Post on 14-Jan-2016
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
FILSAN / PHOSPHORUS POST-FILSAN / PHOSPHORUS POST-EMERGNECY INTERVENTIONS IN EMERGNECY INTERVENTIONS IN THE DRY LAND FARMING OF THE THE DRY LAND FARMING OF THE
BAY REGION-SOMALIABAY REGION-SOMALIA
Presented at the Regional Workshop on Dryland Presented at the Regional Workshop on Dryland Farming Practices in Emergency and Post-Farming Practices in Emergency and Post-
Emergency ContextEmergency Context October 1-2, 08October 1-2, 08Nairobi, KenyaNairobi, Kenya
HUSSEIN HAJIHUSSEIN HAJI
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
IntroductionIntroductionBay region (population, crops, cropping Bay region (population, crops, cropping
systems, rainfall)systems, rainfall)Pre-emergency research findings on:Pre-emergency research findings on:
Filsan mungbeanFilsan mungbeanPhosphorousPhosphorous
Post-emergency interventionsPost-emergency interventionsFilsan mungbeanFilsan mungbeanPhosphorousPhosphorous
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
IntroductionIntroduction
Human population Human population 400,000400,000 45% farmers45% farmers 33% nomadic33% nomadic 20% non agricultural20% non agricultural
Animal population Animal population 1.1M1.1M 29% camels29% camels 34% cattle34% cattle 33% goats33% goats 04% sheep04% sheep
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
IntroductionIntroduction
CropsCrops Sorghum 95%Sorghum 95%
Grain - human Grain - human consumptionconsumption
Stover – Livestock Stover – Livestock consumptionconsumption
Other Crops 5%Other Crops 5% Cowpeas, mungbeans Cowpeas, mungbeans
and peanutsand peanuts
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
IntroductionIntroduction
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
J M M J S N
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Max temp Min temp
Arid to semi aridArid to semi arid Annual rainfall 500-Annual rainfall 500-
700mm-Bimodal700mm-Bimodal GU: 250-350mmGU: 250-350mm Der: 200 –250mmDer: 200 –250mm
80% of the grain is produced during the Gu season
Average temperature Average temperature 26oC
mm
25 yrs25 yrs
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
IntroductionIntroduction
Subsistence farmingSubsistence farming Farm size 1-8 haFarm size 1-8 ha Monocropping systemMonocropping system Inputs Inputs
SeedSeed LaborLabor
Grain Yield (sorghum) Grain Yield (sorghum) 300-800 kg/ha 300-800 kg/ha
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
1970 081980 1990 00
BIG BANG
Emergency and post Emergency context
PRE-EMERGENCY RESEARCH FINDINGS
Research andAcademic inst.
Somtux
Filsan seed releasePhosphorus
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
I- FILSAN SEED: PRE-I- FILSAN SEED: PRE-EMERGENCY RESEARCH EMERGENCY RESEARCH
RESULTS (1981-1996)RESULTS (1981-1996)
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Pre-emergency (1981-1986)Pre-emergency (1981-1986)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Local Filsan0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Local Filsan
Days to maturity Seeds/pod
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Pre-emergency (1981-1986)Pre-emergency (1981-1986)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Local Filsan300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
Local Filsan
1000 Seed wt. Yield (kg/ha)
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Pre-emergency (1981-1986)Pre-emergency (1981-1986)
Filsan seed was recommended for release Filsan seed was recommended for release in 1987in 1987
Filsan seed multiplication was initiated in Filsan seed multiplication was initiated in 1988 and 19891988 and 1989
Civil war 1990Civil war 1990Filsan seed along with all other institutional Filsan seed along with all other institutional
memories were vanishedmemories were vanished
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
I- FILSAN SEED: POST-I- FILSAN SEED: POST-EMERGENCY EMERGENCY
INTERVENTIONS INTERVENTIONS (2003-2006)(2003-2006)
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Filsan: Post-emergency recoveryFilsan: Post-emergency recovery
2002- Breeders Seed 2002- Breeders Seed ((FILSANFILSAN) was obtained ) was obtained from AVRDC-Taiwanfrom AVRDC-Taiwan
2002 & 2003 seed 2002 & 2003 seed increased in Minnesotaincreased in Minnesota
March 2004-11kg of seed March 2004-11kg of seed shipped to ICRISAT-shipped to ICRISAT-Kenya for further seed Kenya for further seed increaseincrease
2005, 110 kg Filsan seed 2005, 110 kg Filsan seed produced with the help of produced with the help of ICRISAT-NairobiICRISAT-Nairobi
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Post-emergency recoveryPost-emergency recovery
110 kg Filsan seed repatriated To Somalia and distributed to farmers by SAGRA
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Post-emergency recoveryPost-emergency recovery
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
