Zht H$aVm $&

8. H$_a, H$_am™ Am°a H$_a :

`h EH$ Egr Zmar H$s H$hmZr h° Om A[Zm OrdZ ewÈ g AßV

VH$ H$_am| _| hr og_IVm Am°a o]IaVm h˛Am AZw^_ H$aVr h° $&

Zrby H$s AÂ_m ]r_ma ahZ H$ H$maU Ka H$s gmar

Ï`dÒWm gß^mbVr h° $& Ka _| [m™M H$_a h¢ $& B›hr [m™Mm H$_am| _|

Kw_-Kw_H$a Zrby [∂T>mB© H$aVr h° Am°a E_.E. _| ‡W_ lUr ‡mflV

H$aVr h° $& Zrby H$s oZ`wo∑V oXÎbr H$ H$m∞bO _| hm OmVr h° $& _ram

CgH$s KoZÓR> o_Ã h° Om ÒH$mba oe[ bH$a ÒQ>Q>g Mbr OmVr h° $&

Zrby H$s XwoZ`m Cg H$_a _| og_Q> OmVr h° $& _ram H$ Mb OmZ g

Zyby AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aZ bJVr h° $& Eg _| CgH$s _ybmH$mV

O`[wa _| lr oZdmg g hm J`r $& ""lr oZdmg EH$ YZr, oeÓQ>Vm

Am°a oZhm`Vm hr gm\$oÒQ>H$Q>S> oH$Ò_ H$m AmX_r h° $&''

XmZm| oddmh]’ hm OmV h¢ $& lr oZdmg O`[wa N>m∂S>H$a oXÎbr

Am J`m Vm Zrby H$m∞bO, hmÒQ>b N>m ∂S>H$a lr oZdmg H$ ‚b°Q> _|

Am J`r $& lr oZdmg h_em A[Z Ï`dgm` _| Ï`ÒV ahV h¢$ &

oOgH$ H$maU Zrby C]Z bJVr h° $& AVï [oV H$s B¿N>m H$ AZwgma

CgH$ H$mam]ma _| hmW ]Q>mZ bJVr h¢ $& oOgH$ H$maU CgH$m oZOr

Ï`o∑V Qy>Q>Vm Mbm OmVm h° $&

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z Zrby H$ oZOr Ï`o∑VÀd H$m oMÃU

oH$`m h° $& "H$_a, H$_am Am°a H$_a|' _| Zrby H$m ApÒVÀd Am°a

Ï`o∑VÀd ]ZVm-o]IaVm OmVm h° $& Zrby [hb [m™M H$_am| _| ahVr

h° $& Zm°H$ar H$s dOh g hmÒQ>b H$ EH$ H$_a _| AmH$a ahVr h° lr

oZdmg g [naM` hm OmZ [a CgH$ ‚b°Q> _| ahZ bJVr h° $& Bg

‡H$ma [hb H$_a o\$a H$_am Am°a o\$a H$_a| Bgr _| CgH$m oZOr

Ï`o∑VÀd gßdaVm o]IaVm OmVm h° $& [oV H$ H$mam]ma _| hmW ]Q>mZ

H$ H$maU EH$ oH´$`merb ‡m‹`mo[H$m H$s Mmh [oV H$s Mmh H$ ZrM

X] OmVr h° $& boIH$m Z Zmo`H$m H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m ]∂S> Òdm^modH$

T>ßJ g oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

9. D™$MmB© :

Bg H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s AßoV_ H$hmZr h° "D™$MmB©' Bg H$hmZr _|

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$ AßV¤›¤ H$m oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

AmYwoZH$ Zmar A] [ÀZr ]mY g _w∑V hm JB© h° oOg_| H$db

[oVd´Vm Y_© hr CgH$ OrdZ H$m ‡_wI gma Wm $& A] dh [oV Am°a

‡_r BZ XmZm _ H$mB© ^X Zht H$aVr $& [oV H$ hmV h˛E oH$gr [a

[wÈf g ‡_ H$aZm CgH$ obE [oVd´V ßJ Zhr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z

XmÂ[À` OrdZ H$s ZB© g¿MmB`m| H$m ]∂S> gmhg Edß oZ^uH$Vm H$

gmW ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

oedmZr Am°a oeoea A[Z AmR> gmb H$ XmÂ[À` OrdZ _

gwIr h° CZH$m ]¿Mm o‡Q>r hmÒQ>b _| ahVm h° $& AMmZH$ oedmZr

H$s _wbmH$mV Ω`mah dfm H$ ]mX oddmh [yd© ‡_r AVwb g hmVr h°

dh A] VH$ AoddmohV h°$ & AVwb oedmZr H$ odah _| qOXm bme

]Zm h° $& oedmZr o‡Q>r H$m ÒHy$b N>m ∂S>H$a AMmZH$ AVwb H$ Ka

[h˛™Mr AVwb H$m gwI XZ H$ hVw CgH$ _Zm H$aZ H$ ]mdOwX r dh

Cg eara-gwI XH$a H$bH$Œmm bm°Q>Vr h° $& oeoea H$m h ]mV EH$

[Ã ¤mam _mby_ h˛B© V] oeoea H$hVm h° - ""Xm°har MmQ> Vw_Z _wP

[a H$s EH$ Ama ]d\$mB© Vm Xygar Ama YmIm N>b $&''125

oeoea Ka N>m ∂S>H$a Mbm J`m $& 15 oXZ ]mX bm°Q> CgZ

oedmZr H$m VbmH$ Xm Mmhm Bg ]mV [a XmZm| _| MMm© hmVr h° oeoea

MmhVm h° oH$ oedmZr A[Z A[amY H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a Cgg j_m

_m™J, ‡m`oÌMV H$a b $& boH$Z oedmZr Z oeoea H$m odÌdmg

oXbm`m oH$ - ""_a OrdZ _| VwÂhmam Om ÒWmZ h° Cg H$mB© Zhr b

gH$Vm, bZm Vm Xya Cg VH$ H$mB© [h˛™M r Zhr gH$Vm $& oH$gr H$

oH$VZr hr oZH$Q> Mbr OmD™$ Mmh emarnaH$ gß]ßY r ÒWmo[V H$a

by™ [a _Z H$s oOg D™$MmB© [a VwÂh| o]R>m aIm h° dhm™ H$mB© Zhr Am

gH$Vm $& oH$gr g VwbZm H$aZ _| r VwÂhmam A[_mZ hmVm h° $&''126

Bgr MMm© H$ ]mX XmZm| _| gwbh hm OmVr h° d XmZm| o\$a g

gwIr OrdZ `mMZ H$aZ bJV h° $& oddmohV oedmZr [wamZr aroV

nadmOm| H$m Vm∂S>H$a AVwb g eara gß]ßY ‡ÒWmo[V H$aVr h° $& eara

g Xwga H$s hmH$a r _Z H$s "D$™MmB©' [a [oV [ÀZr H$ gÂ]›Ym| H$s

[odÃVm ]ZmE aIVr h° $&

(5) oÃeßHw$ :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$m h [m™Mdm H$hmZr gßJ´h 1978 _| ‡H$moeV

h˛Am $& Bgg 10 H$hmoZ`m™ gßJ´ohV h° $&

1. AmV OmV m`mda :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| EH$ [wÈf ¤mam N>br J`r Zmar H$m AßV¤›¤

‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Zmo`H$m o_Vmbr AoddmohVm h° $& dh ‡m‹`mo[H$m

h° Am°a hmÒQ>b _ ahVr h° $& o_Vmbr H$ gmW CgH$ gh[mR>r Z ‡_

H$ Zm_ [a eara gß]ßY ÒWmo[V oH$`m, boH$Z oddmh Xygar b∂S>H$s

g oH$`m & V] g o_Vmbr Z oH$gr g _bOmb Zhr ]∂T>m`m $&

CgH$m [naM` ZaZ H$ gmW h˛Am $& dh A[Zr A_naH$Z [ÀZr g

od¿N>X H$a maV Am`m h° CZH$ AZH$ oÒÃ`m| g gß]ßY ah MwH$ h° $&

ZaZ H$ OrdZ g [naoMV hmZ [a r o_Vmbr CgH$ ‡oV AmH$of©V

hmVr h° boH$Z o\$a EH$ ]ma N>br OmVr h° $& [wÈf Mm`mda ‡H•$oV

H$m h° $& dh A[Z Ao^Z` ¤mam Zmar H$m N>bVm h° $& Am°a oddmh

oH$gr Am°a g H$aVm h° $& A[Z AVrV g _w∑V hm OmVm h° $& maVr`

Zmar [wamZ gßÒH$mam| H$m Vm∂S> Zht gH$Vr $&

2. Xama aZ H$s Xama :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s h° $& boIH$m Z _ZwÓ`

H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m gw›Xa oMÃU Bg H$hmZr _| oH$`m h° $& XmÂ[À`

OrdZ _| hmZdmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$s MMm© H$s h° $& ZßoXVm H$s ghbr

lwoV oMÃH$ma h° $& lwoV A[Z [oV g AbJ hmZm MmhVr h° $& ZßoXVm

Cg _XX H$aVr h° $& dh lwoV Am°a od^w _ g_Pm°Vm H$amZm

MmhVr h° $& [a lwoV od^w g AbJ hmZm MmhVr h° $& ZßoXVm lwoV H$

obE _H$mZ Ty> ™T>Zm AmaÂ^ H$aVr h° $& dh CgH$s XmÂ[À` g_Ò`m

gwbPmZ _| _ΩZ ahVr h° $& boH$Z CYa lwoV Am°a od^w H$ gß]ßY

o\$a g A[Z Am[ Ow∂S> OmV h° $& d XmZm| ZßoXVm H$ obE gmS>r Am°a

o_R>mB© bH$a AmV h° $& XmZm| _| _b hmZ H$s ]mV g ZßoXVm A[Z

Am[ H$m A[_moZV _hgyg H$aVr h° $& lwoV od^w H$ XmÂ[À` OrdZ

_| [∂S>r Xama aV h˛` ZßoXVm Òd`ß H$m _hŒd[yU© g_PVr h°m [a O]

CgH$m ´_ oZamg hmVm h° V] dh A[Z Am[ H$m A[_moZV _hgyg

H$aZ bJVr h° $& boIH$m Z _ZwÓ` H$ _Zm^mdm| H$m gw˙_Vm g oMÃU

oH$`m h° $&

3. ÒÃr-gw]moYZr :

`h H$hmZr AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _ obIr h°$& ‡_ H$ Zm_ [a

oddmohV [wÈf ’mam N>br J`r ÒÃr H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _|

oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

Zmo`H$m Am`H$a od^mJ _ H$m_ H$aVr h° Am°a _ohbm hmÒQ>b

_ ahVr h° $& Ka H$m CŒmaXmo`Àd Cgr [a h° $& dh A[Z ]m©g "qeX'

g ‡^modV h° ∑`m|oH$ d Iw]gwaV aogH$ VWm H$od h° $& d XmZm

EH$Xyga g ]h˛V ‡_ H$aV h° $& boH$Z Cg ]mX _| [Vm MbVm h° oH$

qeX og\$© oddmohV hr Zhr Ao[Vw EH$ ]¿M H$m ]m[ r h° $& dh

qeX g A[Z gß]ßY Vm∂S>Zm MmhVr h° oH$›Vw qeX Cgg h_em ‡_

OVmVm ahVm h° $& dh ‡_ ‡Xe©Z _| g\$b ahVm h° $& ha ]ma CgH$

oX_mJ _ `h o]R>mZ H$s H$moee H$aVm h° oH$ emXr H$ ]mX ]r]r

C]mD$ Am°a ÃmgXm`H$ ]Z OmVr h° $& CgH$ ‡oV hmZdmbm ‡_ Zrag

Am°a ]OmZ gm hr OmVm h° $& dh h_em ]rdr g VbmH$ bZr H$s

]mV H$aVm h° [a A[Zr ]rdr H$m VbmH$ Zhr XVm $& V]mXbm hm

OmZ H$ ]mX ^r "oeßX' Cg ‡_ [Ã obIVm h° $& dh Ed ]ma o\$a

CgH$ ‡_ _ g]Hw$N> ^yb ]°R>Vr h° $& boH$Z qeX H$ Z` J•h _

‡de H$ oXZ dh CgH$s _mQ>r boH$Z ‡g›Z [ÀZr ]¿Mm Am°a

AÀ`mYwoZH$ Ka XIVr h° $& dh gÀ` pÒWoV H$m g_P OmVr h° Am°a

A[Zr oO›XJr Z` oga g gßdmaVr h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m

g_mO H$s A›` _mgy_ b∂S>oH$`m| H$m [wÈf Òd^md g AdJV

H$amVr h° $&

4. em`X :

Bg H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z AmoW©H$ pÒWoV oH$g ‡H$ma EH$

[nadma H$m Vhg-Zhg H$aVr h° CgH$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

amImb OhmO [a _°H$oZH$ h° $& dh VrZ gmb ]mX Xm _hrZm

H$s Nw>o≈>`m| [a Ka Am`m h° $& CgH$s [ÀZr _mbm Ka H$s XI^mb

H$aVr h° Vm amImb OhmO [a A[Zm H$m`© H$aVm h° $& O] amImb Ka

AmVm h° Vm A[Z hr Ka _| [am`m[Z _hgyg H$aVm h° $& _mbm A[Z

^mB©-^m^r H$[ya [nadma, eßH$a BZ bmJm| H$s MMm© H$aVr h° $& boH$Z

amImb BZ Ï`o∑V`m| H$m _hŒd A[Z Ka _| ]Xm©ÒV Zhr H$a [mVm $&

Ka H$ ]¿M A∂S>mg-[∂S>mg H$ Ï`o∑V`m| g Ow∂S> OmV h° $& amImb

Am°a _mbm A[Zr A[Zr oO›XJr OrZ H$ obE odde h° CZH$s

A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`mE™ h° $&

"em`X' [nadma g AbJ hmH$a OrodH$m H$ ob` g_w– [a

Zm°H$ar H$aZ JE h˛E `wdH$ H$s MVZm [a M∂T>V h˛E Eg hr X]mdm|

Am°a Cgg C[Or h˛B© _mZogH$Vm Am°a ^m°oVH$ gßKf© H$ odo^›Z

o]›XwAm| H$m oH$g ‡H$ma XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Ym| H$s Am°[MmnaH$ Am°a R>hamd

^am gÂ]›Y ]ZZ [a odde H$aVm h° $&

H$Wm H$ ‡oV boIH$m H$m –oÓQ>H$mU [yU©Vï AmYwoZH$ h° Am°a

d dh g_yMr H$Wm H$m AmO H$ ]XbV h˛E g›X^m _| ‡ÒVwV H$aZ _

[yar Vah gj_ h° $&

5. oÃeßHw$ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z Bg H$hmZr _| Xm [ro∂T>`m| H$ AßVa H$m oMoÃV

oH$`m h° $& VZw H$ _Â_r-[fl[m H$m ‡_ oddmh h˛Am Wm $& VZw H$

_Â_r H$m A[Z o[Vm g od–mh H$aZm [∂S>m Wm $& _Â_r Òd`ß H$m

AmYwoZH$ odMmamdmbr _mZVr h° Am°a A[Zr ]Q>r H$m ^r ]ZmZm

MmhVr h° $& b∂S>H$-b∂S>oH$`m| _| o_ÃVm hmZr MmohE Egm H$hV h˛E

A[Z Am[H$m AmYwoZH$ ]VmVr h° $& boH$Z h _Â_r VZy H$s eIa

g ]T>Vr XmÒVr XIH$a oVb-o_bmVr h° $& eIa H$m CgH$ Ka AmZm

Cg A¿N>m Zhr bJVm $& VZy H$m eIa H$ gmW o[∑Ma XIZ H$ obE

AZw_oV Zhr XVr Bg ]mV H$m bH$a _m™-]Q>r _| VZmd hmVm h° -

""VZw ]Q>, bmJ amµO-amµO hm™ AmH$a O_ OmV h° $& AmoIa

Vw_H$m [∂T>Zm-obIZm r Vm h° $& _° Vm XI ahr hˇ™ oH$ Bg XmÒVr H$

M∑H$a _| Var [∂T>mB©-obImB© g] Mm°[Q> h˛B© Om ahr h° $& Bg Vah Vm

`h g] MbJm Zht $&''127

boIH$m Z Bg H$hmZr _ Xwhar _mZogH$Vm H$m ]Iy]r g ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m h° $& Bg_| [ro∂T>`m| H$m A›Vamb hr Zhr Ao[Vw AmYwoZH$ hmZ

H$s _mZogH$Vm d AmZdmbr Zmar H$m ¤›¤ r h° $& Bg ‡H$ma [wamZr

Edß ZdrZ _m›`VmAm| H$m gw›Xa VWm ‡^mdembr oMÃU H$aZ _|

boIH$m g\$b ahr h° $&

6. aV H$s Xrdma :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z oeojV wdH$ H$ _mZogH$ Hwß$R>m

VWm oZamem H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Bg H$hmZr H$m ha [mÃ AmoW©H$

gßH$Q> H$ H$maU A[Z Am[ g b∂S>Vm A[Z Am[_| Qy>Q>Vm h° $& Zm`H$

aod B›OroZ`na ®J H$m N>mÃ h °, CgH$ o[Vm Ka H$s A›`

AmdÌ`H$VmAmZ H$m ZOaAßXmO H$aH$ Cg [∂T>mV h° $& [a aod oejm

H$m A[Zr oS>J´r H$m _hŒd A¿N>r Vah OmZVm h° $-

""`hm H$mB© ^odÓ` Zhr h° BZ bmJm| H$m AmOH$b g°H$S>m|

BßOroZ`g© _ma-_ma o\$aV h° oH$g Vah \$maZ OmZ H$s oVH$∂S>_

o^∂S>mAm, H$ZmS>m _| ]h˛V bmJm| H$s AmdÌ`H$Vm h° [a BgH$ obE

[wb Am°a [wer MmohE $&''128

aod d o[Vm aÎd _| ∑bH©$ h° $& Ka H$ A›` gXÒ`m| H$s

A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`m | h° boH$Z A] VH$ CZH$s g_Ò`mE™ gwbPm`r

Zhr J`r ∑`m|oH$ aod H$s [∂T>mB© Omar h° $& _m™ H$s Am™Im| H$m Am©[aeZ

OÍ$ar h° $& N>mQ>m mB© H$m BbmO H$amZm h° $& MßXm H$m H$m©bO _| Vu

H$amZm h° $& [nadma H$ gma gXÒ` gmMV h° oH$ aod H$s [∂T>mB© hmV

hr Zm°H$ar o_bJr Am°a Ka H$s pÒWoV gwYaJr $& g^r Bgr Amem [a

Or ah h° $& aod A[Z Am[H$m Qy >Q>Vm h˛Am _hgyg H$aVm h° $& dh

MmhH$a ^r Hw$N> Zhr H$a [mVm $& AßV _| oZame hmVm h° $& aod

]amOJmar H$s g_Ò`m g ÃÒV h° $& aod H$s Bgr KwQ>Z H$m oZamemOZH$

pÒWoV H$m boIH$mZ oMÃU oH$`m h° $& aod ]∂S>m AmX_r ]ZJm h

ªdm] (ÒdflZ) XIZm Ï`W© h° ∑`m|oH$ d ªdm] Cg "aV H$s Xrdma'

O°g h° Om H$^r r R>h gH$V h° $&

7. Vrgam ohÒgm :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| _›Zy ßS>mar Z EH$ gß[mXH$ H$ IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd

H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

"eam ]m]y' EH$ [oÃH$m H$ gß[mXH$ h° $& dmÒVd _| CZH$m Zm_

eam]m]y Zhr h° $& ea O°gr XhmS>Vr h˛B© [oÃH$m Z C›h `h Zm_

‡XmZ oH$`m h° $& boH$Z h [oÃH$m o_Ãm| H$ ¤f Edß H$O© H$ H$maU

]›X hm OmVr h° $& eam]m]y H$s ]rdr CgH$s C[jm H$aZ bJr $& ]Q>m

gwYra r _Q>aJÒVr _| _ΩZ ahVm h° $& eam]m]y H$^r-H$^r bm`]´ar

OmV h°$ & dhm™ H$s [oÃH$mAm| _| OZVm [mQ>u H$ _ßoÃ`m| H$s VÒdra,

CZH$s OrdoZ`m™, CZH$s ‡eßgm XIH$a dh gß[mXH$m| VWm bIH$m|

H$m Jmob`m™ XV h° oO›hm|Z dh obIm h° $&

eam ]m]y h_em "^´ÓQ> Zm°H$aemhr O∂S> g CIm∂S> Xy™Jm' ^´ÓQ>

A\$gam| H$s [mb Imb Xy ™Jm Bgr Vah H$s ]mV| ]ZmV ahV h° [a

dmÒVd _| Hw$N> H$a Zhr [mV $& AmO g_mO H$m H$mB© r jÃ ´ÓQ>mMma

g ANy>Vm Zhr h° $& hr AmO H$s XwoZ`m h° [a eam ]m]y Bgg Ow∂S>

Zhr [mV $& g_`mZwgma A[Z Am[ H$m ]Xb Zhr [mV $&

""C›hmZ ]rdr g g_Pm°Vm H$a ob`m Zm°H$ar g g_Pm°Vm H$a

ob`m [a [oÃH$m ? Zhr, dhm™ d H$mB© g_Pm°Vm Zht H$a|J oH$gr r

H$s_V [a Zhr $&''129

boIH$mZ Bgr _ZmXem H$m WmW© oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

8. A-bJmd :

Bg H$hmZr ¤mam _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z AmO H$s amOZroV [a Ï`ßΩ`

oH$`m h° $&

AbJmd H$m [yU©Vï amOZ°oVH$ H$hmZr H$hm Om`Jm $& ∑`m|oH$

Bg_| g_H$mbrZ amOZroVH$ [napÒWoV`m| H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m h° $&

H$hmZr Zm`H$ o]gga H$s bme H$m bH$a ewÈ hmVr h° CgH$ hÀ`ma

H$m Ty>∂T>Z H$s ‡oH´$`m _ AZH$ amOZroVH$ Xm™d[M oXImB© XVm h° $&

_wª`_ßÃr Xm gmh] o]gga H$ Ka J` $& dhm™ OmH$a CgH$ ]y∂T> ]m[

H$m VgÎbr Xr $& OmaXma ^mfU oX`m $& g∑gZm Z OmJga H$m

[yN>m -

""o]gy H$m OmZV W Vw_ ?

Or, Jm™d _ g^r Vm EH$-Xyga H$m OmZV h° $& N>mQ>r OJh h°,

Z Mmhm Vm r OmZZm hr [∂S>Vm h° $&

oH$g Vah H$m b∂S>H$m Wm o]gy ?

