How can we test for non-target effects?How can we test for non-target effects?
Measuring host-range
Measuring host-range
Measuring host-range
Brassicaceae
Rosedaceae
Measuring host-range
Physiological vs Ecological Host RangePhysiological vs Ecological Host Range
Lab: Fungus attacks 28 out of 78Lab: Fungus attacks 28 out of 78 species of caterpillarsspecies of caterpillars Field: Fungus attacks 3 species of Field: Fungus attacks 3 species of
caterpillarscaterpillars
gypsy moth gypsy moth fungi
Other problems
• Competition
• Intraguild predation
• Hybridization
Post-release evaluations are needed
Can host-specificity change?Can host-specificity change?
Release of natural enemies is not only a national issue