LIMITATIONS AND LIMITATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES
I-LimitationI-LimitationLack of institutional support for Lack of institutional support for
Evaluation of new potential varietiesEvaluation of new potential varieties Technology transfer support servicesTechnology transfer support services Seed support institutionsSeed support institutions Small-scale seed multiplication, distribution and Small-scale seed multiplication, distribution and
marketing systemsmarketing systems Human resources developmentHuman resources development
II-OpportunitiesII-OpportunitiesEmergence of new support servicesEmergence of new support services
INGO and local NGOINGO and local NGO
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
II- PHOSPHOROUS: PRE-II- PHOSPHOROUS: PRE-EMERGENCY RESEARCH EMERGENCY RESEARCH
RESULTS (1981-1996)RESULTS (1981-1996)
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Pre-emergency: Response to PPre-emergency: Response to P
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Control 50N 100N N+P N+P
b bb
aa
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
/ha)
58%
91%
N+P = 50N + 17.5P; N+P = 100N + 35P
Gu1986-Sorghum
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Pre-emergency: Response to PPre-emergency: Response to P
0
200
400
600
800
Control 50N 100N N+P N+P
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
/ha)
dd
d
c
a
147%
424%Gu1987-Sorghum
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Pre-emergency: Response to Pre-emergency: Response to Animal ManureAnimal Manure
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
Control T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
/ha)
Gu1987-Sorghum
T1=5T/ha Camel T2=5T/ha Goat T3=5T/ha CattleT4= 10T/ha Goat T5=10T/ha Cattle
cc
abb
a a
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Pre-emergency: Response to Pre-emergency: Response to Animal ManureAnimal Manure
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
Control T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
/ha)
Gu1986-Sorghum
T1=5T/ha Camel T2=5T/ha Goat T3=5T/ha CattleT4= 10T/ha Goat T5=10T/ha Cattle
b bb
a aa
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Response to P on Filsan mungbean
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Similar Experience in the Similar Experience in the Sahelian RegionSahelian Region
44 to 120% yield increase for sorghum 44 to 120% yield increase for sorghum and milletand millet
Reported by ICRISAT
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Why P is not available to plants Why P is not available to plants in the Bay Region soils?in the Bay Region soils?
High soil pH
8.0 to 8.3
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Why P is not available to plants Why P is not available to plants in the Bay Region soils?in the Bay Region soils?
The soil pH range at which maximum P availability The soil pH range at which maximum P availability occurs is between 6.0 and 7.0occurs is between 6.0 and 7.0
In the Bay Region, the soils are alkaline and have a pH In the Bay Region, the soils are alkaline and have a pH ranging from of 8.0 to 8.5ranging from of 8.0 to 8.5
Soils with a pH of 7.5 and higher typically have a high Soils with a pH of 7.5 and higher typically have a high calcium concentration that binds P as calcium-phosphate calcium concentration that binds P as calcium-phosphate creating an insoluble compound that is not available to creating an insoluble compound that is not available to plantsplants
Therefore, it is necessary to amend agricultural soils in Therefore, it is necessary to amend agricultural soils in the Bay Region with available forms of P at the correct the Bay Region with available forms of P at the correct agronomic rateagronomic rate
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
Relationship between soil PH Relationship between soil PH and Phosphorous availabilityand Phosphorous availability
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
RECOMMENDATIONRECOMMENDATION
Would P-Aid be a potential solution?Would P-Aid be a potential solution? It is an established fact that P is a yield limiting It is an established fact that P is a yield limiting
factor in the Bay Regionfactor in the Bay Region The data clearly show that P-application can The data clearly show that P-application can
double/triple yielddouble/triple yield P application establishes a good root system P application establishes a good root system
which is important for the dryland crops. which is important for the dryland crops. SATG is seriously considering to develop a SATG is seriously considering to develop a
concept note where food aid is gradually concept note where food aid is gradually replaced with P-Aid in the Bay Regionreplaced with P-Aid in the Bay Region
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENT
(SATG) Somali Agriculture Technical Group
THANK YOU