Aa EH$X_ ogao\$am gmh] $&''130

g∑gZm Z ]`mZ ob`m $& Jm ™ddmbm | Z g∑gZm H$s

‡eßgm H$s $& Xm gflVmh H$ ]mX g∑gZm Z na[mQ>© Xr oH$ o]gga Z

AmÀ_hÀ`m H$s Am°a CgH$s hÀ`mam Omamda ]M OmVm h° $& amOZroV

H$ Oma [a dh _m_bm dhr H$ dhr X]m`m J`m $&

Bg ‡H$ma amOZ°oVH$ [nade _| aßJr boIH$m H$s A›` H$hmoZ`m|

g AbJ `h H$hmZr h° $& boIH$m Z BgH$m ]•hX Í$[mßVa H$a

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$s aMZm H$s $&

9. EImZ AmH$me ZmB© :

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _ boIH$m Z ehar Am°a J´m_Ur Zmar H$s

g_Ò`mE™ ‡ÒVwV H$s h° $& H$hmZr H$s ewÈAmV ehar [nade g hmVr

h° Am°a A›V J´m_rU [nade _ $& [oV h_›– g AbJ hmH$a oe‡m

ÒHy$b MbmVr h° $& gwf_m Zm°H$ar H$aVr h° BgobE _mVm-o[Vm CgH$m

oddmh H$aZm Zhr MmhV o\$a r CgZ _oh_ g H$mQ>© _°aO oH$`m $&

Ka H$s XI^mb, H$m_-H$mO, gmg-ggwa H$s gdm H$aZ H$ hVw ‡roV

Zm°H$ar N>m ∂S> XVr h° oOgg [oV ZmamO hm OmVm h° $& ` ehar ÒÃr

[wÈfm| H$s g_Ò`mE™ ahr $& H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$m "bIm' Ka H$s XI^mb

o\$a [∂T>mB© BZ g]g VßJ Am JB© h° BgobE Amam_ H$aZ Jm™d OmVr

h° $& eha _| oOg ‡H$ma neojVbmJm| H$s g_Ò`mE™ hmVr h° Cgr Vah

J´m_rU bmJm| H$s r A[Zr g_Ò`mE™ h° $&

bIm H$m ggwamb EH$ gß`w∑V [nadma h° $& [nadma H$ haH$

gXÒ` H$s A[Zr-A[Zr g_Ò`m h° $& bIm eha dm[g OmZm MmhVr

h° $& Ï`o∑V Z Jm™d _ gwIr h° Am°a Z hr eha _| $& bIm eha g

D$]H$a Jm™d AmVr h° [a Jm™d H$s KwQ>Z g D$] OmVr h° Am°a o\$a

eha OmZ H$s gmMVr h° $& bIm Z _hgyg oH$`m -

""BZ g]H$ ]rM dh ]h˛V [am`r h° $& Cg Ka H$s EH$ gXÒ`m

hmH$a r dh Ka g AbJ h° $& Cg bJm Bg Ka Am°a Ka H$ Ï`o∑V`m|

H$ ‡oV CgH$m ]h˛V-gm H$V©Ï` h° [a, dh [yam Zht H$a ahr $&''131

10. Agm_o`H$ _•À`w :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s `h AßoV_

H$hmZr h° $& [hb [oÃH$m _| N>[r Wr ]mX _| oÃeßHw$ _| gßJ´ohV oH$`m

J`m $& H$hmZr _| Q>r[w EH$ H$bmH$ma h° Am°a CgH$ o[Vm H$s _•À`w hm

OmZ g [nadma H$s oOÂ_Xmar Q>r[w [a Am OmVr h° $& o[Vm H$s

Agm_o`H$ gmW Xr[y H$ H$bm Í$[ H$s Agm_o`H$ _•À`w H$m ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m J`m h° $& CgH$ o[Vm _he]m]y H$s _•À`w Mdmbrg gmb H$s

Am`w _| Am©o\$g _| H$ma H$aV-H$aV hmQ> © \$b hm OmZ g hm

OmVr h° $& Xr[y [∂T> ahm Wm Cg ZmQ>H$ _| ¡`mXm ÈoM Wr $& ZmQ>H$ H$

OmZ-_mZ H$bmH$ma CÀ[bXV Z Cg Q≠ >m\$s XV h˛E ‡mÀgmohV

oH$`m Wm $&

""qOXJr H$m H$mB© ^amgm Zht ^°`m ! A¿N>-^b Ka g

JE W $& H$m°Z OmZVm Wm bm°Q>H$a Zhr AmE™J

am_ Var _m`m $&''132

Xr[y em_ H$m ZmQ>H$ H$m nahg©b H$aVm h° H$^r amOH$[ya H$

gßdmX H$^r oXbr[Hw$_ma H$ gßdmX AmßI ]ßX H$a br Vm [hMmZ

Zht gH$V oH$ Xr[y ]mb ahm h° m oXbr[Hw$_ma $& hˇ]hˇ dhr AmdmµO

dhr bhOm $& emaXm Z [rR> [a Ym°b O_m`m - ""]g A] Va ]m[

H$s hr ZH$b CVmam H$a, ]ea_ H$ht H$ $&''133

Xr[y H$hVm h° - ""[rR> R>mH$s h° Z ]h˛V A¿N>r ZH$b H$aZ H$

obE ? Aa AÂ_m OroZ`g h° VwÂhmam ]Q>m OroZ`g $& AÂ_m, AJa

H$mB© ]o∂T>`m _H$A[ H$a X Vm ]m]y H$m amb Eg AXm H$È™ oH$ Vw_

[hMmZ hr Z gH$Vm oH$ Xr[y H$m°Z Am°a ]m]y H$m°Z $&''134

AMmZH$ o[Vm H$s _•À`w Z Xr[y H$s XwoZ`m H$m ]Xb oX`m CgH$

Am™JZ _m`ygr N>m JB© $& Xr[y Zm°H$ar H$aZ bJVm h° CgH$ _m_m Cg

Zm°H$ar oXbmZ _| _XX H$aV h° $& A[Z ^mB©-]ohZ Am°a _m™ H$s

oOÂ_Xmna`m™ [yar H$aV-H$aV A[Zr rVa H$s B¿N>mAm| H$m o_≈>r _|

S>mbZm [∂S>m $&

g_mO _| _‹`dJ© H$ AWm©O©Z H$aZdmb ‡_wI [mÃ H$s _•À`w

hmVr h° Vm [yam Ka amÒV [a Am OmVm h° $& Xr[y H$s _m™ H$s _ZïpÒWoV

H$m r Ï`∑V oH$`m h° dh Aghm` hm JB© h° Am°a [napÒWoVde _yH$

]ZH$a Or ahr h° $& h pÒWoV _m™ H$s Zht ]oÎH$ [ya Ka H$s h° $& Bgr

]mV H$m _›Zy ^ßS>marZ Bg H$hmZr _| oMÃU oH$`m h° $& `h H$hmZr

]h˛V gwßXa Am°a gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m H$s H$hmZr h° $&

B oZÓH$f© :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m™ OrdZ H$ AoYH$ oZH$Q> h° $& Zmar

_Z H$s j_Vm Am°a Xw]©bVm H$m oMÃU BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m _wª`

‡oV[m⁄ ahm h° $& BZH$s Zmar Xdr Am°a XmZdr H$ Xm N>mam| H$ ]rM

Q>H$amVr "[hbr' Zhr hm∂S>-_m™g H$m _mZdr ^r h° $& ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma

Zmar OrdZ _| Am` [nadV©Zm| [a _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| [`m©flV

Ï`ßΩ` oH$` J` h° $& CZH$r H$hmoZ`m™ [oV [ÀZr H$ gÂ]›Ym|

[mnadmnaH$ OrdZ Am°a ‡_ gÂ]›Y AmoX –oÓQ>H$mUm| H$m bH$a Mbr

h° & ghOVm Am°a gß‡fUr`Vm Z BZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m bmH$o‡` ]Zm`m

h° $& C›hm|Z ]Vm`m h° oH$ ‡mMrZ OrdZ _yÎ` AmYwoZH$ [nade _|

Qy>Q> ahm h°, OrdZ _yÎ` hr Zhr ]oÎH$ Ï`o∑V Qy>Q> ahm h° $& _›Zy

^ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$s odefVm `h h° oH$ C›hm|Z ]∂S>r ghOVm

Am°a gOrdVm g _mZd _Z H$s Hw$ÓR>mAm| H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

B ZmQ>H$ :

[moUZr ZmQ>` H$s CÀ[oŒm "ZQ≤>' YmVw g _mZV h° Am°a am_M›–

JwUM›– Z "ZmQ>`X[©U' _| BgH$m CX≤^d "ZmQ≤>' YmVw g _mZm h° $&

"ZQ≤ >' YmVw H$m AW© JmÃodj[U Edß Ao^Zd XmZm | Wm $&

XeÍ$[H$H$maZ Z•V, Z•À` Am°a ZmQ>` H$m A›Va Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° $& Z•Œm

Vmb-b` H$ AmolV hmVm h°, Z•À` mdmolV hmVm h°, oH$›Vw ZmQ>`

agmolV hmVm h° $& gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _| ZmQ>H$ H$m H$mÏ` hr _mZm J`m

h° $& CgH$m CX≤Ì` AmZ›X ‡moflV ]Vm`m J`m h° $& ZmQ>H$ gmohÀ` H$s

dh od⁄m h°, oOgH$s g\$bVm H$m [arjU aßJ_ßM [a hmVm h° $&

ZmQ≤>`H$bm H$s [na^mfm XV h˛E adr›–ZmW Z H$hm h° oH$ odo^›Z

de^yfm Am°a AßJ odj[ H$ AZwH$aU ¤mam ‡H•$oV ‡oVo]oÂ]V

H$aZdmbr H$bm ZmQ>H$ h° $& dÒVwVï ZmQ>H$ XIZ H$s MrO h° $& CgH$

Xe©H$ Am°a lmVm hmV h°, Om [mÃm| ¤mam MnaÃm| H$ Ao^Zd g ‡^modV

hmV h° BgobE AmMm`m Z Cg –Ì`H$mÏ` H$s gßkm Xr h° $& ZmQ>H$

e„X, [mÃ, de-^yfm, AmH•$oV, md^ßJr Am°a oH´$`mAm| AmoX H$

AZwH$aU ¤mam VWm mdm| H$ ‡Xe©Z ¤mam Xe©H$m| H$m WmW© OrdZ H$

oZH$Q> bmVm h° $& Ao^Z` ZmQ>H$ H$m ‡YmZ AßJ h° $& g\$b ZmQ>H$

dh h° oOg XIV h˛E Xe©H$ h AZw^d Zhr H$a [m` oH$ dh ZmQ>H$

XI ahm h° $& ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m g]g ‡YmZ JwU `h h° oH$ dh _mZd

_ZmodkmZ H$m gy˙_ [maIr hm $&

^maVr`-g_rjm-emÒÃ H$ AZwgma ZmQ>H$ H$ VrZ ‡_wI VÀd

h° - dÒVw, Zm`H$ Am°a ag $& [a [mÌMmÀ` g_rjm emoÒÃ`m| Z N>h

VÀd ÒdrH$ma oH$` h° $& H$WmdÒVw, [mÃ, H$Wm[H$WZ, XeH$mb,

CX≤XÌ` $& e°br, qhXr H$ AmYwoZH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| BZ XmZm| ‡H$ma H$

VÀdm| H$m g_mamh hm J`m h° $&

1. ohßXr H$r _ohbm C[›`mgH$mam

H$s _mZdr gßdXZm S>m™. Cfm `mXd 17

2. ohßXr H$r _ohbm C[›`mgH$mam

H$s _mZdr gßdXZm S>m™. Cfm `mXd 32

3. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd

4. H$WmH$ma amO›– `mXd M›–^mZw gmZJU 141

5. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$Wm boIH$mE™ Co_©bm JwflVm 355

8. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd

11. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar - amO›– `mXd 194

19. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar

20. _.^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` __Vm ew∑b 55

21. qhXr H$s _ohbm C[›`mgH$mam S>m™. Cfm `mXd 68

H$s _mZdr` gßdXZm

22. _.^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` __Vm ew∑b 56

23. C[›`mg pÒWoV Am°a JoV M›–H$m›V ]mßoXdS>H$a 243

29. C[›`mgH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 69

31. C[›`mgH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar _›Zy ^ßS>mar 68

32. _. ^ß. H$m aMZm gßgma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 11

33. _. ^ß. H$m aMZm gßgma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 69

35. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r _›Zy ^ßS>mar

36. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar

37. _hm^mO _›Zy ^ßS>mar

38. _. ^ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 43

39. _. ßS>mar H$m C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 58-59

40. _. ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m™. __Vm ew∑bm 59

43. AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr C[›`mg S>m™. ZraO O°Z 124

Ï`o∑VÀd odKQ>Z H$ oZH$f [a

55. _.^ß. H$s C[›`mg gmohÀ` Zo›XZr o_l 107

58. _. ^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` _›Zy ^ßS>mar 238

61. _. ^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` _›Zy ^ßS>mar

62. _. ^ß. H$m H$Wm gmohÀ` _›Zy ^ßS>mar

63. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar

64. ZB© H$hmZr oXem Xem gß^mdZm S>m™. B›–ZmW _XmZ 207

69. JrVm H$m MwÂ]Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar 32

74. EH$ H$_Oma bS>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45

80. Ao^ZVm (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 77

84. Ì_emZ (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

85. Ì_emZ (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 85

86. Ì_emZ (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 89

87. Xrdma, ]¿M Am°a ]agmV _›Zy ^ßS>mar 98

(_¢ hma JB©)

93. H$mb Am°a H$gH$ (_¢ hmar JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 118

94. Xm H$bmH$ma (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 137

95. _¢ hma JB© (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 141

96. _¢ hma JB© (_¢ hma JB©) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 146

102. AZMmhr JhamB`m™ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47

104. ImQ> og∑H$ _›Zy ßS>mar 57

107. KwQ>Z$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 80

108. hma$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 79

109. KwQ>Z$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 81

110. _O]yar$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 96

111. MÌ_$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 111

112. j` (`hr gM h°)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 24

113. j` (`hr gM h°)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 25

114. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 28

115. gOm (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ßS>mar 72

116. gOm (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ßS>mar 72

117. ZH$br hra (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 86

118. Zem (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 93

119. Zem (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ßS>mar 94

120. B›H$_ Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX _›Zy ßS>mar 110

(`hr gM h°)

121. `hr gM h° (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 134

122. `hr gM h° (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 135

123. ]ßX XamOm H$m gmW _›Zy ßS>mar 24

(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])

124. gßª`m H$ [ma _›Zy ßS>mar 87

(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])

125. D™$MmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 123

(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])

126. D™$MmB© _›Zy ^ßS>mar 134

(EH$ flbQ> g°bm])

127. oÃeßHw$ (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 71

128. aV H$s Xrdma (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 91

129. Vrgam ohÒgm (oÃeßHw$)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 102

130. AbJmd (oÃeßHw$)$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 112

131. B©ImZ AmH$me ZmB© (oÃeßHw$)$ _›Zy ßS>mar 141

132. Agm_o`H$ _•À w (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ßS>mar 147

ïï MVwW© A‹`m` ïï

a _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ ‡_wI [mÃm| H$s

odefVmE™

1. _›Zy ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg H$ ‡_wI [mÃ

2. _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [mÃ

MVwW© A‹`m`

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oH$`m h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ [m™M H$hmZr gßJ´h h° $& Cg_| Hw$b o_bmH$a 48

[wÈf [mÃ h° oOg_| Xm ‡_r, Xm [oV, o[Vm-[wÃ Bg ‡H$ma H$ [wÈf

[mÃ h° $& BZ [mÃm| _| A[Zr g_Ò`m VWm Ï`Wm h° gmW hr A[Zr

odefVm r h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$hmZr gmohÀ` H$ ‡_wI [mÃm| H$m Xm dJm _|

]m™Q> H$a g_rjm H$a ahr hˇ™ $&

(1) oXbr[ :-

[mÃ h° $& Zm`H$ h° dh A[Z H$m AoddmohV OVmH$a aßOZm Zm_H$s

Ao^ZÃr H$m Z H$db N>bVm h° ]oÎH$ Cg emXr H$m dmXm H$aH$

[wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h°, Om Zd`wdoV`m| H$m ‡_-Omb _|

\ß$gmV h° Am°a CZH$m ag MygV h¢ $& CZg [yam-[yam \$m`Xm CR>mH$a

Xy^a hm OmVm h° $&

aßOZm EH$ Ao^ZÃr h° $& CgH$m [naM` o]OZg_Z oXbr[ g

hmVm h° $& oXbr[ MmbmH$ AmX_r h° $& aßOZm mbr^mbr b∂S>oH$ h°

dh oXbr[ [a odÌdmg H$a bVr h° $& oXbr[ H$m Ao^Z` [g›X Zhr

h° Bgob` aßOZm H$m oddmh H$ ]mX H$m_ N>m ∂S> XZ H$s ]mV dh

H$aVm h° $& oXbr[ H$m [Vm h° oH$ b∂S>H$s Cgr H$s Ama qIMVr h° Om

CgH$s C[jm H$aV h° $& Bgob` oXbr[ [hb aßOZm g Xya-Xya ahVm

hmZ bJVr h° $& Bg Vah g dh aßOZm H$m A[Z de _| H$a bVm h° $&

oXbr[ aßOZm H$m A[Zr _mh-Omb _| \ß$gmVm h° $& dh ha g_`

]°R> oH$ oXbr[ Cgg ]h˛V ‡_ H$aVm h° $& oXbr[ H$hVm h° -

""Vw_ Mmh _wP XoH$`mZyg H$hm m [wamUmJ´ßWr [a b°bm-_OZy

H$s H$Î[Zm r Zhr H$a gH$Vm $&''53

aßOZm oXbr[ H$s ]mV g AÀ`moYH$ ‡^modV hmVr h° $& oXbr[

A[Zr ha em_ aßOZm H$ gmW Ï`VrV H$aVm h° $& oXbr[ H$m Hw$N>

È[` MmohE Bgob` dh o]OZg H$m ]hmZm ]VmVm h° $& aßOZm oXbr[

CgH$m hmb [yN> Cg CgH$s CXmgr XIr Zhr Om`Jr $& Am°a aßOZm

^mdodde hmH$a Cg H$mam MH$ XVr h° $& aßOZm g H$mam MH$ bH$a

]mbVm h° boH$Z aßOZm CgH$s gmar ]mV gM _mZ ]°R>Vr h° $& oXbr[

MH$ bH$a OmVm h° ]mX _ CgH$ VrZ Mma [Ã oZ`o_V È[ g AmE $&

Am`m & V] aßOZm CgH$ Ka OmVr h°$ & Ohm™ CgZ Vma obIZ H$

obE _O H$m Q≠>mAa Imbm Vm T>a gma [Ã ‡mflV h˛E $& aIm Zm_ H$s

EH$ b∂S>H$s H$ XhamXyZ g obI [Ã W $& aßOZm H$m oXbr[ H$s [ÀZr,

h° Am°a CgZ ‡o_H$m ZmQ>H$ oH$`m Wm $&

aßOZm H$db aßJ_ßM [a Ao^Z` H$aVr h° boH$Z oXbr[ H$m

gmam OrdZ hr Ao^Z` h° dh EH$ Ao^ZVm h° $& oXbr[ H$ Bg

Ao^Z` g aßOZm r N>br OmVr h° $& Bg ‡H$ma Ï`dhmnaH$ OrdZ _|

^r dh EH$ g\$b Ao^ZVm gmo]V hmVm h° $&

YZdmZ Zmna`m| H$m A[Z _mhOmb _| \ß$gmZm Am°a CZH$m YZ

oXbr[ H$s _Zmd•oŒm [a ‡H$me S>mbm h° $&

(2) `wdH$ :-

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s "Ì_emZ' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [mÃ h° `wdH$ $&

`wdH$ H$ MnaÃ oMÃU H$aH$ boIH$mZ [wÈfm| H$s AmÀ_ H$o›–V d•oŒm

[a ‡H$me S>mbm h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| `wdH$ H$s VrZ ]ma emXr

hmVr h° $& VrZm [oÀZ`m™ _a OmVr h° BgH$ Zer] _| em`X [ÀZr gwI

Zhr h° $& ha [ÀZr H$ _•À`w H$ g_` dh H$hVm h° oH$ A] [ÀZr H$m

o]Zm dh OrodV Zhr ahJm $& dh BVZm H$ÈUm– MrÀH$ma H$aVm h°

oH$ Ì_emZ O°gm gßdXZ ey›` Am°a d°amΩ` g am O∂S> ÒWmZ r [grO

H$a O°g CgH$ gmW amZ bJVm h°$ & boH$Z dh OrodV ahVm h°

∑`m|oH$ OrZ H$s AmaOy ‡_^mdZm g AoYH$ ‡]b hmVr h° $&

`wdH$ H$s [hbr [ÀZr _a OmVr h° $& dh A[Zr [ÀZr H$ e]

gohV H$ÈUmHß$XZ H$aVm h˛Am Ì_emZ _| AmVm h° Am°a \w$Q>-\w$Q>H$a

dh A[Zr [ÀZr H$s amI ]Q>maZ bJVm h° $& CgH$s Am™I bmb hm

J`r h° VWm dh [mJbm| H$s m™oV b∂S>I∂S>m ahm h° $& dh Oma-Oma g

odbm[ H$aV h˛E H$hVm h° -

VwÂhma o]Zm OrodV Zhr ah gH$Vm $& Vw_ _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm,

Zhr, VwÂht Vm _am OrdZ Wr, _ar ‡aUm Wr $&''54

]rVV hr Xygar [ÀZr r _a OmVr h° CZH$ ed H$m bH$a dh Ì_emZ

_| OmVm h° $& o\$a Cgr ‡H$ma odbm[ H$aVm h° - ""_° VwÂhma o]Zm

H$°g OrodV ahˇ™Jm $& Vw_ hr Vm _am ‡mU Wr $& A] h oZÓ‡mU Xh

H°$g OrodV ahJr ? _wP A[Z [mg ]wbm bm $& gwH$er Vm

AZwJmo_Zr Wr [a Vw_ Vm _ar ghJmo_Zr Wr h_ Vm Xm eara EH$

‡mU W $& O] ‡mU hr Mb J` Vm eara H$m ∑`m ‡`mOZ $&''55

Xygar [ÀZr H$s _•À`w H$ ]mX dh Vrgar emXr H$aVm h° $& boH$Z

‡H$ma dhr [wamZr ]mV| Hß$R>ÒW [mR> H$s Vah XmhamVm ahVm h° $& dh

ha ]ma H$hVm h° oH$ OrodV Zhr ahJm, o\$a ^r OrodV ahZ H$m

‡`ÀZ H$aVm h°, dh wdH$ ha od`mJ Pb bVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma wdH$mm

`h H$hmZr _mZdr` ‡_ Am°a VXO›` AZw^d H$m Ao^Ï`∑V

H$aZdmbr ge∑V H$hmZr h° $& AmÀ_H$o›–V wdH$ H$m oMÃU H$aZ

(3) [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr Or :-

`h _›Zy ßS>mar H$s "[ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI

[wÈf [mÃ h° $& d Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om A[Z Am[H$m

Zhr $& boH$Z d AmÀ_ ‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° $&

Bg H$hmZr _| H•$oÃ_ gVhr bIH$m| H$ AhßH$ma [a Ï`ßΩ` h°

H$hmZr H$ Zm`H$ [ßoS>V JOmYa emÒÃr H$s aMZm N>mÃm[`mJr [oÃH$m

_| N>[ OmZ g dh Òd`ß H$m _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma g_PV h° $& [war

H$hmZr AmÀ_ ÌbmYr H$ Xe Am°a ´_ _| [∂S> PwR> AhßH$ma g J´ÒV

AmX_r H$s H$hmZr h° $&

[ßoS>VOr H$s _wbmH$mV EH$ bIH$ g hm OmVr h° $& emÒÃrOr

C›h| A[Zr [hMmZ EH$ _hmZ gmohÀ`H$ma H$ Í$[ _| H$amZm MmhVm

h° $& d A[Zm [naM` XV h˛E H$hV h° -

""_° hˇß H$hmZr bIH$ [ß. JOmYa emÒÃr & oX oh›Xr gmohÀ`

g Am[H$m Wm∂S>m r [naM` hmJm Vm Am[Z JOmYa emÒÃr H$m Zm_

AdÌ` gwZm hmJm $& dh ZmMrO _¢ hˇ™ $&''56

emÒÃrOr AmO H$ bIH$m| H$r AmbmMZm H$aV h° $& d CZH$

AZw^d A‹``m VWm gmohÀ`-gmYZm H$s H$o_`m™ ]VmV h° $& H$hmZr

_| EH$ ‡gßJ Egm h° Om emÒÃr Or H$s hrZ ‡d•oŒm [a ‡H$me S>mbVm

h° $& d g_ßXa H$ oH$Zma EH$ wdVr H$m oZhma ah h° Om EH$ _Îbmh

H$m hmW [H$S> H$a Zhm ahr h° $& H$[∂S> rJH$a CgH$ eara g oM[Q>

JE W $& emÒÃrOr I∂S> -I∂S> ]∂S> gV•ÓUm ZÃm| g Cgr –Ì` H$m

agmÒdmXZ H$a ah W $& d ]VmV h° oH$ Cg `wdVr _| H$hmZr H$m

flbmQ>, Ty > ™T> ah W $& [a `h H$hZm _woÌH$b Wm oH$ d H$hmZr H$m

flbmQ> Ty>™T> ah W oH$ wdVr H$ eara _| Hw$N> Ty>™T> ah W $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z ImIb Ahß g [ro∂S>V emÒÃr Or H$m oMÃU

AÀ`ßV gw˙_Vm g oH$`m h° $& d AmÀ_‡eßgm _ brZ ahVm h° $&

\$bÒdÈ[ g_mO H$ hßgm H$m H$maU ]Z OmVm h° $& CgH$m Ahß CgH$

Ï`o∑VÀd H$m H$_Oma H$a XVm h° $& CZH$s gmohÀ` gÂ]›Yr AÎ[kVm

_| YH$b XV h° Ohm™ C›h H$db AmÀ_ ‡dßMZm hr o_bVr h° $&

boIH$m Z Bg ÒdmWu Ed_≤ ImIb Ï`o∑VÀd H$m ]∂S>r ghOVm g

oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& boIH$m Z emÒÃrOr H$ ¤ma CZ AmYwoZH$ bIH$m|

[a Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° Om _m°obH$Vm H$ A^md _| VÒH$a d•oŒm J´hU H$aV

h˛E AmÀ_ ‡eßgm ¤mam A[Z _m lÓR> gmohÀ`H$ma og’ H$aZ H$m

‡`mg H$aV h° $& h AhßH$ma J´ÒV AmX_r H$s H$hmZr h° $&

(4) o_. I›Zm :-

o_. I›Zm "ImQ> og∑H$' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $&

d g_mO H$ CZ R>H$Xmam| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om XrZ-hrZ _OXyam|

H$m emfU H$a A[Zr oVOmna`m™ È[`m| g a XV h°ß $&

I›Zm gmh] Q>H$gmb H$ C¿M [XmoYH$mar h° CZH$m Òd^md

XV h° VWm Òd`ß Q>H$gmb oXImZ bJV h° $& dhm™ _OXya H$¿M YmVw

H$m Jbm`r OmZdmbr ^o≈>`m| H$ gß_wI H$m_ H$aV h° $& d ^o≈>`m™

oZaßVa AmJ ]agmVr h° oOgg _OXya Pwbg OmV h° $& boH$Z I›Zm

H$m_ H$aZdmb _OXyam| H$m XIH$a N>mÃmE™ I›Zm gmh] g H$hVr h°

oH$ A[Zr OmZ OmoI_ _| S>mbH$a bmJ `hm™ ∑`y ß AmV h° ? V]

