China

North Korea

Russia

JapanSouth Korea

(3/24)

Higher biodiversity

Biodiversity

Sustainability of Forest Ecosystem

= More sustainable

(4/24)

Threatened biodiversity by Climate Change

(5/24)

Influence of topography and soils on distribution of plants and animals (revised by Hugget, 2004)

Physical environments

as “arena” of biological activity (Hunter, 1988)

Topography

Plants

Animals

Boulders and

rock outcrops

Gravelly

lower slope

Sandy and

silty desert floor

(6/24)

Map of the land facets linkage design (outlined in black) (Brost and Beier, 2012)

Securing the Ecological Connectivity

Topographical linkages

“to support movement by species associated with land facet

(based on topography), today and in the future.” (Brost and Beier, 2012)

(7/24)

Key Ecological Linkage

: 백두대간 Protected area (PPA)

0 150 300 Kilometers

China

North Korea

Russia

JapanSouth Korea

(8/24)

Key Ecological Linkage

: 백두대간 Protected area (PPA)

0 150 300 Kilometers

China

North Korea

Russia

JapanSouth Korea

(9/24)

Does the current PPA include topographical linkages

or not?

Methods

(11/24)

Study Sites

Songni

Mt.

National

Park

Worak Mt.

National

Park

Seorak Mt.

National

Park

Odae Mt.

National

Park

S. Korea

(12/24)

1. Generic Topographic ClassificationConcept

Simple slope Complex slopeSo

il-l

an

ds

cap

e u

nit

s Summit

Shoulder

Backslope

Footslope

Toeslope

Channel

Toeslope

Foots

lope

Should

er

Foots

lope

Should

er

Foots

lope

Back

slope

Should

er

Foots

lope

Back

slope Shoulder

The soil-landscape units by generic classification (revised by Park et al., 2001)

(13/24)

1. Generic Topographic ClassificationMethod

Summit Shoulder

Footslope Toeslope

ChannelBackslope

(14/24)

2. Designing linkages in PPA

Identifying termini

Density Concept (revised by Lee et al., 2005)

1

0

(15/24)

2. Designing linkages in PPALeast-cost path analysis

Mahalanobis distance ellipse (Jenness et al. 2013)

: relative distance from a parameter point in a multi-dimensional space (Hayashi et al., 2001)

Results

List Summit ShoulderBack

Slope I

Foot

slope

Back

Slope II

Toe

slopeChannel

PPA 1.51% 37.21% 19.42% 17.69% 4.19% 17.68% 2.29%

1. Result of Generic Topographic ClassificationSongni/Worak Mt.

(18/24)

List Summit ShoulderBack

Slope I

PPA 1.67% 35.72% 16.97%

Foot

slope

Back

Slope II

Toe

slopeChannel

22.67% 3.49% 17.84% 1.65%

1. Result of Generic Topographic ClassificationSeorak/Odae Mt.

(19/24)

2. Designing linkages in PPAIdentifying Termini

Toeslope Backslope II

ShoulderSummit

Songni/Worak Mt.

= Higher density

(20/24)

2. Designing linkages in PPACost surface results

Toeslope Backslope II

ShoulderSummit

Songni/Worak Mt.

= Smaller differences from

target topographic class

2. Designing linkages in PPALeast-cost Path Analysis results

Legend of Linkages

Summit

Shoulder

Backslope I

Footslope

Backslope II

Toeslope

Songni

Mt.

National

Park

Worak Mt.

National

Park

Seorak Mt.

National

Park

Odae Mt.

National

Park

Conclusions & Implications

(23/24)

Shoulder (erosion) is the largest portion in the PPA

The PPA does not include topographical linkages, except summits

Lowland topography has to be reconsidered….

(24/24)

Extend the PPA to include the topographical linkages…

Include topographical linkages to conserve biodiversity in the forests

Support the sustainability of forest ecosystem from climate change

(24/24)

One day, link North and South Korean forest

and mountains…..

Source : Google Earth

North Korea

South Korea

http://enieimg.edunet4u.net