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Romanesque Art(1000-1200 AD)
• refers to the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century,
or later, depending on region.
ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES
• Churches• Castles• Monasteries• Fortified Towns
Norman - Romanesque in BritainOttonian - Romanesque in Germany
THE DECLINE OF ROME AND THE BEGINNING OF THE DARK AGES
Rome was occupied by 'barbarians' in 476. The Roman Empire in the West had already come to an end in A.D. 475.• Franks - France• Burgundians - Burgundy• Lombards - Lombardy• Goths/Visigoths - Gothic• Vandals - 'vandalism‘
Because of these invasions, Romanesque Architecture was obsessed with security, each building was a fortress.Consant warfare rendered the condition of the people unsettled and craftsmanship was consuquently at a low ebb.
ORIGIN OF ROMANESQUE ART
• Romanesque style is called that because it is a little like Roman architecture with similarities between the barrel vault and Roman arch, but it is made around 100-1200 AD instead during the Roman Empire.
• The Romanesque style owed something to Byzantine art, which was carried westwardsalong the great trade routes, by way of such centers as Venice, Ravenna and Marseilles.
NOTABLE ARTWORKS
• Sculptures
Pórtico da Gloria, Santiago Cathedral. Pórtico da Gloria, Santiago Cathedral.
The coloring once common to much Romanesque The coloring once common to much Romanesque
sculpture has been preserved.sculpture has been preserved.
Man and confronted Man and confronted
animals, Cahors Cathedralanimals, Cahors Cathedral
• Metalworks
The Silver Ardagh ChaliceThe Silver Ardagh Chalice
The Gloucester candlestick, early 12th centuryThe Gloucester candlestick, early 12th century
Doors at Hildesheim Cathedral. Doors at Hildesheim Cathedral.
Detail of Cain Killing Abel.Detail of Cain Killing Abel.
• Fresco
16th century Italian cycle in fresco with 21 scenes 16th century Italian cycle in fresco with 21 scenes
from Annunciation to Resurrectionfrom Annunciation to Resurrection
Apse of Sant Climent de Taüll, a Catalan Apse of Sant Climent de Taüll, a Catalan
fresco by the Master of Taüll, now in fresco by the Master of Taüll, now in
Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya.Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya.
• Manuscript Illumination
The Three Magi from the St. Albans Psalter, The Three Magi from the St. Albans Psalter,
English, 12th century.English, 12th century.
Gothic artGothic art• • was a style of Medieval art that was a style of Medieval art that
developed in France out of Romanesque art in the developed in France out of Romanesque art in the
mid-12th century, led by the concurrent development mid-12th century, led by the concurrent development
of Gothic architecture.of Gothic architecture.
• • Primary media in the Gothic period Primary media in the Gothic period
included sculpture, panel painting, included sculpture, panel painting,
stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscripts. stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscripts.
The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from
Romanesque to Gothic, and Gothic to Renaissance styles, Romanesque to Gothic, and Gothic to Renaissance styles,
are typically used to define the periods in are typically used to define the periods in
art in all media, although in many ways figurative art in all media, although in many ways figurative
art developed at a different pace.art developed at a different pace.
ORIGIN OF GOTHIC ART
• • Gothic art emerged in Île-de-France, France, in the early 12th Gothic art emerged in Île-de-France, France, in the early 12th century at the Abbey Church of St Denis built by Abbot Suger.century at the Abbey Church of St Denis built by Abbot Suger.
• • The style rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to The style rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture, both monumental and personal in size, textile art, sculpture, both monumental and personal in size, textile art, and painting, which took a variety of forms, including fresco, and painting, which took a variety of forms, including fresco, stained glass, the illuminated manuscript, and panel painting.stained glass, the illuminated manuscript, and panel painting.
• • Iconography was affected by changes in theology, with depictions of the Iconography was affected by changes in theology, with depictions of the Assumption of Mary gaining ground on the older Death of the Virgin, and in Assumption of Mary gaining ground on the older Death of the Virgin, and in devotional practices devotional practices
such as the Devotio Moderna, which produced new treatments of Christ in such as the Devotio Moderna, which produced new treatments of Christ in subjects such as the Man of Sorrows, Pensive Christ and Pietà, which subjects such as the Man of Sorrows, Pensive Christ and Pietà, which emphasized his human suffering and vulnerability, in a parallel movement emphasized his human suffering and vulnerability, in a parallel movement to that in depictions of the Virgin. to that in depictions of the Virgin.
• • The term ''Gothic was used first time in 16th CenturyThe term ''Gothic was used first time in 16th Century
for the Italian for the Italian Giorgio VasariGiorgio Vasari, a great art historian., a great art historian.
• • Its critics saw this type of Medieval art as unrefined and too Its critics saw this type of Medieval art as unrefined and too
remote from the aesthetic proportions and shapes of Classical art.remote from the aesthetic proportions and shapes of Classical art.
• • Renaissance authors believed that the Sack of Rome by the Renaissance authors believed that the Sack of Rome by the
Gothic tribes in 410 had triggered the demise of the Classical Gothic tribes in 410 had triggered the demise of the Classical
world and all the values they held dear.world and all the values they held dear.
BACKGROUND & HISTORY
• • In its beginning, Gothic art was initially called "French work" In its beginning, Gothic art was initially called "French work"
(Opus Francigenum), thus attesting the priority of France in the (Opus Francigenum), thus attesting the priority of France in the
creation of this style.creation of this style.
• • Raphael claimed that the pointed arches of northern architecture Raphael claimed that the pointed arches of northern architecture
were an echo of the primitive huts the Germanic forest dwellers formed were an echo of the primitive huts the Germanic forest dwellers formed
by bending trees together - a myth which would resurface much later in a by bending trees together - a myth which would resurface much later in a
more positive sense in the writings of the German Romantic movement. more positive sense in the writings of the German Romantic movement.
"Gothic art" was strongly criticized by French authors such as Boileau, La Bruyère, "Gothic art" was strongly criticized by French authors such as Boileau, La Bruyère,
Rousseau, before becoming a recognized form of art, and the wording becoming Rousseau, before becoming a recognized form of art, and the wording becoming
fixed.fixed.
NOTABLE ARTWORKS
• Sculptures
The Western (Royal) Portal at The Western (Royal) Portal at
Chartres Cathedral (ca. 1145). Chartres Cathedral (ca. 1145).
These architectural statues These architectural statues
are the earliest Gothic are the earliest Gothic
sculptures and were a sculptures and were a
revolution in style and the revolution in style and the
model for a generation model for a generation
of sculptors.of sculptors.
International Gothic Mary Magdalene International Gothic Mary Magdalene
in St. John Cathedral in Toruńin St. John Cathedral in Toruń
Gothic sculpture, late 15th century.Gothic sculpture, late 15th century.
• Frescoes
Simone Martini (1285–1344)Simone Martini (1285–1344)
French late Gothic frescosFrench late Gothic frescos
• Manuscripts and printmaking
ManuscriptHours of Jeanne d'Evreux, by Jean Pucelle, Paris, 1320sManuscriptHours of Jeanne d'Evreux, by Jean Pucelle, Paris, 1320s
• Stained Glass
Thank you! Thank you!