I›Zm gmh] H$hV h° -

""H$m_ H$aZ $& Aa EH$ OJh Imbr hmVr h° Vm [Mmgm| Qy>Q>

[∂S>V h° $& Am[ OmZVr Zhr h_ma Xe _| B›gmZ H$s OmZ ]∂S>r

gÒVr h° $&''57

`h H$hmZr _OXyam| H$ emfU H$s H$hmZr h° $& Bg Q>H$gmb _|

ghmZw^yoV Zhr OVmV ]oÎH$ C›h| XwÀH$maV h° $& dh _OXyam| g mar

Am`r h° dh o]ZVr H$aVr h° oH$ CgH$ [oV H$m ImQ> og∑H$

MwZZ H$m H$m_ oX`m OmE $& boH$Z I›Zm gmh] Cg XwÀH$maV h° $&

Bg Ï`dhma g N>mÃmE™ Ï`oWV hm OmVr h° V] I›Zm gmh] A[Z

h_ H$a r ∑`m gH$V h° ? m| BZ bmJm| H$m hm™ o]R>Zm eÈ H$a X|

hmVr ahVr h° $&''58

I›Zm gmh] O°g g_mO H$ C¿M AoYH$mar _OXyam| H$m emfU

H$aV h° $& _OXyam| g AoYH$ _hZV H$adm H$a C›h| _mogH$ dVZ

60 È[` XV h° Om A[ßJ _OXya h° C›h| Q>H$gmb _| hbH$m-gm H$m_

^r Zht oX`m OmVm MßX È[`m| g CZH$s OmZ H$s H$s_V Vmbr OmVr

h° $& g_mO _| I›Zm gmh] O°g g_m H$ R>H$Xma C›h| Hw$N> _wAmdOm

XH$a A[Z CŒmaXmo`Àd g _w∑V hmZm MmhV h° $& ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _|

o_. I›Zm H$m EH$ g_mO Hß$Q>H$ H$ È[ _| oMoÃV H$aZ _| boIH$m

[a Jham ‡hma oH$`m h° $&

(5) Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm :-

"j`' H$hmZr _| Hw ß$Vr H$ o[Vm ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& d Eg

A[Z ]¿Mm| g Zm°H$ar H$amZr [∂S>Vr h° Am°a `hr XwI OrdZ ^a

gVmVm ahVm h°$ &

`hr gM h° H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s ‡W_ H$hmZr "j`' h° $& Bg H$hmZr

_| o[Vm H$ j`J´ÒV hm OmZ [a Zd`wdVr b∂S>H$s H$m [nadma H$s

gmar XI^mb H$aZr [∂S>Vr h° CgH$s gmar AmH$mßjmE™ odbrZ hm

OmVr h° $& Cg Hw$N> N>m ∂S>H$a [nadma MbmZ H$ obE Zm°H$ar H$aZr

[∂S>Vr h°ß $& Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm h_em o]ÒVa [a [∂S> ahV h° $& d j`J´ÒV

hmZ H$ H$maU Hw$N> Zhr H$a [mV $& BgobE Ka [nadma H$m

CŒmaXmo`Àd d Hwß$Vr [a gm°[V h° $& d ]r_mar H$ H$maU A›Xa-]mha

g [yar Vah Qy>Q> MwH$ h° $& d H$m\$s ]Xb J` h° $& BgH$ gmW-gmW

AmR>_r H$jm _| [∂T>Vm h° $& dh EH$ gmb \$b h˛Am h° $& BgobE

Qw>›Zr H$ ImoVa Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm Hwß$Vr H$m hS>_mÒQ>a g o_bZ H$ obE

H$hV h° $& Qw>›Zr ^r Hwß$Vr g H$hVm h° oH$ dh hS>_mÒQ>a gmh] H$

[mg OmVr Vm CgH$m EH$ gmb ]M OmVm $& o[Vm H$s `h ]r_mar

Hwß$Vr H$m gmMZ H$ obE odde H$a XVr h° -

hmVm _¢ Qy>Q> MyH$s h˛™ $&''59

Hwß$Vr H$ o[Vm A[Z Am[H$m Aghm` _hgyg H$aV h° AVï

KaH$m CŒmaXmo`Àd Hwß$Vr [a gm¢[V h° $& Hwß$Vr Qw>›Zr H$m Bbhm]mX

^OZm MmhVr h° $& BgobE dh o[Vm H$s AZw_oV bZm MmhVr h° $&

""^O XZm, _° H$m°Z hmVm hˇ™ Hw$N> H$aZdmbm ? A] Vm VwÂhr

g]Hw$N> hm, Om Mmhm H$am $& _° j` H$m amJr $&''60

Hwß$Vr [nadma H$s oOÂ_Xmar H$ H$maU gmodÃr H$m Q>`weZ r

H$aVr h° $& gmodÃr H$s _m™ H$hVr h° - "gmodÃr H$s ]mV ]∂S> Ka _|

Mb ahr h° CZ bmJm| H$s EH$ hr oOX h° oH$ b∂S>H$s Xgdt hm Om`Jr

Vm emXr H$aßJ $& Am[ oH$gr Z oH$gr Vah Xgdt _| [h˛™Mdm XroOE

o\$a Vm g™^mb b|J $&''61

H$_Oma hmZ H$ H$maU Am°a Ka H$s oOÂ_Xmar Hw ß$oV [a hmZ H$

H$maU $& o[VmH$s o]_mar H$m Hwß$Vr [a BVZm Aga [∂S>Vm h° oH$ Cg

A[Zr Imßgr r o[Vm H$s Im™gr O°g bJZ bJVr h° $& Hwß$Vr A[Z

j`J´ÒV o[Vm H$s ]r_mar g A[Zr VwbZm H$aVr h° $& Cg Imßgr r

AmVr h° Vm dh gh_ OmVr h° - ""EH$mEH$ Hwß$Vr H$m bJm oH$ `h

Im™gr, `h ImIbr AmdmO [m[m H$s Imßgr g oH$VZr o_bVr

OwbVr h°, hˇ]hˇ d°gr hr Vm h° gh_H$a CgZ Jm∂S>r H$ ere _| g

XIm H$ht CgH$ Mha [a r Vm d°gm Hw$N> Zht Om CgH$ Mha [a

A[Z ]¿Mm| H$s qMVm Im` OmVr h° $&

(6) Amem H$ [m[m :-

"`hr gM h°' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s H$hmZr "gOm' H$ ‡_wI [wÈf

[mÃ h° $& d Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om oZXmf h° boH$Z

›`m`-Ï`dÒWm C›h| _wOna_ H$ama XVr h° $&

VmS> ahm Ao[Vw CgH$ g_ÒV gÂ]›Ym| _| Xama [°Xm H$a ahm h° Am°a

XIZ H$m o_bVr h° $&

Amem H$ [m[m [a ]rg hOma È[` J]Z H$aZ H$m BÎOm_

bJm`m OmVm h° $& C›h| Xm gmb H$s gOm hmVr h° $& boH$Z A[rb

_ßOya H$admZ H$ ]mX [m[m H$m nahm oH$`m OmVm h° $& Ob g Ny>Q>Z

[a Ka AmZ H$ ]mX [m[m H$m ad°`m hr ]Xb OmVm h° $& d A[Z

Am[H$m EH$ H$_a _| ]›X H$adm bV h° $& dh A[Z ]Q> _w›Zy H$m

]h˛V fl`ma H$aV h° boH$Z [napÒWoV de d Cg XmXm-XmXr H$ gmW

Jm™d O XV h° $& Amem H$m A[Zr ÒHy$b ]g N>m∂S>H$a [°Xb OmZm

[∂S>Vm h° $& A] d [hbdmb [fl[m Zht ah J` $& d gmam oXZ Mw[Mm[

bQ> ahV `m Hw$N> [∂T>V ahV $& H$^r-H$^ma Hw$N> obIV ^r h° $&

[m[m H$m h ÈIm-ÈIm Ï`dhma XI Amem H$s CZH$ [mg OmZ H$s

ohÂ_V Zhr hmVr $&

g_mO H$ S>a g [m[m H$hr r Zm°H$ar H$aZ H$ ob` ]mha Zhr

Om gH$V h° ∑`m|oH$ g_mO H$ bmJ VmZ H$gV h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[

XmXm Or Ka J•hÒWr MbmZ H$ hVw ohgm] obIZ H$m H$m_ H$aH$

25 È[` ^OZ bJV h° $& boH$Z dh H$m_ Ny>Q>Z [a d A[Zr

[›eZ _| g 15 È[` ^OV h° $& Ka H$s oJaVr hmbV XIH$a

Amem H$s _m™ A∑ga ]r_ma ahZ bJVr h° $& Amem H$ [m[m AßYar

H$mR>ar _| AH$b ahV h° VWm A[Zm mOZ d Òd`ß ]ZmV h° $&

Amem H$ [m[m H$m O] B¡OV H$ gmW nahm oH$`m OmVm h° V]

[a ^r Iwe Zhr hmV Am°a Z hr CZH$s Am™Im| _| Iwer H$s M_H$

`mVZmAm H$s gOm wJVZr [S>r BgobE CgH$ [m[m H$m H$sZ Zhr

C›h| AmgmZr g _wOna_ H$ama XH$a H$Q>Ka _| I∂S>m H$a XVr h° $& \$b

ÒdÈ[ CgH$m Ï`o∑VÀd IßoS>V hmVm h° $& Am°a d [yar Vah Qy>Q> OmV

h° $& Amem H$ [m[m H$ Bg IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m boIH$mZ hˇ]hˇ

oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

(7) eßH$a :-

"eßH$a' "`hr gM h°' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "Zem' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI

[wÈf [mÃ h°$ & dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om eam]r h°

H$hmZr _| gßÒH$mam| H$ ‡oV AmJ´h h° $& oddmohV Zmar A[Z

gßÒH$mam| g _w∑V Zhr hm [mVr $& [oV H$m [a_Ìda _mZVr h° Am°a

XwïI gh bVr h° $& [oV H$ _ma, Ï`ßΩ`, C[jm, AmoX PbV h˛E r

dh Ka H$m N>m∂S>Z H$s H$Î[Zm Zhr H$aVr & AmZ›Xr A[Z [oV H$m

N>mS>H$a Zhr OmVr $&

eßH$a eam]r h° $& CgH$ o[Vm Zhr _m™ Cg ghr amÒV [a Zhr

bm gH$Vr $& BgobE AmZßXr g emXr H$a XVr h° VmoH$ eßH$a gwYa

gH$ boH$Z eßH$a Am°a r o]J∂S> OmVm h° $& eam] [rZ H$s bV H$

H$maU CgH$ KaH$m gmam YZ, IV IobhmZ Am°a Jm`-^°g r Mbr

OmVr h° $& gmW-gmW AmZßXr H$s oH$Ò_V Am°a ]¿Mm| H$m odÓ` r

Mbm OmVm h° $& AmZßXr oXZ-^a _OXyar H$aVr h° Bg È[`m| g eßH$a

Ee H$aVm h°, eam] [rVm h° $& O] AmZ›Xr g [°g Z o_b dh Cg

[rQ>Vm h° $& EH$ oXZ CgH$m Mm°Xh gmb H$m ]Q>m oH$eZ Am J`m

Am°a ]m[ [a P[Q> [∂S>m $&

""H$∑H$m $& Vw_Z _m™ H$m hmW bJm`m Vm _¢ VwÂhmam IyZ [r

OmD™$Jm, _¢ gM H$hVm hˇ™, VwÂhmam IyZ [r OmC™Jm $&''63

oH$eZ Ka N>m∂S>H$a Mbm OmVm h° ]ma gmb H$ ]mX dh AmVm h°

Vm XIVm h° A^r r dhr hmb h° $& o[Vm Ze _| H$hVm h° - ""∑`m

∑`m bm∂S> bS>m ahm h° _m™ g ? Aa, A[Z ]m[ H$m r Vm Hw$N> X !

Hw$N> XZm h° Vm BYa X BYa _¢ Vam ]m[ hˇ™, gmb $&''64

eßH$a AmZßXr g eam] H$ [°g bVm h° [°g Z o_bZ [a Cg

[rQ>Vm h° VWm [°g o_bZ [a dh AmZßXr H$m JwUJmZ H$aVm h° -

""Var O°gr gVr Zmar H$m ^JdmZ OÈa ^bm H$aJm AmZßXr

Egr Am°aV H$ gmW Vm JdmZ r XwÌ_Zr Zht oZ^m gH$Vm $&''65

AmZßX A[Z ]Q> H$ gmW ahZ Mbr OmVr h° eßH$a g VßJ

AmH$a $& ]Q>m oH$eZ≤ Am°a ]hˇ AmZßXr H$s A¿N>r ImoVa H$aV h° $&

eßH$a H$m OVr ahVr h° $& Am°a eßH$a eam] [rZ _| _ΩZ ahVm h° $&

‡ÒVwV H$hmZr _| boIH$m Z eßH$a H$ _m‹`_ g [wÈf ‡YmZ

g_mO Ï`dÒWm [a Jham AmKmV oH$`m h° $&

(8) S>m. X`mb :-

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s "B›H$_Q>°∑g Am°a ZtX' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf

[mÃ h° S>m. X`mb $& dh hß_em AmÀ_‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° $& Bg

H$hmZr _| ^´ÓQ>mMma Am°a CgH$ ododY Í$[m| H$m oMÃU h˛Am h° $&

H$ Zm_ g Zhr $& dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVnZoYÀd H$aVm h° Om [nadma

‡_wI hmV h° gma [nadma [a A[Zr hHy$_V MbmV h° $& BZH$ [mg

`h ]mV d ÒdrH$ma Zhr H$aV $&

d H$hV h° -

gm], hm JB S>m∑Q>a A] ]g go_Zma-do_Zma _| hr S>mbVr o\$am,

Am`m h° $&''66

S>m™. X`mb Òd`ß A[Zr ]Q>r gamO Om _oQ≠ >H$ _| [∂T>Vr h°,

CgH$m oddmh OÎX g OÎX H$aZm MmhV h° $& _oQ≠>H$ H$ ]mX b∂S>H$s

H$m Ka aIZ _| d odÌdmg Zht H$aV $& d gmMV h° b∂S>oH$`m| H$m Vm

Ka-J•hÒWr hr H$aZr h° oOVZr OÎXr g™^mb| CVZm hr A¿N>m $&

X`mb A[Z ]Q> _oh_ H$m BßOroZ`a m dH$sb ]ZmZm MmhV h° O]

""B›H$_Q>°g dmbm| H$s Ama Om™M hm ahr h° $& A] ` bmJ

Jmb_mb Vm XwoZ`m a H$m oH$` ahV h° $& gmam H$m_ _wP gm¢[ J`m

h° oH$ O°g ^r hm gma ]hr-ImVm| H$m Bg Í$[ _| V°`ma H$Í$ oH$

oH$`m h° $&''67

hmV h° Ohmß B›H$_Q>°∑g dmbm| H$s OmßM g Ï`m[mna`m| H$s ZtX Jmb

hmVr h° X`mb ]m]y H$ [mg B›∑dm`ar Am OmZ [a C›h| JhZ oZ–m

AmVr h° ∑`m|oH$ B›H$_Q>°∑g H$s Va\$ g [Ã Am OmZ [a C›hm|Z

A[Zr VrOr _oh_m g Om S>rJ hmßH$s Wr dh C›h| gÀ` ‡VrV hmZ

bJVm h° $&

H$a ‡mBdQ> ‡°o∑Q>g r H$aVr h° $& _oh_m H$s JmS>r bH$a Ky_Zm S>m.

A[Z Am[H$m lÓR> og’ H$amZ H$ hVw d H$hV h° -

A[Z Xm È[` \$sg aIm g^r ]rg aI b|J Vm Jar]m| H$s JwOa H°$g

hmJr ?''68

ImXr H$m lÓR> h° Egm ]VmV h° $& Cg MÂ_M g ImZm A¿N>m Zht

bJVm Cg hmW g ImZm A¿N>m bJVm h° $&

J´ÒV h° $& d h_em AmÀ_ ‡eßgm _| brZ ahV h° d g_` H$ gmW

A[Z H$m ]XbZm Zht MmhV $& _›Zy ßS>mar Z AhßdmXr S>m™. X`mb

H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $&

(9) R>mHw$a VmD$Or :-

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ "EH$ flbQ> g°bm]' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "N>V

]ZmZdmb' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° VmD$Or $& `h H$hmZr

[rS>r H$ gmW VwbZm H$s h° $& [wamZ ª`mbmV _| ]∂T>Vm VmD$Or H$m

VmD$Or H$m eaX g [yN>m OmZdmbm gdmb CZH$ [mnadmnaH$

emo›V H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$a XVm h° -

""VwÂh| Am` VrZ oXZ hm J`, H$^r XIm Vw_Z ]h˛Am| H$m

b∂S>V h˛E ? gwZr CZH$s Vy-Vy _¢-_¢ ? gm °`m, h_Z ewÈ g hr Egm

oVbH$ bJmV h°, ]ßX Jb H$m g\$X H$mQ> [hZV h°$ & oOg_| gmZ H$

]Q>Z bJ h° VWm oga [a H$b\$Xma gm\$m ]m™YV h° $& CZH$m Mham

Hw$N> AoYH$ oMH$Zm Ed_≤ eara Hw$N> AoYH$ H$gm h˛Am h° $& VmD$Or

H$db hw∑_ XV h° $& [ya [nadma H$ gX≤Ò` VmD$Or H$ Bema [a MbV

oZ`o_V Í$[ g _ßoXa OmV h° $& VmD$OrZ C›h| ‡modOZ Am°a OZab

ÒQ>ma [a o]R>m oX`m h° $& Hw$N> gmb [hb N>mQy> H$m`ÒW b∂S>H$s g

oddmh H$aZm MmhVm Wm [a VmD$Or Z A[Zr _Ou g CgH$s emXr

H$am Xr $& VmD$Or H$m A[Zr ]h˛Am| H$m o]Zm Ky ™KQ> ob` Ky_Zm

o\$aZm A¿N>m Zhr bJVm BgobE CZH$s ]h˛E™ h_em Ky™KQ> Am∂T>

ahVr h° $& d A[Zr ]Q>r o]Q≤>Qy > H$m oddmh OÎX g OÎX H$amZm

MmhV h° O] oH$ dh A^r N>mQ>r h° $& VmD$Or O°gm Mmh d°gm hr

gXÒ`m| H$m ImZm-[rZm VWm [hZZm-Am∂T>Zm [S>Vm h° $& BgobE

gma gXÒ` Mm` H$ ]Om` XyY `m bÒgr [rV h° $& eaX Mm` [rZm

MmhVm h° [a VmD$Or XyY-bÒgr H$ \$m`X Am°a Mm` g hmZdmb

ZwH$gmZ H$m gwZmV h° $&

Bg_| A›YodÌdmg gmYw _hmÀ_m H$ ‡oV AÀ`oYH$ AmÒWm H$

""AÂ_m _hmXd Or H$ _ßoXa _| EH$ ]∂S> M_ÀH$mar _hmÀ_m

Am` h°, C›ht g bH$a Vm]rO ]mßYr, d°X hH$s_m| g h JoR>`m Zhr

Om`Jr $&''70

VmD$Or Bg H$hmZr H$ Zm`H$ h° d OmßV-[mßV H$m _hŒd XZdmb

VWm b∂S>oH$`m| H$s ÒdV›ÃVm H$m ^r AZwoMV _mZV h° $& eaX H$s

]hZ hram H$ AoddmohV ahZ [a VWm CgH$ S>m∑Q>a ]Z OmZ [a

CZH$m h H$WZ CZH$s _mZogH$Vm H$m hr [naMm`H$ h° -

""A] Vm hm J`r ]∂S>r [a [Q> _| g Vm S>m∑Q>a hmH$a Zht oZH$br

Wr, h_mar Vm Hw$N> g_P _| hr Zhr AmVm oH$ am_Ìda Z h gma Ka

H$m ogbogbm ∑`m| o]Jm∂S> aIm h° $& b∂S>oH$`m| H$m H$ht m Ny>Q> Xr

OmVr h° ? bJVm h° am_Ìda Z ]¿Mm| H$s Va\$ g Am™I _y ™X

br h° $&''71

VmD$Or H$s –oÓQ> XyaXeu h° d A[Z ahV D$[a H$s _ßoOb

]ZdmZm MmhV h° $& VmD$Or Ka H$ H$_mßS>a h° $& d A[Z VarH$ g

OrdZ OrV h° VWm Xygam| H$m r OrZ H$ obE ]m‹` H$aV h° $&

VmD$Or A[Zr _Ou H$ _mobH$ h° $& d ]m¯ OJV g ANy>V h°

Am°a A[Z ]¿Mm| H$m r aIZm MmhV h° $& boIH$m Z VmD$Or H$m

EH$ H$_mßS>a H$ Í$[ _| oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

(10) ]m]m :-

"gßª`m H$ [ma' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° ‡o_bm H$

]m]m $& `h ^mdZm ‡YmZ H$hmZr h° $& gßVmZ H$ obE oN>[r

__Vm H$m gw›Xa oMÃU boIH$mZ oH$`m h° $& ]m]m H$ H´$moYV hmZ

[a ^r AmOr A[Zr ]Q>r H$m Ka AmZ g Zhr amH$ [mVr h° $&

Bgr ‡H$ma AmOr H$s ]Q>r A[Zr [wÃr ‡o_bm g o_b o]Zm Zht ah

H´$mY H$m PbV h˛E r ‡o_bm g o_bZ AmVr h° $&

‡o_bm H$ ]m]m AÀ`ßV H´$mYr Òd^md H$ h° $& CZH$ H´$mY g

Mbr J`r h° $& BgobE ]m]m A[Zr ]Q>r H$ Zm_ g oM∂T>V h° $&

BgH$s ]¿Mr r [adnae ]m]m Am°a CZH$s [ÀZr Z H$s h° $& O] r

‡o_bm H$s _m™ Ka AmVr h° ]m]m Cgg PJ∂S>V h° Am°a VhbH$m _Mm

XV h° $& d H´$mY _| AmH$a KaH$s gmar MrO| \$H$V h° oMIV-oMÎbmV

h° $& CgH$ Ka AmZ [a CgH$s Q>m ™J Vm ∂S> XZ H$s ]mV H$aV h° $&

CgH$s [ÀZr H$m XwïI hmVm h° d CgH$s mdZmE™ g_PV Zhr Am°a

AmOr g H$hV h° -

""Hw$N> Zhr CZ bmJm| Z Hw$N> bZ-obdmZ H$ obE ^Om

hmJm $& H$mZ ImbH$a gwZ bm, _¢ Cg \y$Q>r H$mS>r Zhr Xy™Jm $& ‡o_bm

[a CgH$s N>m`m ^r Zhr [S>Z Xy ™Jm $&''72 ]m]m _m™ H$s __Vm H$m

È[`m| g Vm°bZm MmhV h° $& boH$Z CZH$s ]Q>r __Vm H$ H$maU

‡o_bm g o_bZm MmhVr h° $& [a ]m]m Cg o_bZ Zht XV $& d _m™

H$s __Vm H$ _yÎ` H$m g_P Zhr [mV $& ]m]m EH$ Eg [wÈf [mÃ h°

Om A[Z AmXem H$ obE ]°R> h° d A[Zr Èo∂T>`m| H$m N>m ∂S> Zhr

gH$V $&

"gßª`m H$ [ma' _| Zmar `mVZm H$m boIH$m Z oMÃU oH$`m

h° $& ]m]m A[Zr ]Q>r H$m g_P Zhr [mV Am°a ]Q>r H$m A[_mZ

H$aV h° $& ]m]m H$m bJVm h° oH$ ]Q>r [°gm| H$ obE AmVr h° $&

BgobE ]m]m Cg Xg hOma H$m M°H$ XZm MmhV h° $& boH$Z Cg

M°H$ H$m Rw>H$amH$a dh A[Zr ]Q>r ‡o_bm H$m [m™M È[` XH$a Mbr

(11) qeX ]mg :-

"qeX' oÃeßHw$ H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "ÒÃr-gw]moYZr' H$hmZr H$

‡_wI [mÃ h°$& dh Eg [wÈfm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV h° Om oddmohV

hmH$a r oH$gr AoddmohV Zmar H$s mdZmAm| g oIbdm∂S> H$aV

h° VWm C›h| YmIm XV h° $&

qeX Am`H$a od^mJ _| A\$ga h° $& dh EH$ ÒÃr g ‡_ H$m

ZmQ>H$ H$aVm h° $& qeX Cg ÒÃr H$m ]VmV Zhr oH$ dh oddmohV h°

Am°a EH$ ]¿M H$m ]m[ r h° $& dh Iweo_OmO Am°a Iy]gyaV h° $&

obIV h° CgH$s H$odVmE™ [Ã-[oÃH$mAm| _| N>[Vr r h° Am°a Bg

jÃ _| A¿N>m Imgm Zm_ h° $& O] ^r dh ÒÃr qeX g Ka VWm

Kadmbm| H$ ]ma _| [yN>Vr h° Vm dh em`amZm AßXmO _| VrZ-Mma ea

A[Zm Z [am`m Bg O_rZ Am°a Amg_mZ H$ ]rM _| AH$bm hˇ ™,

o]bHw$b AH$bm $&''73

ÒÃr Cg amÒV [a MbZ bJr $& boH$Z O] qeX oddmohV h° [Vm

]mVm| _| CbPmVm h°, dh amZ bJm Am°a H$hVm h° - ""o[Vm H$ X]md

]r]r H$ ahV r _¢ oH$VZm AH$bm hˇ™ Xm AOZo]`m| H$s Vah EH$

N>V H$ ZrM ahZ H$s mVZm $&''74

H$^r ]mVm| g Vm H$^r H$odVmAm| g odÌdmg oXbmVm h° -

""_Z Am°a eara H$s [odÃ yo_ [a hr Agbr ‡_ [Z[Vm h° $&

Ka H$s Mhma Xrdmar H$ ]rM oZaßVa hmZdmbr oIMoIM _| Vm dh

_aVm hr h° $&''75

Egr ]mV H$aVm h° oH$ ÒÃr H$m A]-gßXe Z ahm Cg odÌdmg

Wm oH$ EH$ oXZ dh Iy™Q> g CI∂S>H$a _ar oJa‚V _| Am Om`Jm $&

qeX Cg A[Zr Omb _| \$gmVm ahVm h° $& dh A[Zr ]rdr H$m Zht

N>m ∂S>Vm $& dh EH$ hr g_` Xm Zmdm| _| [°a aIZm MmhVm h° $& dh

H$hVm h° oH$ emXr H$ ]mX ]rdr C]mD$ Am°a ]OmZ gm ahVm h° $& dh

Egr ]mV H$aH$ Cg ÒÃr H$m A[Zr ‡o_H$m ]Zm` aIVm h° $& H$^r

H$hVm h° oH$ dh ]rdr H$m VbmH$ XJm $& boH$Z VbmH$ bZ _| H$^r

H$mZyZr A∂S>MZ Vm H$^r ]y∂T> ]m[ H$ gX_| H$m ]VmH$a ]mV Q>mb

XVm h° $& dh Cg o_bVm ahVm h° $&

boH$Z Yra Yra qeX A[Zr ‡o_H$m g D$] OmVm h° Am°a gÀ`

[napÒWoV g AdJV H$amZ H$ hVw qeX Cg A[Z Ka J•h‡de H$

oXZ ]wbmVm h° $& dhm™ CgH$s _mQ>r ‡g›Z [ÀZr, ]¿Mm Am°a AmYwoZH$

T>ßJ H$m _H$mZ XIH$a dh Mbr OmVr h° $& BVZm g] Hw$N> hmH$a r

qeX A[Z Ka-[nadma _| Iwe h° $&

Bg ‡H$ma qeX AmR> gmb VH$ ‡o_H$m g ‡_ H$m ZmQ>H$ H$aVm

ahm $& CgH$m \$m`Xm CR>mVm ahm $& Am°a oddmohV hmH$a ^r

AoddmohV Zmar H$s mdZmAm| g oIbdm∂S> H$aVm ahm $&

Zmar H$m oIbm°Zm g_PH$a IbZdmb [wÈfm| H$s oZÂZ ‡d•oV

[a _›Zy ßS>marZ Ï`ßΩ` oH$`m h° $&

(12) aod :-

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "aV H$s Xrdma' H$hmZr

H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° aod $& dh wdm [r∂T>r H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm

h°, Om ]amOJmar H$s g_Ò`m g ÃÒV h° VWm Kadmbm H$s B¿N>m

_ ^Vu hmVm h° $& CgH$ ]m]yOr MmhV h° oH$ dh BßOroZ`a ]Z $&

]m]yOr Cg _Z bJmH$a [∂T>Z H$s gyMZm`| XV h° $& d Ka m Ka H$

h° oH$ dh oXZ-]-oXZ A[Z Ka g Qy>Q> Mbm Om ahm h° $& aod A[Z

A›` gXÒ`m| H$s g_Ò`m`| h° $& Ka H$ A›` gXÒ`m| H$s OÈaV [yar

Am[ H$m Xmfr _mZVm h° $& Cgg `h XIm Zht OmVm, o\$a ^r dh

Mw_ h° $-

aod h_em A[Z ]m]yOr g H$VamVm ahVm h° $& CZg S>aVm h°

dh _Z_| gmMVm h° -

""]m]yOr ∑`m| Zhr gm\$-gm\$ Cgg H$h XV oH$ aod, ]h˛V

H$s Am™I h° $& [a H$hZm Vm Xya d Egm gßH$V r Zhr H$aV $&''76

O] ^r aod Nw>o≈>`m| _ Ka AmVm h° V] AÂ_m H$m Ï`dhma

CgH$ ‡oV odef hr ahVm h° _m H$ Bg Anana∑V Xwbma g aodH$m

H$ g[Zm| H$ AmJ aod odde hm OmVm h° $& boH$Z aod oOg Xm°a g

gXÒ`m H$ ]rM Qy>Q>Vm h˛Am _hgyg H$aVm h° $& dh Kadmbm| H$ EhgmZm|

H$ ZrM X] J`m h° $& ]amOJmar H$s g_Ò`m g ÃÒV Zd`wdH$

(13) ]m]yOr :-

]m]yOr "aV H$s Xrdma' H$hmZr H$ Ama EH$ ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ

h° $& d aod H$ o[Vm h° $& ]m]yOr Eg o[VmAm| H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV

h° Om A[Z ]Q> H$s oejm ¤mam odÓ` H$ _hb H$s Amem H$aV h° $&

A[Z Am[ g Qy>Q>Vm h° $& ]m]yOr Ka H$s A›` AmdÌ`H$VmAm| H$m

ZOa A›XmO H$aH$ Cg [∂T>mV h° $& aod oH$gr g_maß^ _ Z OmZm

""`m| AJa o]ÎHw$b B¿N>m Z hm Vm ahZ Xm $& _¢ Hw$N> Z Hw$N>

H$hH$a ]mV gß^mb hr byßJm, VwÂhmar A[Zr B¿N>m H$s ]mV h° $&''77

dm XwH$mZ _| ohgm] obIZ H$m H$m_ H$aV h° $& Am°a MßXm H$s AJbr

BgobE ]ZmZm h° VmoH$ Ka H$s hmbV gwYa gH$ $& Jm™ddmb ]m]yOr

H$s Vmar\$ H$aV h° ∑`m|oH$ d A[Zr AmYr VZªdmh A[Z ]Q> H$s

H$hV h° -

""aod BßOroZ`a hm OmE Vm _Z _| _bmb Zhr ah Om`Jm oH$

gwI Vm ]¿Mm| H$ gwI _| hr hmVm h° $&''78

H$a [m`|J ? ]m]yOr H$ ªdm] "aV H$s Xrdma' O°g h° Om H$^r r

]∂S> gmhg H$ gmW A[Zr H$hmZr _| ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $& Am°a

(14) amImb :-

amImb "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "em`X' H$hmZr H$ ‡_wI

Ka g ]mha ahV h° VWm A[Z hr Ka _| [am` hm OmV h° $& amImb

OhmO [a _H$oZH$ h° $& dh gmb _| EH$ _hrZm Nw>o≈>`m| [a Ka AmVm

h° $& BgobE Ka_| KQ>Zdmbr KQ>ZmAm g dh AßOmZ ahVm h° $& O]

CgH$ ]mX ]wb]wbH$m O›_ h˛Am Am°a dh ]r_mar H$ H$maU Mb

b∂S>H$s arZm Vah gmb H$s h° Am°a _mbm H$m CgH$s emXr H$s qMVm

D$Y_ _MmVm h°, Vm NmQw> amImb H$m [hMmZVm VH$ Zht $& amImb

Iwer g Ka bm°Q> H$a Am`m h° boH$Z _mbm Ka H$s g_Ò`m`| bH$a

CgH$ gm_Z amVr h° $& oOgg amImb D$] OmVm h° $& amImb H$s

N>mQ>m ]Q>m ^r h_em eßH$a H$ [mg hr ahVm h° $& _mbm amImb g

¡`mXm eßH$a, o[er _m™, H$[ya gmh] H$m _hŒd XVr h° $& BgobE

MwH$mZ H$ ob` H$hVr h° oOgg amImb A[Z Am[ H$m AoYH$ Qy>Q>Vm

h˛Am _hgyg H$aVm h° $& amImb A[Z ]¿Mm H$m [∂T>mZm MmhVm h° $&

arZm H$ obE _mbm Om b∂S>H$m [g›X H$aVr h° Cg amImb ZH$maVm h°

∑`m|oH$ dh arZm H$m [∂T>mZm MmhVm h° Bg g] ]mVm| g amImb H$m

AmÀ_odÌdmg OmJVm h° dh H$hVm h° - ""`h _am Ka h° - Bg_| _ar

B¿N>m H$ oIbm\$ Hw$N> Zhr hm gH$Vm $&''79

h° $& VrZ ]¿Mm| H$m [Q> aZm XwoZ`mXmar oZ^mZm Bg ‡H$ma A[Zr

VH$br\$m| H$m hr XmhamVr ahVr h°, amImb gmMm h° oH$ -

""A¿N>m hmVm, dh amImb Z hmH$a „bmqQ>J [[a hmVm, Om

_mbm H$ gma XwIm H$m gmI bVm $&''80

2. Ï`o∑VÀd‡YmZ [mÃ :-

(1) oZoIb :-

"oZoIb' "JrV H$m Mw]Z' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& dm

H$od h° $& CgH$m [naM` EH$ g_mamh _| H$oZH$m g hmVm h° $& H$oZH$m

CgH$ JrV JmVr h° $& oZoIb CgH$ ob` Z` JrVm| H$m g•OZ H$aVm

h° $& XmZm| oZH$Q> Am OmV h° $& oZoIb Am°a H$oZH$m ÒÃr-[wÈf H$

Z°oVH$ _mZVm h° $& oZoIb Òd¿N>ßXr wdH$ h° $& oZoIb H$oZH$m g

‡^modV h˛Am h° $& EH$]ma H$oZH$m H$m A[Zr ]mhm _| aH$a My_

bVm h° $& CgH$ Ï`dhma g H$oZH$m Cg Mm™Q>m _maVr h° $& oZoIb

bo¡OV hmH$a Mbm OmVm h° $& oZoIb H$ Mb OmZ g H$oZH$m

AH$bm[Z _hgyg H$aVr h°$ & oZoIb H$oZH$m H$m [Ã obIVm h° -

""A[Z Cg oXZ H$ Ï`dhma g _° ]hX bo¡OV hˇ™ $& AmO VH$ _°

H$m ÒdmJV oH$`m h° $& Egr haH$V H$aZ H$ ob` ‡naV oH$`m h° $& Vw_

Egr d°gr b∂S>H$s Zhr hm $& gmYmaU b∂S>oH$`m| g o^›Z hm, CZg

C¿M, CZg lÓR> $&''81

oZoIb ÒdN>ßXr [mÃ h° AZH$ oÒÃ`m| g gÂ]›Y aIVm h° $& dh

[AZ H$odÀd H$ _m‹`_ g H$oZH$m H$m \$gm bVm h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z oZoIb H$m EH$ Òd¿N>ßXr wdH$ H$ È[ _| ‡ÒVwV

oH$`m h° $&

(2) bobV :-

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s "EH$ H$_µOma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr' H$hmZr H$m

‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° bobV $& bobV H$m Í$[ g ‡W_ [naM` _m_m

_m_r H$ Ka hmVm h° $& bobV AZmW b∂S>H$m h° $& dh XmZm| Kwbo_b

OmV h° $& bobV C¿M oejm H$ ob` odXe OmZm MmhVm h° $& d

]mX Í$[ H$m oddmh dH$sb gmh] g hm OmVm h° $& O] bobV odXe

g dm[g AmVm h° Vm Í$[ g o_bZ OmVm h° $& Í$[ H$s Am™I ^a

AmVr h° bobV H$hVm h° -

EH$mEH$ oXb [a MmQ> bJZ g Am™Im g [mZr ]hZ bJVm h° -

Am™Im H$m gÂ]›Y X` g hmVm h° _a AmZ g VwÂhma X` H$m r

H$hr ... $&''82

bobV CgH$ oXb _| A[Z ‡oV ‡_ o\$ag OmJ•V H$aVm h°

bobV Cg A[Z gmW mJ MbZ H$ obE H$hVm h° boH$Z [aÂ[amJV

gßÒH$ma H$ H$maU Í$[ V°`ma Zhr hmVr, bobV H$m Bg g] ]mVm| _ß

odÌdmg Zhr hmVm EH$ gflVmh VH$ bobV Í$[ H$m ^mJ OmZ H$

obE CÀgmohV H$aVm h° -

""g_P g H$m_ b Í$[ $& h oO›XJr m| hr o_≈>r _| o_bm XZ

H$s dÒVw Zhr $& o\$a Va _ZH$s hmbV _¢ VwPg AoYH$ OmZVm hˇ™,

_mZ Om $&''83

bobV H$s ]mVm g Í$[ mJ OmZ H$ obE V°`ma hmVr h°, boH$Z

Cgr amV dH$sb gmh] A[Z o_Ã H$s [ÀZr H$ mJ OmZ H$m g_mMma

XV h° Am°a Í$[ H$m H$hV h° Í$[Z AmOVH$ oH$gr A›` [wÈf H$s

Ama Am™I CR>mH$a ^r Zht XIm $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ Í$[ ^mJ Zhr

gH$Vr $& bobV A[Zr ‡o_H$m H$m Zhr [m gH$Vm $&

(3) H°$bme :-

"H°$bme' "H$b Am°a H$gH$' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mÃ h° $& dh

H$mbm h° $& CgH$s [ÀZrH$m Zm_ amZr h° $& dh amV-oXZ ‡g _| H$m_

H$aVm h° $& _erZm| H$ ]rM ahH$a Òd`ß EH$ _erZ ]Z OmVm h° $&

Zhr $& dh amZr H$s A[jm H$aVm h° $& H°$bme H$s ]Í$Ir H$ H$maU

oddmh hm OmVm h° Vm amZr CgH$s [ÀZr g b∂S>Vr-PJ∂S>Vr h° $&

amZr H$ Ï`dhma g VßJ AmH$a H°$bme A[Zm _H$mZ ]XbZm MmhVm

h° boH$Z amZr Bg ]mV g gh_V Zhr h° $& AßV _| H°$bme amZr H$m

Ka H$s Ama g A[ojV hm OmVm h° $& AßV _ dh XwïIr ]Z

OmVm h° $&

(4) hare :-

hare "VrZ oZJmhm H$s EH$ VÒdra' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [mÃ h° $&

Zmar H$m OmH$a A[Zr ]mhm| _| a by™, A[Z obE Zhr, CgH$ gßVmf

H$ obE, CgH$s gmßÀdZm H$ obE, boH$Z o\$a ª`mb Am`m, Bg

AmJ H$m ObmZ g bm^ $&''84

Cg hQ>mH$a hm°gbm ]ßYmVm h° $& dh hare g Hw$N> Ama MmhVr h° [a

_Zmd°kmoZH$ odÌbfU H$a Cg CXmŒm ]ZmZ H$s H$moee H$aVm h° $&

_m‹`_ g boIH$mZ oH$`m h° $&

(5) oedZmW :-

b∂S>H$m h° $& dh gwZßXm g oh›Xr Am°a BoVhmg [∂T>Vm h° $& dh gflVmh

_| VrZ oXZ [∂T>Z AmVm h° $& boH$Z ]mX _| amO AmZ bJVm h° $&

CgH$m amO AmZm gwZßXm H$m [gßX Zhr $& gwZßXm oedZmW H$m H$^r

[°gm Vm H$^r Q>`weZ oXbdmVr h° $& gwZßXm O] Cg [∂T>mZ g B›H$ma

H$aVr h° Vm dh oZame hm OmVm h° $& oedZmW H$ Ka H$s pÒWoV

A¿N>r Zhr CgH$ ]m[ H$m bH$dm h° _m™ XI Zhr [mVr Am°a Xm

[a h° $& oedZmW oH$gr Z oH$gr ]hmZ gwZßXm g ZmQ≤>g _mßJVm h° $&

EH$ ]ma gwZßXm [∂T>mZ g B›H$ma H$aVr h° V] oedZmW Cg [Ã obIVm

h° oH$ gwZßXm H$m ÒZh Cg ]ma-]ma Cg Ka H$s Va\$ ItM H$a b

AmVm h° VWm h ÒZh Am°a odÌdmg oN>›Z OmZ g em`X dh qOXm

Zhr ah gH$Vm $& boH$Z gwZßXm CgH$m [Ã [∂T>H$a ZmamO hm

OmVr h° $& EH$]ma gwZßXm H$m ]wIma AmVm h° V] oedZmW ha amO

CgH$m hmb [yN>Vm h° $& EH$ oXZ dh gwZßXm H$ H$_a _| ‡de H$aVm h°

Cgr d∑V gwZßXm H$s m^r dhm™ AmVr h° Am°a oedZmW H$m gwZßXm [a

PwH$m h˛Am XIVr h° $& Bg KQ>Zm H$ ]mX °`m-^m^r oedZmW H$m

Ka AmZ Zhr XV $& Am°a gwZßXm r H´$moYV hm OmVr h° $& oedZmW

A[Zr Hw$N> H$oR>ZmB`m™ hb H$aZ H$ hVw EH$ oH$Vm] gwZßXm H$m XVm

h° oOg_| EH$ ‡_[Ã h° $& oOg [∂T>H$a gwZßXm H´$m oYV hmH$a

oedZmW H$ Jmb [a V_mM _ma XVr h° $& oedZmW AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a

bVm h° $& ]mX _| gwZßXm H$m [Vm MbVm h° oH$ ‡_[Ã oedZmW H$m Z

hmH$a oH$gr Am°a b∂S>H$ H$m Wm $& oedZmW H$m AmÀ_hÀ`m g gwZßXm

Ï`oWV hm OmVr h° dh A[Z Am[H$m hÀ`mnaZ g_PZ bJVr h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>marZ oedZmW H$ _m‹`_ g ^mdwH$ gßdXZerb

Ï`o∑V H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& oedZmW H$m oMÃ [mR>H$ H$ X` VH$

(6) eIa :-

eIa "hma' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mÃ h° $& dh amOZroVH$ [mQ>u H$m

gXÒ` h° $& CgH$m oddmh Xr[m g hmVm h° dh odamYr [mQ>u H$s

gXÒ`m h° $& [mQ>udmb BZH$ XmÂ[À` gÂ]›Y H$ ]ma _| AmeßoH$V h°

H$aV h° $& [mQ>u H$s JwflV ]mV H$^r ^r EH$ Xyga H$m ]VmV Zht $&

MwZmd AmVm h° eIa Am°a Xr[m EH$-Xyga H$ odamY _| I∂S> ahV h°

MwZmd _| eIa I∂S>m h° `h OmZH$a Xr[m [hb oZame hm OmVr h°

boH$Z eIa H$hVm h° -

""]rgdt gXr H$ ha [∂T>-obI ÒÃr-[wÈf H$m Bg ]mV H$s [yar

ÒdVßÃVm h° oH$ dh A[Z oZOr odMma aI Am°a CZH$m A_b _

bmZ H$ obE Vh oXb g H$moee H$a $&''85

MwZmd _| XmZm| H$ VZmd ]∂T> OmV h° $& Xr[m eIa H$ oIbm\$

^mfU XVr h° $& CgH$s Yo¡O`m™ C∂S>mVr h° $& boH$Z eIa A[Z

H$m_ _| Ï`ÒV h° $& Xr[m A[Z gma JhZ [mQ>u H$ obE bwIm XVr h°

o\$a r eIa Mw[ ahVm h° $& EH$]ma dh eIa H$s ]mV gwZVr h° dh

A[Z o_Ã g H$hVm h° -

""_ar OrV H$s gß^mdZm hr _wP oI›Z ]Zm` X ahr h° gmMVm

hw ™ _° hma ^r J`m Vm Cg b¡Om H$m gh byJm $& [wÈf hˇ ™ Am°a

ghZ H$m AmXr $& [a OrV J`m Vm Xr[m H$m ∑`m hmJm $& Vw_ XIV

H$a gH$Jr Am°a gM [yN>m Vm BgobE _¢ MmhVm hˇ ™ oH$ _¢ hma

OmD™$ $&''86

eIa H$s BZ ]mVm| g Xr[m BVZr AÒdÒW hm OmVr h° oH$ gw]h

odojflVmdÒ`m _| A[Zm dmQ> [oV H$s [Q>r _| S>mb XVr h° $& Zmar

CXÌ` _| g\$b hmVm h° $&

(7) oXbr[ :-

]r_ma ‡o_H$m H$m À`mJ H$a oH$gr Ama g oddmh H$a bV h° $&

OrdZ _ß gwIr h° CgH$s [ÀZr gmohÀ`‡_r h° H$hmZr obIVr h° Am°a

dh H$hmZr Cg A[Z AVrV H$s H$hmZr bJVr h° $&

h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ dh ]r_ma hm OmVr h° Cg Q>r.]r. hm J`m $&

Zht H$aVm $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ e°b H$s _•À`w hm OmVr h° $& oOgg

oMÎbmV h° - ""_° H$hVm hˇ ™ _am MÌ_m Xm, Zhr Vm _am X_ KwQ>

Om`Jm $&''87

_›Zy ßS>marZ Bg [mÃ _ CgH$s AßV[uS>mAm H$m oMoÃV oH$`m

h° $& Ï`o∑V oH$VZm r ∑`m| Z Mmh dh A[Zr ]rVr h˛`r qOXJr g

_ßoOb IS>r hmVr h° $&

(8) gVre :-

gVre "Vrgam AmX_r' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mÃ h° $& ‡ÒVwV H$hmZr

gVre Am°a CgH$s [ÀZr eHw$Z A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ _ gwIr h° $&

oddmh H$s VrZ gmb ]mX ^r gßVmZ ‡moflV Z hmVr h° Bgr H$maU

Z[wßgH$ g_PZ bJVm h° $& CgH$ _Z _| r h odMma AmVm h° oH$

gVre eHw$Z H$ H$m_ _ hmW ]Q>mZ H$ hVw A[Zr _m™ H$m Ka

]wbmZm MmhVm h° boH$Z eHw$Z H$m Vrga AmX_r H$s C[pÒWoV

Agh` hm OmVr h° dh _Zm H$aVr h° $& dh gVre H$ o]Zm AbJ

Zhr ahZm MmhVr $& boH$Z A] hr eHw$Z gVre H$s ]m™hm _ OmZ

g H$VamVr h° Cgg _w™h \$aH$a gmVr h° $& oOgg gVre A[_moZV

hmVm h° $& gVre gmMVm h° -

""dh H$^r eHw$Z H$m _m™ Zhr ]Zm gH$Vm h° Vm ? ∑`m dh

eHw$Z H$s Bg B¿N>m H$m [yar H$aZ _| ghm`H$ hm gH$Vm h° ? ∑`m dh

gH$Vm h°, ∑`m dh Cg ]¿M H$m ÒdrH$ma H$a gH$Jm ?''88

`h gVre H$s [m°ÈfhrZVm J´ßoW H$m Ma_gr_m h° $& eHw$Z H$m

[naoMV AmbmH$ Vrgam-AmX_r ]ZH$a CZ XmZm| H$ ]rM C[pÒWV

hmVm h° $& AmbmH$ bIH$ h°, eHw$Z Am°a CgH$ ]rM [Ã-Ï`dhma

MbVm ahVm h° $& BgobE gVre [aemZ h° $& dh eHw$Z H$ ]ma _|

bH$a Ka bm°Q> AmVm h° [a Ka H$m XadmOm ]ßX XIH$a dh H´$moYV

hm OmVm h° dh eHw$Z Am°a AmbmH$ H$m aßJ hmW [H$∂S>Zm MmhVm h°

[a XadmOm IQ>IQ>mZ H$m gmhg Zht H$a [mVm -

_maVm XadmO H$m Am°a Pm|Q>m [H$∂S>H$a ]mha H$a XVm eHw$Z H$m Am°a

Xm Pm[∂S> _maVm Cg b\ß$J H$m $&''89

gVre H$m _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ MnaÃ boIH$m Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° $&

(9) oZerW :-

"`hr gM h°' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° oZerW $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z oZerW H$ ¤mam ‡_ H$ gß`_ H$m ]Vm`m h° oZerW

Xr[m g ‡_ H$aVm h° $& dh Xr[m H$ gmW Ky_Vm h° $& Yr[m g dh

H$hVm h° -

""AmÀ_r`Vm H$ ` jU AZH$h hr ahZ X Xr[m'', oZerW

Xr[m H$s gw›XaVm H$s ‡eßgm H$aVm h° dh XmZm| Kam| gmW ]°R>V h°

boH$Z oH$gr H$maU de CZ XmZm| _| AZ]Z hm OmVr h° oOgH$

H$maU oZerW H$bH$Vm Mbm OmVm h° $& Am°a Xr[m H$mZ[wa _| A[Zm

]Xb OmVm h° $& dh Xw]bm hm J`m h° CgZ emXr Zhr H$s o\$a EH$

]ma Xr[m Cg H$bH$Œm _ o_bVr h° $& oZerW Cg _XX H$aVm h° o\$a

Zhr bVm boH$Z Xr[m H$s ImoVa AZH$ bmJm| g o_bVm h° Am°a

Xr[m H$m _XX H$aVm h° $& Xr[m oZerW g EH$È[ hmZm MmhVr h° [a

oZerW Cgg Xya hr ahVm h°$ &

Xr[m H$ H$mZ[wa [h˛™MZ [a oZerW Cg [Ã obIVm h° Cg_

A›V _| obIVm h° "ef o\$a' CgH$ Bg Ï`dhma g Xr[m ZmamO

hmVr h° $& oZerW [Ã _| r A[Zr mdZm`| Ï`∑V Zhr H$a [mVm $&

O] Xr[m g o_bVm h° V] r dh _m°Z hr ahVm h° $& H$me dh [Ã _|

A[Zm ‡_ Ï`∑V H$a [mVm Vm Xr[m gßO` H$m N>m ∂S>H$a oZerW H$m

A[ZmVr $& boH$Z oZerW Egm Zhr H$aVm oOgg Xr[m o\$a EH$

]ma Z` oga g gßO` H$m MmhZ bJVr h°$& oZerW Xr[m H$ _m_b _|

A›V VH$ _m°Z hr ahVm h° $& dh Xr[m H$m ]VmVm Zhr $&

(10) Hwß$XZ :-

[ÀZr a_m BoVhmg H$s ‡m‹`mo[H$m h° dh A[Z OrdZ g gwIr h°

bhOm VH$ ]Xb J`m h° $& oH$VZm AmÀ_odÌdmg Am J`m h° gma

Ï`o∑VÀd _| ! e] O°g Q>[H$m [∂S>Vm h° $&''90

Hwß$XZ H$m Hß$[Zr H$m ‚b°Q> o_bVm h° $& Cg gOmZ H$s oOÂ_Xmar

dh a_m H$m gm¢[Vm h° $& Ka H$m_ _ Ï`ÒV a_m H$m A[Zm b∑Ma

oM›Vm Zhr h° $& dh Vm A[Zr YwZ _ _JZ h° $& dh Cg amV Xa VH$

A[Z gmW [mQ>u _| aIVm h° $& _h_mZm| H$s Amd^JV H$aZm,

S>H$maeZ H$aZm B›hr H$m_m _ a_m Im OmVr h° $& Hw ß$XZ A[Z

ghob`m| H$ obE bßM b OmZm MmhVr h° boH$Z Hwß$XZ _Zm H$aVm

h° $& dhr Hwß$XZ A[Z _h_mZm| H$ obE bßM ]ZmZ H$m a_m H$m AmXe

Zm°H$ar H$ H$maU Hwß$XZ H$m Ï`o∑VÀd Am°a AoYH$ oZIa Am`m h° $&

Hwß$XZ a_m H$m A[Z OrdZ _| "em-[rg' ]ZmH$ma aIVm h° $&

(11) odo[Z :-

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s "]ßX XamOm| H$m gmW' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf

[mÃ h° odo[Z $& odo[Z oddmohV [wÈf h° $& CgH$s [ÀZr _ßOar

‡m‹`mo[H$m h° $& odo[Z A[Z XmÂ[À` OrdZ _| gwIr Zhr h° dh

[ÀZr H$ Abmdm oH$gr Am°a g ‡_ H$aVm h° $& dh [ÀZr H$m odÌdmg

VmS> XVm h° $& dh [ÀZr g A[Z ahÒ`m| H$m Xya aIVm h° Am°a Cgg

fl`ma H$m ZmQ>H$ H$aVm h° $& boH$Z EH$ oXZ amO IwbVm h° oH$

odo[Z H$m [hb EH$ oddmh hm MwH$m h° VWm Cg EH$ ]¿Mm r h° $&

`h ]mV OmZH$a _ßOar Qy>Q> OmVr h° $& ndo[Z Am°a _ßOar AbJ hm

OmV h° $& _ßOar VWm CgH$ AmZdmb ]¿M H$ ‡oV odo[Z H$ _Z _|

BgH$ ]mX _wPg `hm™ ahm Zht Om`Jm $& Vw_ em`X `ht bm°Q>H$a

AmZm [g›X H$amJr Bg Ka H$m A[Z Z_m hr ahZ Xm $&''91

odo[Z _ßOar g gß]ßY VmS>H$a A[Z JV OrdZ g Ow∂S>Zm MmhVm

h° $& CgH$ _Z _| _ßOar H$ ‡oV bJmd Zhr dh Xygar _ohbm H$ gmW

OrdZ ]rVmVm h° $&

_›Zy ßS>marZ [wÈf H$s ´_ad•oV g Zmar [a hmZdmb AÀ`mMma

H$m odo[Z H$ _m‹`_ g Ï`∑V oH$`m h° h Egm [mÃ h° Om A[Zr

[ÀZr g N>bVm h° oOgH$m Cg VoZH$ r [ÌMmVm[ Zhr hmVm $&

(12) oXbr[ :-

`h "]ßX XamOm H$m gmW' H$hmZr H$m Xygam [wÈf [mÃ h° $&

odo[Z g AbJ hmZ H$ ]mX VWm A[Z ]Q> AogV H$m hmÒQ> b

^OZ H$m ]mX _ßOar AH$br hm OmVr h° $& Bgr Xm°amZ _ßOar H$m

Xygam [oV h° $& _ßOar bmH$oZ›Xm H$ H$maU Zm°H$ar N>m ∂S> XVr h° $&

O] AmogV Nw>o≈>`m| _| Ka AmVm h° oXbr[ Cgg Iwe Zhr hmVm $&

oZH$bVr h° $& Nw>o≈>`m™ g_mflV hmZ [a AogV bm°Q>Z bJVm h° Cgr

Xm°amZ ÒHy$b g o]b AmVm h° boH$Z oXbr[ \$sg XZ g B›H$ma H$a

XVm h° H$hVm h° -

J`m $& ∑`m O_mZm Am J`m h°, h_ BVZm [∂T> ob` h° [a Egr bÂ]r

Mm°∂S>r \$sg Zhr Xr $&''92 V] _ßOar gmMVr h° CgZ Zm°H$ar ∑`m|

N>m ∂S> Xr ? Am°a _ßOar Am°a odo[Z _| Xama [∂S>Vr h° $& oXbr[ H$

H$maU _ßOar H$s oO›XJr Xm Qw>H$∂S> _| ]™Q> OmVr h° EH$ oXbr[ H$

gmW Am°a Xygar ]Q> AogV H$ gmW $& odo[Z H$s Vah oXbr[ ^r

_ßOar H$m gßVwÓQ> Zhr H$a [mVm $&

(13) Hwß$O :-

Hwß$O "EH$ ]ma Am°a' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& o]›Zr

_| XmZm| [oV [ÀZr ]ZH$a hmQ>b _| ah MwH$ h° $& Hwß$O o]›Zr g emXr

H$aH$ Z`r oO›XJr H$s ewÈAmV H$aZ H$s ]mV H$aVm h° $& boH$Z

Hwß$O _Yw g emXr H$aVm h° Am°a o]›Zr H$ gmW gÂ]›Y ]Zm` aIVm

h° $& O] o]›Zr Bg gÂ]›Y H$m Vm∂S>Zm MmhVr h° Vm Hwß$O fl`ma ar

]mV| H$aVm h° -

Am°a gma gÂ]›Ym| H$m PwR>bm hr Xy™ $& emXr A[Zr OJh ahJr Am°a

_am VwÂhmam gÂ]›Y A[Zr OJh $&93

Hwß$O Z emXr _Yw g H$s Am°a o]›Zr H$m AH$br OrZ H$ obE

N>m ∂S> oX`m $& dh o]›Zr g Xya OmZm MmhVm h° $& BgobE OmZ

]wPH$a S≠> qgJ-Q>]b [a _Yy H$m [Ã N>m ∂S> XVm h° $& dh o]›Zr H$m

N>m∂S>Z H$m V°`ma Zhr Am°a A[Zr [ÀZr H$maU Cg N>m∂S>Z [a _O]ya

hmVm h° dh H$hVm h° -

H$m H$mQ> Zhr bVm Vw_ oH$gr Am°a oXem _| gmMmJr hr Zhr $& Bg

Hwß$O o]›Zr g AbJ hmZm MmhVm h° $& o]›Zr r g_P OmVr h°

oH$ dh [wamZ ‡_ gÂ]›Y Zhr ah Am°a dh Hw ß$O g Xya OmZ H$m

h° dh A[Zr [ÀZr VWm ‡o_H$m g ^r ‡_-gÂ]ZY ]Zm` aIZm

MmhVm h° $& boH$Z AmoIa ‡o_H$m H$m À`mJ XVm h° $& Hwß$O ‡_ H$m

H$aH$ boIH$m Z A[Z ge∑V dmÒVddmXr –oÓQ>H$mU H$m [naM`

oX`m h° $&

(14) oeoea :-

boH$Z AMmZH$ EH$ oXZ Xama [∂S> OmVr h° $& oeoea H$m EH$ [Ã

¤mam _mby_ hmVm h° oH$ oedmZr A[Z ‡_r g eara gÂ]›Y H$a

Am`r h° $& oeoea [ÀZr H$ J°a Ï`dhma g AÀ`ßV XwIr hm OmVm h° $&

dh oedmZr g AbJ hmZm MmhVm h° $& XmZm| gwIr W o\$a r [ÀZr

h° oedmZr Z CgH$m odÌdmg Vm∂S> oX`m $& BgobE dh H$hVm h° -

[m`m $&''95

nedmZr H$hVr h° oH$ CgZ odÌdmgKmV Zht oH$`m $& boH$Z

oeoea CgH$s ]mVm| [a odÌdmg Zhr H$aVm $& dh Cgg AbJ hmZm

MmhVm h° $& oedmZr ^r H$hVr h° AJa CZH$ gÂ]›Ym| H$m AmYma

BVZm oN>N>bm VWm H$_Oma h° Vm Eg gÂ]›Ym| H$m Qy >Q> OmZm hr

]hVa h° $&

oeoea [ÀZr H$m joUH$ mdwH$Vm _ Zhr ]oÎH$ OmZ]wPH$a

[a [wÈf g eara gÂ]›Y H$a bZm r ghZ H$a bVm h° ∑`m|oH$ CgH$

MmhVm h° oH$ Om Hw$N> h˛Am h° CgH$ obE oedmZr ‡m`oÌMV H$a $&

bVm h° Am°a oedmZr H$m A[ZmVm h° $& EH$ g_Pm°Vm dmXr [oV H$

Í$[ _| oeoea H$m oMoÃV oH$`m h° $&

(15) ZaZ :-

ZaZ "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h H$s "AmV OmV mMmda' H$hmZr

H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& ZaZ Ao^Z` ¤mam Zmar H$m N>bVm h° $&

CgH$m [naM` o_Vmbr g EH$ XmdV _| hmVm h° $& dh CgH$ gmW

ZmQ>H$s` AßXmO g ]mV H$aVm h° $& Zae A[Zr A_naH$Z [ÀZr g

od¿N>X H$a maV Am`m h° $& dh A[Zr _hŒdH$mjmE™ Am°a A[Zr

Mm`mda d•oŒm H$ ]ma _| H$hVm h° -

""bJVm h° _a rVa EH$ oOflgr ]°R>m h°, Om _wP Kw_mVm h° $&

o[N>b gmV gmb g _° H$db Ky_ ahm hˇ ™ ^Q>H$ ahm hˇ ™, Z`-Z`

ÒWmZ, Z`-Z` bmJ $& [Vm Zhr H$hmß OmH$a AßV hmJm $&

ZaZ o_Vmbr H$m A[Zr qOXJr H$ ]ma _ g] Hw$N> ]VmVm h°

VmoH$ dh o_Vmbr H$m A[Z de _ b gH$ $& boH$Z dh Cg_

hmVr h° boH$Z Xyga hr [b dh A[Z Am[ H$m gß^mb bVr h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar Z Zae O°g ´_ad•oŒmdmbm| [a Jham ‡hma oH$`m h°

`h [mÃ A[Z Ao^Z` oZ[wUVm H$ ]b [a ÒÃr H$m der^yV H$aZm

MmhVm h° [a H$m_`m] Zhr hmVm $& dh OrdZ _ H$^r gwIr Zhr hm

gH$Vm ∑`m|oH$ dh Q>ZH$ d•oVdmbm h° $& dh OmV g_` o_Vmbr g

H$hVm h° -

""Bg AmV-OmV Mm`mda H$m Z_ÒH$ma $&''96

(16) eam ]m]y :-

eam ]m]y "Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI [wÈf [mÃ h° $& CgH$m

A[Zr [oÃH$m H$ _m‹`_ g ´ÓQ>mMma H$m O∂S> g CImS>Zm MmhV h°

boH$Z Cg_| Ag\$b ahV h° $& dh A[Z og’mßVm H$ AZwgma

amOZroV ZVmAm| H$s [mb ImbZm MmhV h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ CZH$s

[oÃH$m R>fl[ hm OmVr h° $& eam]m]y Òdmo^_mZ g OrZm MmhV h° dh

Zm°H$ar H$aZ H$ obE odde hm OmV h° boH$Z AoYH$ oXZm| VH$ d

Zm°H$ar Zhr H$a [mV $& H$_D$ ]r]r CgH$s C[jm H$aVr h°, ]Q>m

gwYra ^r CZH$m A[_mZ H$aVm h°, C›h| ha Vah g bmMmar ghZr

[∂S>Vr h° $& `hm™ VH$ oH$ OmÈ H$m Jwbm_ ^r ]ZZm [∂S>Vm h° $& C›h|

]r]r H$ AmXemZwgma amQ>r gH$Zr [∂S>Vr h°, Ka H$m R>rH$-R>mH$ H$aZm

[∂S>Vm h° $& d gmMV h° AJa EH$ ]ma CZH$s [oÃH$m o\$a g O_ J`r

Vm ]r]r g Zm°H$ar Nw>∂S>dm X|J $& Bgr Amem _| dh ha em_ bmB]´ar

OmV h° $& dhm™ EH$ gmflVmohH$ _ OZVm [mQ>u H$ _ßoÃ`m| H$s VÒdra|,

CZH$s OrdoZ`m™, BQ>aÏ`yO, ‡eßgm AmoX H$m [∂T>H$a d ]war Vah

]m°Ibm OmV h° Am°a Amde _| AmH$a H$hV h° -

""bIH$, gß[mXH$, A‹`m[H$, g] H$ g] Mb Om ah h° bmBZ

bJmH$a $& O` Hw$gu _°`m $& `h Vm eam ]m]y hr Ògmbm CÎby H$m

[Q≤>R>m h° Om og’mßVm H$s Xw_ [H$∂S> g]H$m boV^md ghVm ahVm h° $&

AmEJm $&''97

`wJ H$ ^´ÓQ>mMma _| Sy>] bmJ C›h| A[Z gmW KgrQ>Zm MmhV h° $&

boH$Z eam]m]y A[Z og’mßVm [a hr S>Q>H$a ahZm MmhV h° $& Cg

amOZroVH$ ´ÓQ> ZVmAm| H$s Mmh˛H$mnaVm H$aZm [gßX Zhr h° d ´ÓQ>

Zm°H$aemhr Om O∂S> g CIm∂S>Zm MmhV h° $& ^´ÓQ> g_mO g d OwS>

Zhr [mV $& d A[Z Am[H$m g_`mZwgma ]XbZm Zhr MmhV

[naUm_Vï ]yar Vah hma OmV h° $& eam]m]y H$ IßoS>V Ï`o∑VÀd H$m

oMÃU H$aZ _ boIH$m g\$b h˛`r h° $&

(17) Ao_V :-

"Ao_V' "Zm`H$, IbZm`H$, odXyfH$' H$hmZr H$m [wÈf [mÃ

h° $& [napÒWoVde dh [ÀZr Am°a gmg H$m X]md _| AmH$a A[Zm

AmÀ_gÂ_mZ Im ]°R>Vm h° VWm H$_Oma ]Z OmVm h° $&

ZmQ>H$ _ßoMV Zhr H$a gH$Vm $& Ao_Vm h_em ZmQ>H$ obIZ VWm

CgH$s [ÀZr ]∂S> Ka H$s ]Q>r h° $& dh Zm°H$ar H$aVr h° BgobE OmZ

]yPH$a [oV H$m A[_mZ H$aVr h° $& Ao_V A[Zr [ÀZr H$m gmW

CgH$s [ÀZr Ao^ZÃr h° o\$a ^r Ao_V ZßXm Zm_H$ Ao^ZÃr H$m

A[Z Z` ZmQ>H$ _| bVm h° $& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ CgH$s [ÀZr H$ Ah_≤

H$m R> g [h˛™MVr h° dh A[Zr _m™ H$s ghm`Vm g Ao_V H$m Iar

ImQ>r gwZmZm MmhVr h° $& CgH$s gmg Í$[` XH$a CgH$m AmÀ_gÂ_mZ

IarXZm MmhVr h° VmoH$ dh CgH$s ]Q>r H$ gmW Iwe ah $& [hb

Ao_V CZ [°gm| H$m bZ g B›H$ma H$aVm h° boH$Z ]mX _| CgH$m

AmÀ_gÂ_mZ _O]yar _| V]Xrb hmVm h° $& dh A[Zr gmg H$s

IbZm`H$s haH$V g ]war Vah hma OmVm h° $&

1. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 9

2. Òdm_r _›Zy ^ßS>mar 26

(oÃeßHw$ H$hmZr gßJ´h)

5. AH$br _›Zy ^ßS>mar

(VrZ oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra)

6. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

7. Am[H$m ]›Q>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 105

8. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd

9. amZr _m H$m M]yVam _›Zy ^ßS>mar 124

(`hr gM h°)

10. em`X (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

11. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

12. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd

13. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

14. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 132

15. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

16. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` __Vm ew∑b 217

H$m _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

18. EH$ ]ma Am°a (EH$ flb°Q> g°bm]) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

19. KwQ>Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar

20. Vrgam AmX_r (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar

21. amZr _m H$m M]yVam _›Zy ^ßS>mar

(`hr gM h°)

22. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd

23. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 124

25. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar EH$ amO›– `mXd 52

36. Am[H$m ]ßQ>r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 122

39. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 18

40. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 201

41. oh›Xr C[›`mg H$s oXemE™ S>m™. dX‡H$me Ao_Vm^ 127

43. Òdm_r (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 87

46. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` _| oMoÃV S>m™. _mYdr OmYd 108

g_Ò`m`|

47. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ`H$m S>m™. __Vm ew∑bm 232

_ZmodÌbfUm_H$ A‹``Z

52. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd 251

(_° hma JB©)

59. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 24

60. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 12

61. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 16

62. j` (`hr gM h°) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 25

66. B›H$_Q>°∑g Am°a ZßX _›Zy ^ßS>mar 100

(`hr gM h°)

(EH$ flb°Q> g°bm])

72. gßª`m H$ [ma (EH$ flb°Q> g°bm]) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 88

73. ÒÃr gw]mYrZr (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 35

79. em`X (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 60

80. em`X (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 53

82. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 45

83. EH$ H$_Oma b∂S>H$s H$s H$hmZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47

87. MÌ_ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 108

91. ]ßX XamOm H$m gmW _›Zy ^ßS>mar 24

92. ]ßX XamOm H$m gmW _›Zy ^ßS>mar 27

93. EH$ ]ma Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar 56

94. EH$ ]ma Am°a _›Zy ^ßS>mar 57

96. AmV AmV `m`mda (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 12

97. Vrgam ohÒgm _›Zy ^ßS>mar 97

ïï [ßM_ A‹`m` ïï

a _›Zy ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` H$m oeÎ[[j

2. H$WmdÒVw H$m gßJR>Z

3. [mÃ [naH$Î[Zm

4. XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU

5. ^mfme°br

[ßM_ A‹`m`

B _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$m oeÎ[[j :-

M ‡ÒVmdZm :

h° $& Mmh dh H$hmZr C[›`mg, ZmQ>H$ m± H$mÏ` ∑`m| Z hm $& gmohÀ`

_| oeÎ[ hr dh _m‹`_ h°, oOgH$ ¤mam aMZmH$ma A[Z Ehgmg

H$m, A[Z mdm| H$m, Ed_≤ odMmam| H$m A[Z X` H$s gßdXZm H$m

""AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr AmbmMH$ VWm gmohÀ`H$ma oeÎ[, oeÎ[-odoY,

H$aV h° $&''1

aMZm H$m "oeÎ[' CgH$ aMZmH$ma H$ H$m°eb [a AmYmnaV h° $&

BgrobE EH$ H$ obE "oeÎ[' H´$m‚Q> h° Vm A›` H$ obE E∑g‡eZ

h° boH$Z o\$a r oh›Xr _ß "oeÎ[' e„X ‡`w∑V hmVm h° $& ""AßJ´Or

h° $&''2 gmohÀ` H$s oH$gr ^r od⁄m C[›`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$,

H$odVm H$ Xm È[ hmV h° EH$ AmßVnaH$ Í$[ nOgH$m gÂ]›Y aMZmH$ma

H$ CXÌ` g hmVm h°, oOg d A[Z [mR>H$m| H$ g_j ‡ÒVwV H$aZm

MmhVm h° $& Xygam ]m¯ Í$[ hmVm h° $& BZ XmZm| Í$[m| H$ od^mOZ g

oH$gr ^r aMZm H$ A‹``Z Ed_≤ _yÎ`mßH$Z _| AmgmZr hmVr h° $&

oH$gr r aMZm È[r og∑H$ H$ ÒdÈ[ Am°a C‘Ì` Í$[r Xm [hby h° $&

oH$gr r aMZmH$ma H$ [mg Ao^Ï`o∑V H$ obE EH$ oZoÌMV odf`

dÒVw hmVr h° $& odf` aMZm H$s ]m¯ ‡oH´$`m Am°a dÒVw CgH$s

AmßVnaH$ ‡oH´$`m hmVr h° $& odf` H$m oZoÌMV Í$[ g dÒVw _| [naUV

hmZm hr [∂S>Vm h° $& BgrobE H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| odf` H$s A[jm

YamVb g ‡mflV H$aH$ H$WmH$ma oOg _m‹`_ ¤mam ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m

‡`ÀZ H$aVm h° dh C[›`mg `m H$hmZr H$m oeÎ[ H$hbmVm h° $&

H$WmH$ma H$ gm_Z dÒVw H$ MwZmd H$ gmW-gmW CZH$ AZwÈ[ Cg

‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$ obE oeÎ[ H$ MwZmdH$s g_Ò`m ahVr h° $& hmbmßoH$

H$bm H$m H$m°eb h° $&

""S>m™. ‡_ Q>ZmJa oeÎ[ H$m EH$ gmYZ _mZV h° Am°a oeÎ[

oH$gr H$bmH$ma H$s H$bm ¤mam Ao^Ï`∑V md Edß oM›VZYmam H$m

Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ H$m gmYZ m od⁄m h° $&''3

hÒVH$mar m H$marJar g h¢ $&''4

""oeÎ[ JwU H$bmH•$oV H$ odo^›Z AßJm H$s oeÎ[JV

EH$mßVodoV $&''5

oeÎ[odoY H$m Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ H$m ‡`mg AZH$ od¤mZm| Z oH$`m

h° - S>m™. gÀ`[mb MwY H$ _VmZwgma - ""C[›`mg aMZm _ oOg

‡oH´$`m g b˙` VWm gßdXZm^yoV CgH$ VÀdm| H$WmZH$, [mÃ, gßdmX,

h°, dhr CgH$s oeÎ[odoY h° $&''7

S>m™. Am_ew∑b H$m _V h° oH$ - ""H$bm H$s aMZm _| oOZ VarH$m|

aroV`m| Am°a odoY`m| H$m C[`mJ oH$`m OmVm h° d hr Cg H$bm H$s

oeÎ[odoY H$ Zm_ g [wH$mar OmVr h° $&''8

"oeÎ[' H$s EH$ odefVm `h ^r h° oH$ dh aMZmH$ma Am°a

emÒdV oZ`_ h° $& Bg_ Hw$N> [wamZm Mbm OmVm h° Am°a CgH$ ]Xb

Z`m ‡ÒWmo[V hmVm h°, Cgr Vah g ‡À`H$ aMZmH$ma H$s EH$ aMZm

[’oV hmVr h° `h aMZm [’oV Cg aMZmH$ma H$s oZOr C[bo„Y

hmVr h° $&

g_mde oH$`m OmVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma h_ H$h gH$V h° oH$ oH$gr H$Wm

gmohÀ` C[›`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ AmoX H$s lÓR>Vm CgH$ dÒVw H$bm

gmohÀ` EH$ H$bm h° Am°a oeÎ[ Bgr H$bm H$s [naUoV h° $& H$bm

""‡oV^m H$ gmW-gmW Hw$eb oeÎ[ H$m hmZm ]h˛V OÈar h° $&

‡oV^m Cg Hw$eb H$marJa H$ g_mZ h° Om Am°Oma Z hmZ H$ H$maU

"oeÎ[m' e„X H$ gÂ]›Y _| gßojflV È[ g oddMZ H$aZ H$

]mX A] h_ _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$ oeÎ[[j [a –oÓQ>[mV

H$a|J $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| oeÎ[ Ao¤oV` h° $& boIH$m

amOZroVH$ Am°a _Zmd°kmoZH$ odMmaYmam g ‡^modV h° $& BgH$

H$Wm gmohÀ` _| H$Wm H$m gwgßJoR>V ÒdÈ[, MnaÃm| H$m _Zmd°kmoZH$

oZÈ[U, gßdmX [naH$Î[Zm dmVmdaU, mfme°br VWm C‘Ì` g]

VÀd _ZmodÌbfU H$ aßJ _| aßJm h˛Am h° $& CZH$s ^mfm odo^›Z

e„Xm H$m ‡`mJ h˛Am h° gmW _| _whmda|-bmH$mo∑V`m| H$m r WmVœ`

A[Z Am[ _| CZH$s EH$ odefVm h° $&

A] h_ _›Zy ßS>mar H$ H$Wm _| oeÎ[ H$bm H$m XI|J $&

Bg oeÎ[ [j _| g_modÓQ> hmZdmb VÀd h°ß -

(2) H$WmdÒVw H$m gßJR>Z

(3) [mÃ [naH$Î[Zm

(4) XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU

(5) ^mfm-e°br

oH$gr r gmohÀ`H$ma H$s aMZm C[›`mg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ AmoX

_hŒd h° $& OrdZ _| Ï`o∑V H$m Zm_H$aU OrdZmaß^ _ H$a oX`m

OmVm h°, BgrobE H$^r-H$^r BgH$ Zm_ Am°a Ï`o∑VÀd _| _hX›Va

g_mflV H$aZ H$ ]mX r Cg H•$oV H$m Zm_H$aU H$a gH$Vm h° $&

[a O°g "M›–JwflV', "ÒHß$›X JwflV' oX`m OmVm h° H$^r Zmo`H$m H$

ÒWb-H$mb H$ AmYma [a "[ßMdQ>r' oX`m OmVm h° $& Vm H$^r aMZm

H$ H$œ` –oÓQ>H$mU H$ AmYma [a oX`m OmVm h° O°g _›Zy ßS>mar H$m

H$r gßojflVV_ È[ hmVm h° $&

AmdÌ`H$ h° $&''10

A] h_ AmYma [a _›Zy ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` H$m XI $&

M Ò[ÓQ>Vm :

H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$, H$mÏ` AmoX H$m [∂T>Z g [mR>H$ H$m ∑`m OmZZ H$m

MmohE $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg "Òdm_r', "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' Am°a

M odf`mZwHy$bVm :

_| Om odf` MwZVm h° $& dh gm_moOH$, _Zmd°kmoZH$ m amOZroVH$

[mR>H$m| H$ gßdXZ H$ ÒVa [a Ow∂S> Zht gH$Vr $&''11 _›Zy ßS>mar H$m

amOZroVH$ dmVmdaU H$m C[›`mg h° Am°a MwZmd H$ g_` ZVmJU

A[Z g odÈ’ [napÒWoV`m| H$m A[Z AZwÈ[ ]Zm bV h° $& Am°a

o]gy H$s hÀ`m CgH$ obE EH$ "_hm^mO' h¢ $& AVï H$o›–` ^md

M bKwVm :

oH$gr Ï`o∑V H$m Zm_ oH$VmZm r bÂ]m Mm°∂S>m hm Ka _| AWdm

A[Zm-gm bJVm h° $& bKwVm _| EH$ ‡H$ma H$s o_R>mg hmVr h° $&

MmohE oH$ [mR>H$ Cg aMZm H$m [∂T>Z H$ obE ]m‹` hm Om` $& _›Zy

]mPr H$s hma, ]mhm| H$m Kam, aV H$s Xrdma, EH$ ]ma Ama, JrV H$m

MwÂ]Z $& VWm C[›`mg _| "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ', Am[H$m ]ßQ>r $& `

[∂T>Z H$m CÀgwH$ hm OmV h¢ $&

M AW©[yU©Vm :

H$hmZr _| o[Vm H$m emarnaH$ j` b∂S>H$s H$ Z°oVH$ j` H$m H$maU

]ZmVm h° $& ""ÒÃr-gw]moYZr' H$hmZr _| Kaby Zmar H$m ]mY XZdmbr

Ka VWm [nadma Ï`dÒWm H$s ]mV| Wr $& BgrobE AmYwoZH$ Zmar H$m

aIm h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| EH$ ‡m°∂T> Hw$_mnaH$m oddmohV [wÈf H$ ‡_ g

N>br OmVr h° $& dh ÒÃr A[Z AZw^d H$ ¤mam g_mO H$s AZH$mZH$

"Agm_o`H$ _•À`w' _| o[Vm H$s Ag_` _m°V ]Q> H$s H$bmÍ$[ H$

VbmH$ewXm [oV-[ÀZr H$ AbJ hm OmZ g ]¿M H$s H°$gr Xem

M ZdrZVm :

H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| Z`r-Z`r odf`dÒVw H$m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° Cgr ‡H$ma

CgH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m XI Vm [Vm MbVm h° $& O°g, "EH$ flb°Q>

g°bm]', "]ßX XamOm| H$m gmW', "AmV OmV `m`mda', "oÃeßHw$'

h° $&

(2) H$WmdÒVw H$m gßJR>Z :

EH$ H$Î[Zm, KQ>ZmAm| H$s Egr H•$oÃ_ Ï`dÒWm h° Om [mR>H$ H$s

Í$oM AßV VH$ ]Zm` aIVr h° $& H$WmZH$ _| _m°obH$Vm, Hw$VyhbVm,

Òdm^modH$Vm, _Zmd°kmoZH$Vm gßJR>Z Am°a gß]’Vm H$WmZH$ H$s

odefVm`| _mZr OmVr h° $&''14 H$WmZH$ H$m aMZmH$ma Bg ‡H$ma

_m°obH$ Í$[ g ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h° oH$ Cg_| A›V VH$ Hw$VyhbVm H$m

H$s CÀgwH$Vm gX°d OmJ´V ahVr h° $& H$Î[Zm H$m Egm g_mde hm

H$WmZH$ H$s g\$bVm H$m EH$ Am°a H$maU h° Cg_| nMoÃV KQ>ZmAm|

H$m gwJoR>V Í$[ $& H$WmZH$ H$s A›` odefVm CgH$s _m°obH$Vm

h° $& H$WmZH$ H$ ‡ÒVwoVH$aU H$ T>ßJ _| r _m°obH$Vm hmZr MmohE $&

Zhr Vm dh oZÓ‡mU ‡VrV hmVm h° $& gßgma H$s ‡À`H$ dÒVw C[›`mg,

H$hmZr H$m odf` ]Z gH$Vr h° $& ‡H•$oV H$m ‡À`H$ ahÒ`, _mZd

OrdZ H$m ha EH$ [hby O] EH$ gw`mΩ` bIH$ H$ H$b_ g oZH$bVm

h° Vm dh gmohÀ` H$m aÀZ ]Z OmVm h°, boH$Z CgH$ gmW hr

]h˛V ghm`H$ hmVr h° $& g\$b C[›`mgH$ma H$m g]g ]∂S>m bjU

`h h° oH$ dh A[Z [mR>H$m| H$ X` _| C›ht mdm| H$m OmJnaV H$a X

Om CgH$ [mÃm| _| hm $& [mR>H$ Am°a [mÃ H$ ]rM _| AmÀ_r`Vm H$m

^md CÀ[›Z hm OmE $&

KQ>Zm ‡YmZ Zhr h° Ao[Vw AZw^yoV AWdm odMma H$m hr ‡H$Q>rH$aU

AoYH$ h˛Am h° $& "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr gßJ´h _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr

`m ¤ß¤ YwßYb-g Í$[ _| _Z [a N>m`m ahVm h° $& [wZï g•OZ H$ Xm°amZ

dhr YwßYbr AmH•$oV H$hmZr H$m Í$[ b bVr h¢ $&''15 ]h˛V bmJ

H$am' dmb AßXmO _| obI S>mbV h° _wPg Egm Zhr hm [mVm $&

h°, [a O] VH$ dh OrdZ H$ gmW [yar Vah Jw ßW Zht OmVm,

H$hmZr H$ Í$[ _| Cg T>mbZm _a obE gß^d Zhr hmVm $& OrdZ H$s

Y∂S>H$Z g ar-[yar pÒWoV`mß odMma m g_Ò`mEß hr _wP obIZ H$

OrdZ _| g Hw$N> AZw^dm| H$m Ao^Ï`∑V XZ H$ obE boIH$m Z

H$Wm-H$hmZr H$m _m‹`_ MwZm h° $& H$hmZr, C[›`mg H$ obE

H$WmdÒVw AmdÌ`H$ h° ∑`m|oH$ [mÃ Edß KQ>ZmAm| H$ _m‹`_ g hr

boIH$m C‘Ì` VH$ [h˛™M [mVr h° $&

oH$gr r H•$oV _| H$WmdÒVw _| AmoX _‹` Am°a A›V BZ VrZ

pÒWoV`m| H$m g_mde hmVm h° $& AmO H$s H$hmZr _mZd-_Z H$

^md-OJV H$s gy˙_ mdZmAm| H$m CX≤KmoQ>V H$aVr h°$ & AVï CZ

^mdZmAm| H$m ‡maß^ _‹` Vm oZoÌMV hmVm h° qH$Vw AßV AoZoÌMV

hmVm h° $& H$Wm gmohÀ` _| ‡maß^ amMH$ hmZm MmohE $& _‹` _|

C]mD$[Z Zhr hmZm MmohE Am°a AßV [mR>H$ H$ _Z [a ‡^md

S>mbZdmbm hmZm MmohE $&

M Amaß^ :

KQ>Zm, oMÃmßH$Z JrV AmoX ¤mam Amaß^ hmVm h° $& Mmh oOgr ^r

H$m odde H$aZ H$s eo∫$ hmZr MmohE $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg

^r h° $& "AH$br' H$hmZr H$m Amaß^ ""gm_m]wAm ]wo∂T>`m h° $& gm_m

]wAm [naÀ`H$Vm h° $& gm_m]wAm AH$br h° $&''16 Vm _O]yar

H$hmZr H$m Amaß^ JrV ¤mam oH$`m J`m h° $& Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| H$m Amaß^

gßdmX ¤mam r h˛Am h° "ImQ> og∑H$' H$hmZr H$m Amaß^ gßdmX ¤mam

h˛Am h° -

""Or, B›h| H$hm™ aIy™ ?''

EH$ gh_r gr AmdmO [a g] Ky_ [∂S> XIm EH$ N>mQ>m b∂S>H$m

W°br hmW _| ob` `^rV gm I∂S>m h° $&

""∑`m h° Bg_| ? o_. I›Zm Z [yN>m

Or, ImQ> og∑H$ h¢ $& dhm™ _am ]m]m ImQ> og∑H$ MwZ ahm h°

CgrZ O h°$ &''17

Vm "Ao^ZVm' H$hmZr H$m Amaß^ H$bmÀ_H$ T>ßJ g h˛Am h° -

""dh ]∂S>r H$m_`m] Am°a JµO] H$s Ao^ZÃr Wr, A[Zr H$bm _|

_moha $& _Ja R>hna` ! `h Vm H$hmZr H$s ewÈAmV hr JbV hm

J`r H$hmZr H$m Zm_ aIm, "Ao^ZVm' Am °a e wÈ oH$`m

"Ao^ZÃr' g $&''18

H$hmZr H$m Amaß^ Bg ‡H$ma h° -

fl`ma Am°a A[ZÀd gm J`m Wm, gm hr Zht J`m Wm em`X _a J`m

Wm $&''19 H$hmZr H$ Amaß^ _| hr H$œ` Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Bg_| [oV-[ÀZr

H$ gß]ßYm _| VZmd hmJm hr $& "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr H$m Amaß^ Bg ‡H$ma

h° - ""Ka H$s MhmaXrdmar AmX_r H$m gwajm XVr h° $& [a gmW hr

Cg EH$ gr_m _| ]mßYVr r h° $& ]mV h h° ]ßYw, hma ]mV H$m odamY

CgH$ rVa hr ahVm h° $&''20

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$m Amaß^ boIH$m Z Bg ‡H$ma oH$`m

h° - bmdmnag bme H$m oJ’ ZmM-ZmMH$a Im OmV h° $& [a o]gga

bmdmnag Zht $& CgH$s bme g∂S>H$ H$ oH$Zma [wob`m [a [∂S>r

o_br $&''21 oH$VZm oMÃmÀ_H$ Amaß^ oH$`m h° $& Bg ‡H$ma

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$r H$hmoZ`m| VWm C[›`mgm| _| H$WmdÒVw gßJR>Z _|

M _‹` :

H$hmZr Am°a C[›`mg H$ _‹` _| H$WmdÒVw H$ _yb gyÃ H$m

odH$mg hmVm h° $& Bg odH$mg _| gßVwbZ ]Zm ahZm AmdÌ`H$ h° Zht

h° $& AVï H$WmZH$ _| _‹` R>rH$ hmZm MmohE $& "Xm H$bmH$ma'

H$hmZr _| boIH$m H$m CXÌ` Xm H$bmH$ma AÈUm Am°a oMÃ H$

_‹` _| AÈUm Am°a oMÃm H$m MmnaoÃH$ oddaU ]∂S> Òdm^modH$

Am°a A¿N> T>ßJ g h˛Am h°$ &''22 Vm "hma' H$hmZr _| Xr[m H$ hma

OmZ H$s KQ>Zm H$m oMoÃV oH$`m h° $& Am°a H$hmZr H$ _‹` _| CgH$s

hma OmZ H$s AßoV_ KQ>Zm VH$ gßVwbZ ]am]a ]Zm ahm h° $&

"H$sb Am°a H$gH$' H$hmZr _| ""amZr g eIa H$m [naM` CZH$

gß]ßYm H$m odH$mg Am°a CZ gß]ßYm H$m eIa H$ oddmh H$ H$maU

Qy>Q>Zm, g] _‹` _| AmVm h° $&''23 Am°a H$hmZr H$s H$WmdÒVw gßVwobV

Í$[ g AmJ ]∂T>Vr OmVr h° $&

"" "em`X' H$hmZr _| _‹` _| OhmO H$m_ H$aZdmbm amImb

Ka _| ohMH$mb Zhr Im ahm Wm $& Ka [nadma _| CgH$s _hŒd o\$a g

ÒWmo[V h˛Am $&''24

"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg H$ _‹` _| [mR>H$ OmZ OmVm h° oH$

""S>m™. Omer g oddmh H$aZ H$ ]mX, ]ßQ>r g Cg H$s ha MrO N>rZr

H$_am, CgH$s _O, CgH$m ]JrMm, CgH$s \y$\$s - AßV_| CgH$s

__r r Cgg oN>Z OmVr h° $&''25 [m[m Am°a __r H$ ]rM H$m VZmd

^r H$hmZr H$ _‹` _| AmH$a Qy>Q> J`m Am°a VbmH$ o_b J`m $& AVï

Bg C[›`mg H$m _‹` ]∂S>m emZXma h° $&

M AßV :

C[›`mg H$hmZr H$m AßV CgH$s H$gm°Q>r h° $& H$hmZr H$s lÓR>Vm

H$m AmYma hr H$hmZr H$m A›V _mZm OmVm h° $& AßV r AZH$ ‡H$ma

gß`wH$V AßV AmoX $& Amaß^ Am°a _‹` g g_mZ A›V r Jham ‡^md

S>mbZdmbm hmZm MmohE $& [a AßV _mZd H$m odMma Am°a gmMZ H$

ob` _O]ya H$aV h° $& _oÒVÓH$ [a N>m` ahZdmb AßV _›Zy ßS>mar

H$s Ì_emZ, j`, gOm, amZr _m™ H$m M]yVam, oÃeßHw$, Vrgam ohÒgm,

Am°a AmßVnaH$ Xm Í$[m| _| OrdZ H$ obE odde h° $& CgH$s `h

oddeVm H$hmZr H$ AßV VH$ ]Zr ahVr h° $& ha g_Ò`m H$m g_mYmZ

Zht h° BgrobE H$hmZrH$ma A[Zr H$hmZr H$ AßV _| g_Ò`m H$m

g_mYmZ Zht XV $& g_Ò`m H$m [mR>H$ A[Zr-A[Zr –oÓQ> g gwbPmZ

H$ obE ÒdVßÃ ahV h° Am°a oH$gr r [mR>H$ H$ _Z _| H$hmZrH$ma H$

‡oV eßH$m `m Ag_mYmZ Zht ahVm $& AmO H$s H$hmZr H$m AßV

[mR>H$m H$m gmMZ H$ obE odde H$aVm h° $&

"g`mZr ]wAm' H$hmZr H$m AßV Bg È[ _| oXIm`m J`m h° ""[a

dmÒVodH$Vm OmZH$a ]wAmOr r amV hr amV hßg [∂S>r $& [mßM AmZ

H$s gwamhr Vm ∂S> XZ [a Zm°H$a H$m ]war Vah [rQ>Zdmbr ]wAmOr,

[Mmg È[`dmb gQ> H$ fl`mab Qy>Q> OmZ [a r, hßg ahr Wr, oXb

Vm ""ÒÃr-gw]moYZr' H$hmZr H$m AßV C[XemÀ_H$ h° - A]

MmhVr hˇ™ R>R> XwoZ`mXmar H$s ]mV| A[Zr hOma hOma _mgw_ oH$emar

]hZm| H$ [Îb g ]mßY Xy ß oOgg d _ar Vah ^Q>H$Z g ]M

OmEß $&''27

boIH$m Z "Òdm_r' C[›`mg H$m AßV ]h˛V gw›Xa oX`m h° -

""Xm wOmAm| H$s Odr∂S> _ß Cg bJm CgH$s gmar Q>H$Z g_mflV hm

CgH$ _Z H$ AmJ _mß H$m `h dm∑` hr Jy ßOVm ahm oOgZ A[Zm

gwI XwïI A[Z JwU-Xmf Òdm_r H$ hmWm| _| gm¢[ oXE $&''28

Bg ‡H$ma _›Zy ßS>marZ A[Z C[›`mgm| _| Am°a H$hmoZ`m| _|

ododY ‡H$ma g H$WmdÒVw H$m gßJR>Z oH$`m h° $& CZH$s aMZm H$m

VWm H$hmZr H$m Amaß^, _‹` Am°a AßV _| bm`m J`m H$gmd CZH$s

H$hmoZ`m| H$m ‡^mdembr Am°a amMH$ ]Zm J`m h° $& CZ_| C]mD$[Z

H$m A^md hmZ g EH$ hr ]°R>H$ _| oH$gr H$hmZr H$m [∂T> OmZm

[mR>H$m| H$ ob` EH$ gwIX AZw^d hmVm h° $&

(3) [mÃ [naH$Î[Zm :

aMZmH$ma A[Z Amg[mg H$ OrdZ-OJV g KQ>ZmE™ Am°a [mÃm|

hm Zhr gH$Vm $& H$Wm VÀd Am°a [mÃm| _| [aÒ[a gm_ßOÒ` AmdÌ`H$

h° $& C[›`mg H$ [mÃm| Am°a _mZdr` OrdZ H$ [mÃm| _| odef AßVa

Zhr ah OmVm $&

gßJR>Z H$ ]mX V•Vr` _hŒd [mÃ oZ`mOZ H$m h° $& H$hmZr AmH$ma _

bKw hmVr h° Cg_| ¡`mXm [mÃm| H$m oZ`mOZ em^m Zhr XVm $&

C[›`mg AmH$ma _| ]∂S>m hmVm h° Cg_| [mÃm H$s gßª`m ¡`mXm hmVr

[mÃm| H$m MmnaoÃH$ odH$mg H$aV h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| gm_m›`Vï Xm ‡H$ma H$

M dJ©JV [mÃ :

I›Zm gmh], "ZH$br hra' H$s o_gO gaZ, "aV H$s Xrdma' H$m aod

AmoX $&

M Ï`o∑VJV [mÃ :

Ï`o∑VJV [mÃ H$s A[Zr oZOr odefVm hmVr h° $& ` [mÃ

gH$Vm $& O°g - "Z`r Zm°H$ar' H$s a_m, "`hr gM h°' H$s Xr[m, "]ßX

XamOm| H$ gmW' H$s _ßOar $& [mÃ Mmh| Vm A[Z Am[ g Ow∂S> h˛E

g_mO H$m AßJ ^r ]Z gH$V h° ß, ‡oVoZoYÀd ^r H$a gH$V h¢ `m

h° $& CZH$ g_ÒV MnaÃ Ï`o∑VdmXr Am°a AmÀ_H$o›–V h° $&

MnaÃm| H$s odefVmEß h° $& d°g BZH$ [mÃm| H$ [napÒWoV`m| H$ ‡oV

h° oH$ CZH$ MnaÃ Ï`o∑VdmXr h° $& h Ï`o∑VdmX dÒVwVï maVr`

^maVr` Zmar H$m hr MnaÃ h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ [mÃm| H$ Zm_m| H$s –oÓQ> g odMma oH$`m Om` Vm

AoYH$mße Zm_ [mÃ H$ JwUmZwHy$b h° $& C›hm|Z Hw$N> Zm_ Vm AoV

gwßXa J∂T> h°ß $& "o_Vmbr' ]∂S>r gwßXa Zm_ h° $& "bI' g "bIm' ]ZmH$a

EH$ Z` Zm_ H$m C›hm|Z g•OZ H$a oX`m h° $& "_wabm', "eHw$Z' AmoX

oXE h° $&

_›Zy ßS>mar H$ gmohÀ` _| [mÃ-[naH$Î[Zm _| d°od‹` –oÓQ>JmMa

hmVm h° $& CZH$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| ‡YmZ Í$[ _| Zmar Am°a [wÈf [m`

OmV h° $& CZH$ [mÃ g^r AdÒWmAm| H$ h¢ $& "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg

H$m ]ßQ>r ]mÎ`mdÒWm H$m h° Vm "gOm' H$s Amem oH$emar h° $&

boIH$mZ AoYH$mße `wdm MnaÃ hr oMoÃV oH$E h° ß $& ‡m° ∂T> Edß

d•’mdÒWm H$ [mÃ Zm_ _mÃ H$m hr Am` h¢ $& g_mO H$ g^r dJm H$

AoeojV [mÃ ^r Am[H$m o_b|J $& A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| C›hm|Z

[maß[naH$ Am°a AmYwoZH$ [mÃm| H$s o_br-Owbr [naH$Î[Zm H$s h° $&

Hw$N> [mÃm| _| _Zm¤ß¤ r A¿N>m C^mam h° $& BgrobE CZH$s gOrdVm

[mR>H$m| H$m odef Í$[ g ‡^modV H$aVr h¢ $&

(4) XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU :

ghZ, aroV-nadmO AmoX AmV h° $& ∑`m|oH$ _mZd H$m g_mO g

gmohÀ`H$ma H$m A[Z [mÃm| H$s [napÒWoV-odef H$m gy˙_-oMÃU

hmVm h° Vm _ZwÓ` H$ Amg[mg H$s pÒWoV`m| H$m oMÃU hmVm ahm h°

Vm dhr Xe-H$mb H$m oMÃU H$h OmVm h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU H$m

CÎbI Ò[ÓQ> o_bVm h° $& dmVmdaU H$ o]Zm [mR>H$m| H$ gÂ_wI

XeH$mb Am°a dmVmdaU H$m À`mJH$a H$hmZr H$s aMZm H$aZ g

[mR>H$m| [a ¡`mXm oXZ Aga Zht ahVm $&

M H$mb]mY :

h°, Vm Hw$N> _| ÒdmYrZVm H$ ]mX H$m $& "hma' H$hmZr _| gZ≤ 1945

H$s AmOmX qhX gZm H$m CÎbI o_bVm h° $& "Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr

OZVm [mQ>u H$ emgZH$mb H$s H$hmZr h° $& "_hm^mO' C[›`mg

lr_Vr _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| H$mb H$m CÎbI Ò[ÓQ>

Í$[ g oH$`m h° $& "hma' H$hmZr H$m CXmhaU ‡ÒVwV h° - "]mV `h

gZ≤ 45 H$ Ao›V_ oXZmß H$s h° $& AmOmX qhX \$mO H$ H$naÌ_ [∂T>

[∂T>H$a gmar OZVm ]mdbr hm ahr Wr $& h∂S>Vmb, Owbyg,

Egm ¡dma Am`m Wm oH$ o]Zm _Vb] hr „bS> g AßJyR> H$mQ>-H$mQ>H$a

EH$ Xyga H$ m ZVmOr H$s VÒdra [a IyZ H$m oVbH$ H$aV o\$aV W

Am°a _hgyg H$aV W oH$ A[Z Bg hm°gb H$ H$m_ g AmOmXr H$s

H$aZdmb bmJm| H$s ‡d•oŒm H$m oMÃU H$_ g H$_ e„Xm| _| A[Zr

H$hmoZ`m| _| oH$`m h° $& CZH$s Hw$N> H$hmoZ`mß g_`-H$mb H$s —oÓQ>

g Hw$N> KßQ>m g bH$a AZH$ dfm VH$ H$s AdoY H$m g_Q>Vr h¢ $&

"ImQ> og∑H$', "EH$ flbQ> g°bm]' H$hmoZ`m| H$m g_` boIH$m ¤mam

hmQ>b H$ hmb _| o]Vm`m h˛Am Wm∂S> g g_` H$m h° $& "Vrgam AmX_r'

Vah Hw$N> H$hmoZ`m| _| AÎ[H$mb H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$m hr H$hmZr H$m

odf` ]Zm`m J`m h° Am°a dh g_` Am°a Cgg Ow∂S>r KQ>ZmEß hr

H$hmZr H$ Vœ` g A[Zm naÌVm ÒWmo[V H$a [mVr h° $& em`X `hr

gmMH$a boIH$m Z H$mb H$m AZmdÌ`H$ odÒVma H$hmZr _| hmZ

Zht oX`m $&

gM h°' H$hmZr S>m`ar e°br _| hmZ H$ H$maU ÒWmZ Am°a oVoW`mß

OmZ dmbr H$hmZr H$m H$bm]mY; Bg ‡H$ma VrZ ÒVa MbV h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Or H$ H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| H$mb]mY Ò[ÓQ> h° $&

H$mbmZwgma MnaÃm| H$s [naH$Î[Zm Ò[ÓQ> —oÓQ>JmMa hmVr h° $& "hma'

H$s Zmo`H$m Xr[m Owbyg oZH$mbVr h°, ^mfU XVr h° $& Bg ‡H$ma

H$mZmZwÈ[ AmMaU H$aVr h° $& "_hm^mO' C[›`mg ´ÓQ> amOZroV

gßdXZm Ow∂S>Vr h° $& BgrobE H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| H$mb]mY Ò[ÓQ> h° $&

_Ywae Or Z "bha' [oÃH$m _| _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$ g_`

A]moYV Iwbm[Z _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m CZH$s g_H$mbrZ

H$Wm-boIH$mAm| g AbJ H$aVm h° $& g_mO _ß VOr g C^aV Am°a

gßH$V CZH$s ]h˛V-gr H$hmoZ`m| _| C^a h¢ $&'29

M ÒWmZ-]mY :

ÒWmZ-]mY H$m [Vm _›Zy ßS>mar H$s AoYH$mße H$hmoZ`m| H$m

[∂T>Z g Mb OmVm h° $& CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| AoYH$Va oXÎbr,

H$bH$Vm, O`[wa, AO_a, ^mZw[wam, H$mZ[wa, Bbmhm]mX AmoX

ÒWmZm| H$m CÎbI o_bVm h° $& amOÒWmZ Edß H$bH$Vm _| oejm [mZ

g VWm oZdmg oXÎbr _| hmZ g BZH$m CÎbI _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s

H$hmoZ`m| _| AoYH$ ÒWmZm| [a Am`m h° $& "[ß. JOmYma emÒÃr'

Zm_H$ H$hmZr _|, O°g - "J_u H$s Nw>o≈>`mß g_w–-oH$Zma o]VmZ H$

BamX g _¢ [war Mbm J`m Wm $& "ImQ> og∑H$' H$hmZr _| - "[a [agm|

O] C›h| gyMZm o_br oH$ bIZD$ g oH$gr H$m∞bO H$s N>mÃmAm| H$m

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg _| Vm Ò[ÓQ> "gamhm Am°a oXÎbr H$m CÎbI

h° $& "O] g CgZ AmJOZr H$s KQ>Zm H$ ‡_mU OwQ>m` h¢, dh

[mJbm| H$s Vah [rN> [∂S>m h˛Am Wm $& oXÎbr MbZ H$ obE $&' BZ

‡H$ma AoYH$mße H$hmoZ`m| _| ÒWmZ H$m CÎbI Ò[ÓQ> h° $&

M dmVmdaU-]mY :

]mY H$amVm h° Z oH$ oH$gr EH$ AßJ H$m $& dmVmdaU H$hmZr H$m

[naUm_ h° Z oH$ H$maU $& AVï H$hmZr H$ ododY VŒdm| H$s gmd`dVm

Am°a dmVmdaU [aÒ[a ‡oVoH´$`mÀ_H$ hmV h¢ $& Eg —Ì` [mR>H$m| H$s

gßdXZerbVm H$m ‡naV H$aZ _| g\$b gmo]V hmV h¢ $& _›Zy ßS>mar

H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| odf`dÒVw AWdm [mÃm| H$ _ZmÏ`m[ma H$ AZwHy$b

hr dmVmdaU oMoÃV oH$`m J`m h° $& dmVmdaU H$ H$maU H$œ` AoYH$

‡^mdembr Í$[ g [mR>H$m| H$ _Z _| q]o]V hmVm h° $& EH$ OJh ]g

AbJ [mÃm| H$ oH´$`mH$bm[ H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° $& "S≠>mBda A[Zr

grQ> [a AmH$a ]°R> J`m h° $& gm_mZ Vm R>rH$ g O_mH$a Hw$br ZrM

CVa J`m h° Am°a I∂S>m-I∂S>m ]r∂S>r \yß$H$ ahm h° $& AoYH$Va mÃr

AXm H$a ah h¢ $&'

"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' H$s Zmo`H$m eHw$Z H$s _ZïpÒWoV H$m oMÃU

"amO g]a [rN> H$ AmßJZ g KwgH$a Yy[ gma Ka H$m M_H$mVr

X_H$mVr Xm[ha H$m bmZ _| \°$b-[gaH$a ]°R> OmVr Am°a em_ H$m

OmVr $& EH$ Xyga H$m R> bV h˛E _m°g_ ^r AmV hr ah $& o\$a ^r

eHw$Z H$m bJVm Wm oH$ g_` O°g R>ha H$a O_ J`m h° Am°a O_ h˛E

g_` H$s h M≈>mZ H$ht g Z o[KbVr Wr, Z Qy>Q>Vr Wr $& ]g Qy>Q>Vr

ahr h° Vm eHw$Z - Yra-Yra, oVb-oVb $&'30

(5) ^mfm-e°br :

^mfm Ao^Ï`o∑V H$m ge∑V _m‹`_ h° $& oH$gr r aMZmH$ma

H$s eo∑V CgH$s mfm Am°a e°br hmVr h°, oOgg dh A[Zr odoeÓQ>

Am°a AbJ [hMmZ ]ZmVm h° Am°a [mR>H$m| [a A[Z Ï`o∑VÀd H$m

‡^md N>m ∂S>Vm h° $& ‡À`H$ Ï`o∑V H$s A[Zr e°br hmVr h°, Bg

‡H$ma gmohÀ`H$ma H$s r A[Zr e°br hmVr h° $& oOgg dh A[Z

g_H$mbrZm| g AbJ [hMmZm OmVm h° $& ‡À`H$ aMZm _| bIH$ H$

Ï`o∑VÀd H$s Ao_Q> N>m[ hmVr h° $& Bg AmYma [a h_ _›Zy ßS>mar

H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` H$s mfm-e°br [a odMma H$a|J $&

AmO H$m H$WmH$ma AZw^d H$m YZr h°, ∑`m|oH$ AmdaU _w∑V

[na[mQ>r H$m Vm∂S>m Zht Om gH$Vm $& BgrobE oeÎ[ g gß]ßoYV Om

]mV h_| CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| o_br C›h| ‡ÒVwV H$aZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m

J`m h° $&

""__r H$s H$hmoZ`mß [∂T>V g_` Egm bJVm h° oH$ _mZm __r A[Z

H$aVr h°, Cgr mfm _| dh [AZr H$hmoZ`mß obIVr h° $&''

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| Am°a C[›`mg H$ [mÃ O°g gOrd h¢

d°g hr CZH$s mfm r OrdßV h° $& boIH$m H$ [mg A[Z AZw^d

Edß AZw^yoV H$m gß‡ofV H$aZ H$ obE OrdßV Am°a ghO mfm h° $&

H$s Jhar, OoQ>b, AmßVnaH$ gßdXZm Am°a ¤ß¤mÀ_H$ AZw^dm| H$m

gß‡ofV H$aZ H$ obE oOg ‡H$ma H$s mfm H$s OÈaV hmVr h° dh

CZH$ [mg h° $& ∑`m|oH$ oH$Vm]r mfm Z obIH$a d Cg _mhm°b H$s

^mfm obIVr h¢ oOg_| CZH$ [mÃ gmßg bV h¢ $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar qhXr ^mfm H$ ‡oV ‡`ÀZerb Zht h° ß $& ^mfm

emÒÃr` –oÓQ> g ew’ oh›Xr mfm H$m A[Zr aMZmAm| _| ‡`mJH$a

h°, Ao[Vw C›hm|Z OZ-gm_m›` H$s Ï`Wm-H$Wm OZ-gm_m›` VH$

[h˛ßMmZ H$ obE OZ-gm_m›` H$s ]mbMmb H$s ^mfm H$m ‡`mJ

oH$`m h° $& BgrobE CZH$s mfm H$m h_ Xm Í$[m _| XIV h° $&

1. e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ $&

2. ^mfm H$m ‡`mJ $&

M e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar AO_a _| ahr h°, dhmß g _mhm°b _| Kwbr-o_br

h¢ $& Cg ‡Xe odef H$ e„X ÒdVï hr _›Zy ßS>mar H$s H$hmoZ`m| _|

‡Mwa _mÃm _| [m` OmV h° $& Aa]r-\$magr e„Xm| H$m ghO ÒdrH$ma

BZH$s mfm _| h° $& ‡maß^ H$ Xm H$hmZr-gßJ´hm H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| h

‡^md AoYH$ h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$ ÒWmZm›VaU H$ gmW CZH$s mfm

H$bH$Vm g oXÎbr [h˛ßMr h° $& CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m XeH$mb

dmVmdaU Am°a ^mfm H$m ^r ‡`mg Cgr AZwfßJ g h˛Am, `h ^r

Òd`_d Ò[ÓQ> h° $&

[mÃmZwHy$b e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ h˛Am h° $& Xer-odXer VWm Z` T>ßJ g

‡`w∑V A‡MobV e„Xm H$ ‡`mJ r o_bV h¢ $& VÀg_ Am°a VX≤^d

e„X, Aa]r-\$magr H$ e„X, AßJ´Or H$ Ï`dhma _| ‡`w∑V hmZdmb

""Hw$ebj_, oÃeßHw$, AßJ-‡À`ßJ, –, jUmße $&

„`mh, b„]m-bw]m], O‘mOhX, eD$a, _wµJmbVm $&

M A›` maVr` mfmAm| H$ e„X :

m ]ßJbm :

H$bH$Vm oZdmg _| ]ßJbm mfm H$m _›Zy ßS>mar Z Wm∂S>m ]h˛V

OmZm Wm qH$Vw CZH$m [nade qhXr ^mfm hr ahZ H$ H$maU CZH$s

]ßJmbr [nade H$ ‡^md g _›Zy ^ßS>mar ANy>Vr Zht ahr $& CZH$s

EH$ H$hmZr H$m Zm_ hr ]ßJbm JrV H$ ‡maß^ H$ Hw$N> e„Xm| g hmVm

h° $& "EImZ AmH$me ZmßB', Bg H$hmZr _| Cg ]ßJbm JrV H$s [ßo∑V`mß

Hw$N> Bg Vah aI Xr h¢ oH$ H$hmZr H$ ^md Cgg Ow∂S> OmV h° $&

"emZm ]ßYw emZm ‡mUhrZ E ehaa BoVH$Wm$&'32

m odXer mfm H$ e„X :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m [nadma gwoeojV ahm h° $& o[Vm, [oV VWm

]hZ H$ Ka AßJ´Or r [naoMV ]mbr h° $& AmO r maVr` oejm

Ï`dÒWm _| AßJ´ Or H$m ÒWmZ ]Zm ahZ g ^maVr` OZVm [a dh

N>m`r ahr h° $& _›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm _| AßJ´Or H$ e„X ghO Í$[ _|

Am` h°ß $& H$ht-H$ht am_Z obo[ _| r oXIm`r XV h¢ $& d°g XdZmJar

o_b|J $& O°g - o_a|oS>`›g, Q≤>`yZ, AmQ>uo\$oe`b, BZ\$sna`mnaQ>r,

H$g Am\$ gwgmBS>' & "AmZ gZ≤S> AmB E_ h°fl[r' $&

"Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr _| ‡`w∑V EH$ _∑Ir_ma AZwdmX ^r _›Zy

T>ßJ g ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° ï "EH$ flbQ> g°bm]' $&

m gß`w∑V e„X :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr ^mfm _| AZH$ e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m

e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ r ]∂S>r ghOVm g H$a oX`m h° $& ‡MobV gß`w∑V

e„X h_| Om CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| _| o_b, d h¢ - _m_m-dm_m,

[mQ>u-dmQ>u, Xw∑IZ-gw∑I_, XßS>-\ß$S> $& "N>V ]ZmZ dmb' H$hmZr

_| ]∂S>r ghOVm g _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z "jUmßH$' e„X H$m ‡`mJ

oH$`m h° $&' "jUmßH$' H$ obE YZr m¢hm| H$ ZrM AmßIm| H$ H$Q>ma

Hw$N> Am°a ogHw$∂S>, bbmQ> H$s VrZ gbdQ>| Hw$N> Am°a AoYH$ C^a

Am`t $&''

m bmH$JrV :

^r h° oOZH$ e„Xm| [a odMma oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° $& O°g - "_O]yar'

H$hmZr H$s [ßo∑V`mß -

"AmAm ar oMo∂S>`m MwZ H$am

]Qy> D$[a amB-Zy_ H$am

ZyZ H$am - ZyZ H$am $&'33

m ]mbMmb H$ e„X ‡`mJ :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr H$hmoZ`m| _| XeH$mb H$ AZwgma

]mbMmb H$ e„Xm| H$m ‡`mJ ]h˛bVm g oH$`m h° $& Hw$N> CXmhaU

‡ÒVwV h¢ -

""A\$gam| g P∂S>m|, M[amog`m| H$m Pm∂S>m $&

Nw>ar H|$Mr H$m Eb. [r. Mbm $&

]∂S> ]m[ H$s ]Q>r A\$ga gßJ bQ>r $&

AZIm` oXZ AZgm`r amV| $$&''34

m H$hmdV| Am°a _whmda :

‡_MßX H$ wJ _| AÀ`oYH$ ‡MobV H$hmdVm| Am°a _whmdam| H$m

‡`mJ BYa Hw$N> H$_ hr oXIm`r XVm h° $& boH$Z _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$m

‹`mZ AmYwoZH$ Vœ` H$s H$hmoZ`mß obIZ [a r CZH$s Ama J`m

h° $& Hw$N> ‡`mJ –ÓQ>Ï` h¢ ï

""gm° gwZma H$s EH$ bwhma H$s $&

Myß-Myß H$m _wa„]m $&

A` hm` $& Jmd H$s N>mar Am°a [ya] H$s Mmb $&

M ^mfm H$ gmohpÀ`H$ JwU :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm _| gmohoÀ`H$ JwUm| H$s H$_r Zht h° O°g -

m ‡dmhmÀH$_Vm :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm H$m ‡dmh ZXr H$s Cg Ymam H$ g_mZ h°

Om A[Z _ßVÏ` VH$ ÈH$Zm OmZVr hr Zht $& C’aU –ÓQ>Ï` h° -

""aOZrJßYm H$s _hH$ Yra-Yra _a VZ-_Z [a N>m OmVr h° $& V^r

o_œ`m Wm, ^´_ Wm - Am°a h_ XmZm| EH$ Xyga H$ AmqbJZ _| ]ßY

ahV h¢ - MwoÂ]V, ‡oVMwoÂ]V $&''36

m oMÃmÀ_H$Vm :

_›Zy ßS>mar H$s VyobH$m O] MbVr h° V] [mÃm| H$ Mha [mR>H$m|

H$ gÂ_wI C^aV MbV h° $& EH$ CXmhaU Bg ‡H$ma h° - ""Am°a Cg

jU O] _ar ÒV„Y Am°a bwflV MVZm bm°Q>r Vm _ar AmßI ^a

Am`t $& _¢Z XIm, _a gm_Z Xg hOma H$m M°H$ [∂S>m Wm Am°a hmW

_| [mßM H$m ZmQ> - Amßgy^ar AmßIm| H$ [ma _wP bJm O°g XmZm| H$

Í$[ AÒ[ÓQ> g AÒ[ÓQ>Va hmV Mb Om ah h¢ $&''

m ZmQ>H$s`Vm :

ZmQ>H$s`Vm H$ o]Zm H$hmZr oZIma Zht AmVm $& _›Zy ßS>mar

H$s H$hmoZ`m| _| ZmQ>H$s`Vm H$s PbH$ XIr Om gH$Vr h° $- ""Vm

`hmß ]°R>H$a ..... hr g] H$aZ H$ obE AmVm h° dh hmß ..... $&'

o]Œm a H$s b∂S>H$s Am°a H$aV] XIm BZH$ $& oOVZr Ny>Q> Xm CVZ

hr [°a [gaV Om ah h¢ BZH$ $& EH$ Pm[∂S> XyßJr Vm gmam am_mßg P∂S>

Om`Jm Xm o_ZQ> _| ..... $&''37

m [mÃmZwHy$bVm :

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Egr H$hmZr-boIH$m h° Om A[Zr [mÃmZwHy$b

^mfm H$m J∂T>Vr h° $& "oÃeßHw$' H$hmZr _| o^›Z-o^›Z C_´ H$ [mÃm|

H$s mfm OmZH$a hr C_´ OmZr OmVr h° $& [mÃ AJa [∂T>m-obIm hm

XIV h° $& gamhm Jmßd H$ J´m_rU OZ "_hm^mO' _| mO[war e„Xm|

¤mam A[Zr Ï`Wm-H$Wm H$m ‡H$Q> H$aV h° $&

m ododY e°ob`m| H$m ‡`mJ :

‡À`H$ aMZmH$ma A[Z mdm| Am°a odMmam| H$m odef [X≤YoV

g Ao^Ï`∑V H$aZ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm h°, Cg hr e°br H$hm OmVm h° $&

‡ÒVwoVH$aU H$m T>ßJ hr e°br h° $& S>m∞. ZraOm H$m H$WZ h°, ""e°br

Vm ‡ÒVwoV H$m T>ßJ h° Am°a oeÎ[ [yar aMZm H$s gmH$maVm H$m VßÃmÀ_H$

AmYma $& oeÎ[ H$s aMZm oOg ‡oH´$`m odef _| g C^aVr h° dh h°

gmohÀ`H$ma g r hmVm h° $& ∑`m|oH$ gmohÀ`, gmohÀ`H$ma H$ AZw^yV

`wJ-OrdZ H$m ‡oVq]] hmVm h° $& AVEH$ aMZmH$ma H$ gßÒH$ma,

_›Zy ßS>mar H$r gmohoÀ`H$ ‡oV^m H$hmZr, C[›`mg Am°a ZmQ>H$ H$

CVaH$_ C›h| odMma-_ßWZ H$ obE ‡d•Œm H$a| $& AVEd CZH$ gmohÀ`

_| e°ob`m| H$m d°od‹` h° $& EH$ H•$oV _| d Mma-[m±M e°ob`m| H$m

oeÎ[ H$s H$marJar oXIbmZ H$ obE Zht Ao[Vw A[Zr aMZm H$

Ame` H$m g_PZ _| [mR>H$m| H$m oH$gr ‡H$ma H$s AgwodYm Z hm,

h° $& AmO `h e°br H$db _mZd H$ ]m¯-OrdZ H$ oMÃU _| hr

_›Zy ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZmAm| _| oX≤d_wIr odf`-dÒVw H$m ‡oV[mXZ

g_Ò`mAm| H$m CX≤KmQ>Z H$aVr h° Vm Xygar Ama odH•$V VWm odgßJV

boIH$m Z A[Z H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| Bg e°br H$m Ã-VÃ ‡`mJ oH$`m

h° $& CZH$s ‡maßo^H$ aMZmAm| _| g_Ò`m-AßH$Z H$ obE r BgH$m

‡`mJ H$_-AoYH$ _mÃm _| h˛Am h° $& "_hm^mO' C[›`mg _|

g_Ò`m H$ CX≤KmQ>Z _| h e°br H$m\$s g\$b hm MwH$s h° $&

""o]gy H$ _maZ H$m VarH$m Mmh Z g_P _| Am ahm hm, [a

_aZdmb H$m Zm_ em`X g]H$ _Z _| ]h˛V gm\$ Wm $& Zm_ ^r,

Zht bm`m $& o]gy H$m ]m[ r Zht $&''39

"Ao^ZVm' H$hmZr Z ‡m° ∂T>m-Hw$_mnaH$m H$s AH$b[Z H$s

Am°a emhaV H$s _rZma, Om ^r gwI bm gH$Vr Wr, d aßOZm H$

Am±JZ _| ]mah_mgr H$ \y$bm| H$s Vah oIb ahV W $& _Ja o\$a r

aßOZm Iwe Z Wr $& Hw$N> Wm, Om Cg rVa-hr-^rVa ImE S>mbVm $&

oOgg dh gM_wM ‡_ H$a gH$Vr $&''40

boIH$m H$s H$bm ‡eßgZr` h° $&

2. AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br :

dh IwX oZdXH$ hmVm h° Vm H$^r H$hmZr H$m ‡_wI AWdm ghm`H$

[mÃ ^r bIH$ H$m ÒWmZ J´hU H$a bVm h° $& Bg e°br _| J´ ßoWV

AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br AoYH$ l_-gm‹` h° Am°a H$bmÀ_H$Vm H$s

A[jm aIVr h° $&'' _›Zy ßS>mar H$s AZH$ aMZm-H•$oV`m| _| BgH$m

g\$b ‡`mJ h˛Am h° $& Bg_| [mÃ oOZ AmßVnaH$ Am°a ]m¯ g_Ò`mAm|

g JwOaV h¢, C›h| d IwX hr CX≤KmoQ>V H$aV h¢ $& "ÒÃr-gw]moYZr'

]mV H$s gß^mdZm oH$ H$ht _am R>m°a-oR>H$mZm bJm X|J $& _am oR>H$mZm

d bJmV ^r ∑`m, CZH$s qOXoJ`m± oR>H$mZ bJr ah|, Am°a Ka H$s

_| Vb S>mbH$a OZm [∂S>Vm Wm $&

"AmV-OmV m`mda', "ÒÃr-gw]moYZr' AmoX H$hmoZ`m™ odewX≤Y

Í$[ g AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _| gßaoMV h° $& BZ H$hmoZ`m| H$

AoVna∑V A›`Ã r ]rM-]rM _| Bg e°br H$ ‡`mJ ¤mam [mÃ Òd`ß

A[Zr CbPZ| Ï`∑V H$aVm h¢ $& "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' Am°a "EH$ BßM

_wÒH$mZ' C[›`mgm| _| Bg e°br H$m ]Iy]r g ‡`mJ h˛Am h° $& "EH$

BßM _wÒH$mZ' H$s A_bm IwX A[Z OrdZ H$s ^Q>H$Z H$m Ï`∑V

H$aVr h° Om CgH$ OrdZ H$s emH$mßoVH$m H$s O∂S> h¢, ""AmO VH$

_¢Z A[Z OrdZ [a odMma Am°a CgH$m odÌbfU H$aZ H$ AoVna∑V

oH$`m hr ∑`m h° ? ` odMma hr _wP ^Q>H$mV ah h¢, OrdZ-[`±V

]ßYZm| H$m Zht _mZVr, _mZJr r Zht $&''41

AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ e°br _| oH$`m J`m g_Ò`mAm| H$m AßH$Z

AÀ`oYH$ ‡^mdr VWm odÌdgZr` ]ZH$a [mR>H$m| [a grYm AmKmV

H$aVm h° $&

3. S>m`ar VWm [Ã-e°br :

S>m`ar VWm [Ã-e°br _Z H$ Jw¯V_ mdm| H$m Ï`∑V H$aZ H$m

ge∑V C[H$aU h° $& boIH$m Z S>m`ar e°br H$m ‡`mJ "VrZ oZJmhm|

H$m_ H$s g_Ò`m g S>mar H$ [fi H$ [fi aßJ JE h¢ $& Bg_| ÒdflZ

e°br Z `mJ XH$a g_Ò`m H$m ge∑V Í$[ _| CX≤KmQ>Z oH$`m h° $&

Bg_| [mÃ AÀ`oYH$ Jm[Zr` ]mV|, Om H$db A[Z Am[g ]Vm

gH$Vm h°, CgH$m CX≤KmQ>Z hmVm h° $& AVEd `h e°br [mÃm| H$s

hmVr h° $& Bgr ‡H$ma "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' C[›`mg _| r S>m`ar e°br

H$ _m‹`_ g A_bm H$ _mZogH$ A›V¤™›¤ H$m oMÃdV≤ AßH$Z hm

[m`m h° $& _ßX _ßX _wÒH$mZ H$m H$dM Am∂T>H$a Am°a A[Zr Mmam| Ama

PyR> Ahß Am°a o_œ`mo^_mZ H$s Xrdma| H$aVr h° $& gma ]ßYZm| Am°a

S>m`ar H$m h EH$ dm∑` AÀ`oYH$ odÌdgoZ`Vm H$ gmW [mR>H$m|

H$ gÂ_wI CgH$s Ï`Wm H$m aI XVm h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Z gmohÀ` _| ]rM-]rM _| [Ã e°br H$m

‡`mJ H$aH$ [mÃm| H$s _ZïnwÒWoV`m| Edß OnQ>b CbPZm| H$m Ï`∑V

H$aVm h° $& Bg e°br H$ ¤mam bIH$ H$œ` H$m odÒVma g ]MmVm h°

H$s H$hmZr' _| [Ã e°br ¤mam hr Zmo`H$m H$m AH$bm[Z, CgH$

obE H$hmZr H$ oH$VZ hr [fi a OmZ H$s gß^mdZm ahVr h°, boIH$m

jUm| _| ‡À`j Ao^Ï`o∑V O] _woÌH$b-gr hmVr h° V] [Ã

gßõfU hr ge∑V _m‹`_ hmVm h° $& "Ao^ZVm' H$hmZr _| H$db

EH$ [Ã H$s gßaMZm H$aH$ boIH$m Z oXbr[ H$m [yam AVrV aßMZm

H$ gÂ_wI C[pÒWV H$a oX`m h°, Om aßOZm H$ VZ-_Z H$m Vm∂S> XVm

h° $& aßOZm IwX H$hmZr H$ AßV _| oXbr[ H$m [Ã obIVr h°, ""_¢ Vm

H$db aßJ_ßM [a hr Ao^Z` H$aVr hˇ±, [a VwÂhmam Vm gmam OrdZ hr

Ao^Z` h° $& ]∂S> D±$M H$bmH$ma Am°a gY h˛E Ao^ZVm hm Vw_ _a

XmÒV !''43 [Ã H$ MßX dm∑` aßOZm H$ Qy>Q> oXb H$s XmÒVmZ Ï`∑V

H$aZ _| gj_ h¢ $& "AZMmhr JhamB`m±' VWm "g`mZr ]wAm' H$hmZr

XVm h° $&

A‹`m` [Ã-e°br _| h¢ $& Bg_| N>ï [Ãm| _| [ya A‹`m` H$m Jy±WH$a

boIH$m Z [oV-[ÀZr H$ ]rM X AmÀ_r`-gÂ]›Y ZÓQ> hm OmZ H$s

g_Ò`m H$s CgH$ [Ãm|-aem| gohV CX≤KmoQ>V oH$`m h° $& hr A‹`m`

C[›`mg H$m _ÈXßS> ]ZH$a [mR>H$m| H$m H$œ` H$s _yb gßdXZm VWm

g_Ò`m H$ gßg∑V H$amVm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma boIH$m Z A[Z H$Wm

gmohÀ` _| [Ã-e°br H$m ‡`mJ g_Ò`m H$ oZamdaU H$ obE

oH$`m h° $&

4. _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ e°br :

hm J`m h° $& ∑`m|oH$ AmO bmH$-OrdZ _| oOVZr CbPZ| ]mha h¢,

AßXa g Zm|M-Zm|MH$a bhˇbwhmZ H$a ahr h¢ $& BZ AmßVnaH$ gßdJm|

gßdXZmAm|, ¤ß¤m|-JwoÀW`m| H$m gwbPmZ H$ obE Bg e°br H$m

""CgH$ _m‹`_ g _mZd-MnaÃ H$s ododY [napÒWoV`m| _|

gßdXZm H$ ghma _mZd H$s _ZïpÒWoV`m| H$ oMÃU _| AX≤ yV g\$bVm

‡mflV H$s h° $& Bg e°br H$ ¤mam [mÃm| H$s _mZogH$ CbPZm|, JwoÀW`m|

A›V¤™¤ H$m BVZr gßdXeZerbVm g CR>m`m h° oH$ [mR>H$ AZm`mg

hr [mÃm| H$s gßdXZm g Ow∂S>H$a Cgr ‡H$ma H$s gßdXZmÀ_H$ C–H$

h°, ""`oX h H$hm OmE oH$ _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ e°br _›Zy ßS>mar

H$s aMZmAm| H$m ‡mUVÀd h°$& Vm em`X JbV Z hmJm $&'' boIH$m

Z Bg e°br H$ ¤mam Xo_V, Hwß$oR>V, IßoS>V VWm CX≤dobV [mÃm| H$s

XwIVr aJ [a ]am]a hmW aI oX`m h° $& Bg —oÓQ> g CZH$m "Am[H$m

]ßQ>r', "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' C[›`mg VWm "H$sb Am°a H$gH$', "VrZ

oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra', "KwQ>Z', "Vrgam AmX_r', "EH$ ]ma Am°a',

"]m±hm| H$m Kam', "AmV OmV `m`mda' O°gr H$oV[` H$hmoZ`m™

[a M∂T>r [Vm~ H$m AÀ`oYH$ ZOmH$V g AbJm`m h° Am°a CZH$s

g_Ò`m H$m AZmd•V H$a oX`m h° $& hm± Hw$N> CXmhUa –ÓQ>Ï` h¢ -

"Vrgam AmX_r' H$hmZr _| _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ e°br ¤mam A[Zr

[m°ÈfhrZVm H$s J´ßoW g gßÃÒV gVre H$ _mZogH$ ¤ß¤ Edß gße` H$m

qOXm [H$∂S> ob`m h°, ""gmbm emhXm H$ht H$m, H$hmZr bZ Am`m

h° $! eHw$Z Z Cg OÍ$a ]Vm oX`m hmJm $& eHw$Z, oH$g O›_ H$m ]°a

Vw_Z _wPg oZH$mbm h° $! Cg AmX_r H$ gm_Z _wP ZßJm oH$`m,

oOgH$ gm_Z _wP dÒÃm| H$s g]g ¡`mXm AmdÌ`H$Vm Wr !'

"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg _| eHw$Z H$s _mZogH$ CbPZm| H$m

AbJmd H$s g_Ò`m H$m ‡À`jrH$aU oH$`m h°, ""Ahß Am°a JwÒg g

Ama gaH$m XZ, C_∂T>V Am±gwAm| H$m rVa-hr-^rVa amH$H$a gyIr

Am±Im| g _mQ>a _| ]°R>H$a o]Xm hm OmZ H$s Ï`Wm ]ßQ>r g H$ht ¡`mXm

gH$Vm.. AmO r Zht, AmJ r Zht $&''44 Bg ‡H$ma boIH$m H$s

pÒWoV, "gOm' H$hmZr _| Amem H$m _ZmodÌbfU, "H$sb Am°a

H$gH$' VWm "]m±hm| H$m Kam' H$hmZr H$s Zmo`H$mAm| H$s AV•flV H$m_

Hwß$R>m, "KwQ>Z' H$hmZr H$s ‡oV_m H$s KwQ>Z, "j`' H$hmZr H$s Hwß$Vr

H$s AmßVnaH$ V∂S>[Z, "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' H$s A_bm H$m _ßX-_ßX

g^r H$m boIH$m Z _ZmodÌbfUmÀ_H$ T>ßJ g odÌbfU H$aH$ CZH$s

g_Ò`mAm| H$m WmdV≤ C[nÒWV oH$`m h° $& boIH$m Z [wÈf-[mÃm|

H$m _ZmodÌbfU r ge∑VVm g oH$`m h° $& "Vrgam ohÒgm' H$hmZr

oeoea, "AmV-OmV `m`mda' H$m ZaZ, "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$

Ï`Wm H$m COmJa oH$`m h° $&

5. gßdmX e°br :

gßdmX ZmQ>H$m | H $ ‡mUVÀd hm V h ¢ Vm X ygar Ama d

H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| ‡mU \y±$H$V h¢ $& d H$œ` Am°a C‘Ì` H$ gßdmhH$

hmV h¢ Vm H$^r H$œ` H$s gßdXZm Am°a g_Ò`m H$s ghr [hMmZ H$am

XZ _| ^r gh`mJ [h˛±MmV h¢ $& d H$^r [mÃ H$m AmÀ_-odÌbfU

gßdmX EH$ Egm C[H$aU h°, oOgH$ ‡`mJ g dh ]h˛V gma H$m_

H$adm bVm h° $& _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm-gmohÀ` _| gßdmX e°br H$m

‡`mJ ‡Mwa _mÃm _| h˛Am h° $& C›hm|Z A[Zr H$oV[` H$hmoZ`m| _|

g_Ò`mAm| H$m AßH$Z oH$`m h° $& CZH$ C[›`mgm| _| Vm gßdmX hr

BVZ O]aXÒV h¢ oH$ d [mÃm| H$s AmßVnaH$ Am°a ]m¯ CbPZm| H$m

gVhr Vm°a [a Ò[ÓQ> H$aV h¢ $& S>m. ZraO H$m H$WZ h°, ""^md Am°a

H$œ` H$m gß[ofV H$aZm C[›`mgH$ma H$m Xmo`Àd ]Z OmVm h° $& Bg

_ZïpÒWoV, AmÀ_JV H$WZ Am°a gßdmXm| H$ _m‹`_ g dh C[›`mg

]ZmZ _| gßdmX ge∑V gmYZ h¢ $& boIH$m Z "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg

_| ÒWb-ÒWb [a AmÀ_JV gßdmXm| H$m ‡`mJ H$a AmÀ_-odÌbfU

¤mam g_Ò`m H$ H$maUm| Am°a [naUm_m| H$m D$hm[mh oH$`m h° $&

C[›`mg _| eHw$Z H$m oZÂZ AmÀ_JV gßdmX g_Ò`m H$s O∂S> H$m

oZamd•V H$aVm h°, ""gM, h_ bmJ em`X ]ßQ>r H$m _mÃ EH$ gmYZ

hr g_PV ah ! A[Z-A[Z Ahß, A[Zr-A[Zr _hÀdmH$mßjmAm|

H$m `h AmÀ_odÌbfU [mR>H$m| H$ oXem-oZXeZ _| ^r H$m\$s

C[`w©∑V h° $&

boIH$m H$ gßdmXm| _| Ï`ßΩ` H$m Egm [°Zm[Z h° oH$ dh grYm

g_Ò`m H$s O∂S> [a H$R>mamKmV H$aVm h° $& Bg —oÓQ> g CZH$m

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg CÎbIZr` h°, oOg_| gßdmX ÒWmZ-ÒWmZ [a

O›_ bH$a A[Zr VrIr Yma g ^´ÓQ>mMma H$ ndodY [hbwAm| H$m

XmJbr ZroV VWm OZVm H$m ]hH$mZ H$ hWHß$S>m H$m XIH$a q]Xm

H$hVm h°, ""hram H$mH$m ! Zht OmZV ? Am[ g] bmJm| H$ Vm g_Yr

]Z h˛E h¢ AmOH$b ! oOg XIm dhr YmVr H$s bm±J CR>mE Mbm Om

ahm h° CZH$ [mg $&''47 gßdmX H$db g_Ò`m H$m qOXm hr Zht

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _| `WmdH$me CR>mE JE gßdmX

pÒWoV`m| Edß g_Òm`Am| H$m COmJa H$aZ _| gj_ h° $& gmßH$oVH$Vm

VWm Ï`ßΩ` H$m [wQ> obE gßdmX g_Ò`mAm| H$s ‡^md-j_Vm ]∂T>mZ

_| gj_ h¢ $& CZH$ gßdmX-e°br H$s A›`V_ C[bo„Y `h h° oH$

C›hm|Z Hw$N> g_Ò`mAm| H$ CX≤KmQ>Z H$ obE ÒdVßÃ H•$oV`m| Edß

[mÃm| H$m M`Z Zht oH$`m h° $& o\$a r ‡gßJmZwHy$b [mÃm| H$s ]hg

Z [mÃm| H$ gßdmXm| _| ÒdVï ‡de H$a A[Z H$m oZamd•V oH$`m h° $&

"o]Zm Xrdmamß H$ Ka' VWm ZmQ≤>`-Í$[mßVa "_hm^mO' H$ gßdmX

Vm H$œ` _| ‡mU \y ±$H$V h¢ $& gßdmXm| H$s ^mfm A[Z g^r eÒÃm|

AÒÃm| H$m ‡`mJ H$aH$ H$œ` H$s _yb gßdXZm g Ow ∂S>H$a CgH$m

gß‡fUr` ]ZmZ _| g\$b og’ hm MwH$s h° $& Bgr H$maU Vm CZH$

"_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$s A[jm ZmQ≤>`-Í$[mßVa "_hm^mO' gm_moOH$

OmJaU H$m ‡^mdr gmYZ ahm h° $& Bg ‡H$ma gßdmXm| H$s ghOVm,

gabVm, [mÃmZwHy$bVm, gßojflVVm Am°a gmßH$oVH$Vm H$ H$maU

g_Ò`mAm| H$m WmdV≤ AßH$Z [mR>H$m| H$ oXbm|-oX_mJ [a ÒWm`r

‡^md N>m∂S>H$a C›h| Ambmo∂S>V H$aVm h° $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar Z `wJgÀ` H$s ghr VÒdra CVmaZ H$ obE

g_Ò`mZwÍ$[ ododY e°ob`m| H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m h° $& g_Ò`mAm| H$s

‡^mdmÀ[mXH$Vm ]∂T>mZ H$ obE C›hm|Z Ï`ßΩ` e°br, Amde e°br,

oMÃmÀ_H$ e°br VWm H$mÏ`mÀ_ Am°a JrV e°br H$m ^r ghO

Òdm^modH$ ‡`mJ oH$`m h° $&

m g_J´mbmMZ :

Hw$b o_bmH$a H$h gH$V h° oH$ lr_Vr _›Zy ßS>mar H$s mfm

H$s g]g [hbr odefVm h° CgH$s gh≤OVm-O›` gabVm $& CZH$s

^mfm _| mdm| H$m Ï`∑V H$aZ H$s AgmYmaU eo∑V h° $& oOg ]mV

H$m d oOg Í$[ _| ‡H$Q> H$aZm MmhVr h¢, Cg Cgr Í$[ _| CZH$s

^mfm ‡H$Q> H$a XVr h¢ $& mfm H$m Img T>ßJ g J∂T>Z H$s AmdÌ`H$Vm

^md Am°a odMma, Vœ` Am°a H$Î[Zm, ^mfm Am°a AbßH$ma H$m

C[`mJ Cgr Í$[ _| _›Zy ^ßS>mar Z A[Zr aMZmAm| _| oH$`m h° $&

Cgr H$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ CZH$s ^mfm _| ‡^md Am°a VmOJr h°, Om

CZH$s H$hmoZ`m| H$m amMH$Vm ‡XmZ H$aVr h° $& ]mbMmb _| H$hmdVm|,

_whmdam| AmoX H$m C[`mJ H$aZ g _›Zy ßS>mar H$ gOrd [mÃ OrdßV

H•$oÃ_Vm g Xya XeH$mb Am°a [oadeJV [mÃm| H$ AZwHy$b mfm H$m

ghO ‡`mJ H$aZ _| _›Zy ßS>mar og’hÒV h° $& dhr CZH$s mfm H$m

e•ßJma h° $& ^mdm| H$ gmW ^mfm H$s amMH$Vm [mR>H$m| H$m H$hmZr

[∂T>V g_` C]mVr Zht $&

_›Zy ^ßS>mar H$s ^mfm A[Z Am[ _ß gwßXa h° $& gy˙_ g gy˙_

H$s H$hmoZ`mß bmH$o‡` ]Zr h° $&

M C‘Ì` :

gmohÀ`H$ma A[Zr aMZm _| oH$gr odoeÓQ> –oÓQ>H$mU H$m bH$a

aMZm H$aVm h° Am°a CgH$ AmYma [a _mZd OrdZ H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z

gmohÀ`H$ma A[Zr aMZm H$ _m‹`_ g A[Z C‘Ì` H$m og’ H$aVm

h° $& H$Wm gmohÀ` H$db _ZmaßOZ H$m gmYZ Z ahH$a CgH$m C‘Ì`

hmVm h° o]Zm C‘Ì` oH$gr r H•$oV H$s aMZm Zhr hmVr $& boIH$m

Z A[Z C[›`mg, ZmQ>H$ Am°a H$hmZr _| g_mO _| Om hm ahm h°

]ßQ>r H$s g_Ò`m g_mO H$s g_Ò`m h° $& g_mO _| Eg ]ßQ>r ]h˛V h° $&

Vm "_hm^mO' C[›`mg EH$ amOZroVH$ C[›`mg h° Cg_| boIH$m Z

gßX^©gyoM

1. AÌH$ H$ C[›`mg H$œ` Am°a S>m™. lr_oV drUm[moU 91

2. AÌH$ H$ C[›`mg H$œ` Am°a S>m™. lr_oV drUm[moU 92

]XbV [na[˙`

5. _mZdr H$s [mna^mofH$ H$me ZJ›– 24

6. oh›Xr e„X gmJa gß. Ì`m_gwßXaXmg 4751

7. ‡_MßXmŒma C[›`mgm| H$s S>m™. gÀ`[mb MwY 10

oeÎ[odoY

8. oh›Xr C[›`mg H$s oeÎ[od⁄m S>m™. Am_ ew∑b 17

H$m odH$mg

9. oh›Xr C[›`mg H$s oeÎ[od⁄m S>m™. Am_ ew∑b 27

H$m odH$mg

10. qhXr H$hmZr H$bm ‡Vm[Zmam`U Q>ßS>Z 236

13. gw]moYZr (oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 35

14. g_mOdmXr oh›Xr C[›`mgm| _| S>m™. ZmpÒVHw$_ma 42

MnaÃmßH$Z

19. oÃeßHw$ (oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 71

21. Xm H$bmH$ma _›Zy ^ßS>mar 131

22. H$sb Am°a H$gH$ _›Zy ^ßS>mar 118

23. em`X (oÃeßHw$ H$hmZrgßJ´h) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 47

26. ÒÃr gw]moYZr _›Zy ^ßS>mar 37

32. _O]war _›Zy ^ßS>mar 84

36. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg gmohÀ` S>m™. ZraOm 173

H$m odÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

38. ÒÃr gw]moYZr (oÃeßHw$) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 66

39. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd 82

40. EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar Edß amO›– `mXd 124

44. _›Zy ^ßS>mar H$ C[›`mg gmohÀ` S>m™. ZraOm 122

H$m odÌbfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

46. _hm^mO (C[›`mg) _›Zy ^ßS>mar 115

_›Zy ^ßS>mar g$gmjmÀH$ma

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ïï _›Zy ^ßS>mar g gmjmÀH$ma ïï

ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$hmZr boIH$mAm| _| _›Zy ^ßS>marH$m A[Zm

odoeÓQ> ÒWmZ h° $& dh A[Zr j_Vm H$m C[›`mg, H$hmZr VWm

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"Am[H$m ]ßQ>r', "_hm^mO', "Òdm_r', "EH$ BßM _wÒH$mZ' Am°a

oZJmhm| H$s EH$ VÒdra', "`hr gM h°', "EH$ flbQ> g°bm]' Am°a

"oÃeßHw$'$& ZmQ>H$ Xm h° - "o]Zm Xrdmam| H$ Ka' Am°a "_hm^mO' H$m

ZmQ≤>` È[m›Va $& boIH$m g CZH$s aMZm`| CZH$ Ï`o∑VÀd, H•$oVÀd

H$ ]ma _| [yN>VmN> H$aH$ emY-‡]›Y ‡ÒVwV H$a Vm ¡`mXm A¿N>m

g_` oZoÌMV H$aH$ oXZmßH$ 27 oS>gÂ]a 2008 eoZdma H$m gw]h

ZÂ]a _H$mZ [a _¢ Am°a _a _m_m CZg o_bZ J` $& _›Zy ßS>mar g

o_bH$a Egm bJm oH$ dfm g h_ EH$-Xyga H$m OmZV h¢ $& CZH$

gab Am°a gˆX` Òd^md H$m [naM` o_bm $& Xm KßQ> VH$ h_ bmJ

oZOr OrdZ H$ ]ma _| Am°a AZw^dm| H$ ]ma _| o]Zm _wIm°Q>m [hZ

]mVMrV H$s $& EH$ H$bmH$ma H$m _hŒd CgH$s odZ_´Vm _| hmVm h° $&

BgH$m _¢Z AZw^d oH$`m $& Bg ‡H$ma CZH$ Ï`o∑VÀd Edß

H•$oVÀd H$m Ama oZH$Q>Vm g oZhmaZ H$m gwAdga ‡mflV h˛Am $& _a

oH$`m h°, oOgH$m hˇ-]-hˇ oMÃU oZÂZoboIV h¢ -

gmjmÀH$ma ï-

‡˝-1 Am[H$ OrdZ H$ ]ma _| Hw$N> ]mV H$hrE $&

CŒma _S>_Z H$hm _° amOÒWmZr [nadma H$s hˇß AmOmXr H$ [hb H$s

]mV h° _¢Z ÒdmVßÕ` AmßXmbZ _| H$m_ oH$`m h° $& _a o[VmOr

h_ oH$MZ g Xya aIV W $& o[VmOr H$hV W oH$ Vw_ amOZroVH$

]mV OmZm, Xe _| ∑`m hm ahm h° ? erbm AJ´dmb H$m AmJ´h

Wm oH$ H$db Ka _| ]°R> H$a Z OmZ goH´$` Í$[ g mJ b $& erbm

AJ´dmb h_| ‡naV H$aVr Wr $& _¢ g]a g ‡^mV\$ar _ OmVr

Am°a gm_ VH$ OwS>r ahVr Wr $& EH$]ma AO_a _| mfU]mOr

hmVr Wr $& oH$grZ AmH$a o[VmOr H$m ]Vm`m oH$ _›Zy H$m

^mfU gyZm ? (S>m™. AÂ]mbmbOr Z H$hm) H°$gm ^mfU

XVr h° $& o[VmOr h ]mV gwZH$a JX≤JX hm J` $& o[VmOr ¤›¤

_| ahV W $& o\$a r Hw$N> Img ]Zm Egm o[VmOr MmhV W $&

ZmamO hm|J [a dm Vm Iwe W oH$ AmO Egr b∂S>oH$`m| H$s

OÈaV h° $& Egm hr _am ]M[Z ]rVm ]mX _| H$bH$Vm _| ]r.E.

]Zmag g E_.E. oH$`m $&

‡˝-2 Zmar ÒdVßÃVm H$ ]ma _| Am[H$ ∑`m odMma h° Am[Z A[Z

gmohÀ` _| ¡`mXmVa Zmar odf`H$ –oÓQ>H$mU A[Zm`m h° $&

CŒma _¢ _mZVr hˇß oH$ Zmar H$m ÒdVßÃVm o_bZr MmohE $& _hmXdr

_mZVr hˇ™ $& AJa Xh H$s ÒdVßÃVm H$m Zmar ÒdVßÃVm _mZV h°

Vm Am[ AbJ hm OmE± Xygar emXr H$a b $& Cg g_` odYdm

oddmh Zhr hmVm Wm $&

‡˝-3 AmOH$ g_` _| gmohÀ` H$s ∑`m yo_H$m h° ?

CŒma _S>_Z H$hm O] g BbH$Q≠>mZrH$ _roS>`m Am`m h° $& gmohÀ`H$s

Í$oM gmohÀ` _ h° dm gmohÀ` hr [∂T>J CZH$s Í$oM H$m Q>r.dr.

XIH$a gwI, MZ, emßoV Z X [m`Jr $& ha gmb ‡H$meH$ BZH$s

oH$Vm] ‡H$moeV H$aV h° dm oH$Vm] H$hr ]rH$Vr OÈa h° Am°a

XIm OmVm h° $&

‡˝-4 "_hm^mO' C[›`mg H$s ‡aUm H$hm± g o_br ? ∑`m Am[

amOZroV _| ÈoM aIV hm ?

CŒma _S>_Z ]Vm`m oH$ Z _¢ amOZroV _| Wr, Z AmO hˇ±, Z odÓ`

_| BgH$s gß^mdZm h° $& _¢Z oH$gr [oÃH$m _| o]aN>r Jm±d _| [∂S>

AmO Vm Cgg ]XVa pÒWoV h° _° ]mV oXÎbr _| XIVr hˇ±,

Om Am±I, H$mZ Iwb aIV h° dm amOZroV H$m OmZV h° $&

‡˝-5 "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg H$m ∑`m C‘Ì` h° ?

N>[r Wr [yar hmV hr oH$Vm] _| Am J`r $& Am[H$m ]ßQ>r VrZ

[nadma H$s H$Wm h°, VrZm| [nadma VbmH$ ew’m [nadma h¢ EH$

]Q>m _m™ H$ gmW ahVm h°$& EH$ b∂S>H$s _m±-]m[ H$ gmW

ahVr h° $& _°Z [hbrdma _mhZ amH$e H$s [ÀZr H$m CgH$s

_•À`w H$ ]mX XIm $& amH$eOr [ÀZrZ Xygar emXr H$a br Wr $&

amH$e Z H$hm™ oH$ ]Q>m _a gmW ahJm _¢Z (boIH$m) Z H$hm™

]Q> H$m _m± H$ gmW ahZXm _¢Z gmar ]mV H$m Cg g_Pm`m,

o\$a r d ]¿Mm H$m b J` $& EH$ H$hmZr _| [hbr [ÀZr H$s

o]oQ>`m Xygar [ÀZr H$ gmW ahVr Wr $& d Cg ]h˛V Iam] T>ßJ

g aIVr h° ` g] _¢ OmZVr Wr $& EH$ Am°a Xß[Vr Wm CgH$

[nadma _a gm_Z Wm dh "Am[H$m ]ßQ>r' C[›`mg H$ Í$[ _|

Ï`∑V h˛Am h° $&

‡˝-6 gmohÀ` Am°a oejm _| amOZroV H$m ∑`m ‡^md h° ?

CŒma AmO amOZroV ha OJh ‡_wI h° Mmh oejm hm m gmohÀ` $&

Vm g] A[Z A[Z jÃ H$s amOZroV _| bJ J` Am°a Bg Vah

OrZ _yÎ`m| H$s ÒWm[Zm H$aV h° CZ _yÎ`m| H$m odamY hmVm h° $&

ha gmohÀ`H$ma [waÒH$ma [mZ H$ ob` H$hr Z H$hr gaH$ma g

PwH$V h° Cg_| A[dmX r hmV h° $& gß[mXH$ r aMZmH$ma H$m

MwZV h° $& amOZroV H$m È[ ]Xb J`m [a h° Vm g^r OJh $&

oejm _| AmO od⁄mWuAm| H$m EH$ Xb hmVm h° $& h_ma g_`

A[Z Xb H$m oOVmZ _| bJ OmV h° $&

‡˝-7 Am[Z A[Z gmohÀ` _| ¡`mXmVa Zmar H$s hr ]mV H$s h° $&

Am[ ZmardmX H$s [jYa h° ?

CŒma _¢ ZmardmXH$s [jYa Zht hˇ± $& "gOm' H$hmZr _| ›`m` Ï`dÒWm

[a H$amam Ï`ßΩ` h° $& Bg H$hmZr _| Zd gmb _| Ï`o∑V H$m

[nadma Vhg-Zhg hm OmVm h° Am°a AßV_| OO H$hVm h° oH$

]ar oH$`m OmVm h° V] [nadma ]a]mX hm J`m Wm $& "j`'

H$hmZr _| ]Q>r H$m Z°oVH$Vm H$m N>m ∂S>Zm [∂S>Vm h° o[VmH$m

"emarnaH$ j`' ]Q>r H$ "Z°oVH$ j`' H$m H$maU ]ZVm h° $&

g_Ò`m H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m h° $&

‡˝-8 "Amg_mVm' C[›`mg _| Am` ∑`m H$hZm MmhV hm ?

CŒma _ar _m™ Amg_mVm H$m d´V H$aVr Wr $& ]mb C[›`mg h° Om

amOÒWmZ H$s bmH$H$Wm [a AmYmnaV h° AmO Om OrdZ _|

Amem aIH$ MbV h° Cgr H$s Amem [yar hm OmVr h° dh OrdZ

_| AmJ ]∂T> gH$Vm h° $& Hw$N> bmH$H$Wm Am°a _ar Ama g Hw$N>

Om∂S>H$a N>mQ>m C[›`mg ]Zm oX`m h° $&

‡˝-9 Am[H$s H$m°Z-gr aMZm Am[H$m g]g AoYH$ o‡` h° ?

CŒma _S>_ Z H$hm ` ]∂S>m _woÌH$b gdmb h° $& [aßVw H$hmZr _|

"oÃeßHw$' Am°a C[›`mg _| "_hm^mO' g]g A¿N>m bJm h° $&

‡˝-10 "Òdm_r' C[›`mg H$s ‡aUm H$hm™ g o_br $?

CŒma ]ßJbm H$ H$hmZrH$ma eaVM›– H$s H$hmZr "Òdm_r' g ‡naV

h° $& CZH$m hr odÒVma h° $& ]gw MQ>Ou eaV≤ H$s "Òdm_r' H$hmZr

[a o\$Î_ ]ZmZm MmhV W Vm _¢Z eaV]m]yH$s H$hmZr H$m

C[›`mg _| Í$[mßVnaV oH$`m Am°a "Òdm_r' ]h˛V A¿N>r

]Zr h° $&

‡˝-11 Am[ A] Hw$N> obIV hm ?

CŒma A] _am obIZm H$_ hm J`m h°, _wP ›`wbmoO`m H$s ]r_mar

em_ H$m [∂T> Zht gH$Vr gw]h Hw$N> [∂T>Vr hˇ ™ _¢Z 2007 _|

"EH$ H$hmZr h r' obIr Wr $&

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