Post on 03-Nov-2020
Rita Padawangi Asia Research Institute
National University of Singapore ritapd@nus.edu.sg
Urban-rural divide? Contemporary Urban Challenges
• “Planetary urbanization” (Brenner and Schmid, 2011)
• Separation between urban and rural in imagination and policy
• Segregation of the interconnected system
– Socially
– Economically
– Culturally
– Environmentally
• Contradictions: Domination-subordination practices of city-biased economic processes
– Work and status
– Land as property
– Technological development
http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/25947/president-supports-mega-land-reclamation-project-citing-flood-protection-for-jakarta/
http://www.rumahinfo.net/alasan-penolakan-reklamasi-bali-di-teluk-benoa/
https://constructingcambodia.wordpress.com/2012/08/04/new-buildings-more-land-reclamation/
Jakarta
Bali
Phnom Penh
Domination of city-based actors in the subordination of food producers and food-producing landscapes
Energy Explorations, Food Security and Social Inequality
Domination of property market in converting food-producing landscapes: Housing trumps over farms and rice fields
Domination of property market in converting food-producing landscapes: Development trumps over farms, rice fields, plantations, watersheds Brand fetishism and the domination of national and global business moguls Example: A theme park joint project by Indonesian businessman Hari Tanoe and US-based Donald Trump in the highlands of Bogor/Sukabumi (Jakarta urban region)
Nikken (JICA), 1997
Source: Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Ciliwung Cisadane Ministry of Public Works, Government of Indonesia, 2014
Urbanization and Watershed Management in Southeast Asia
7
River Management in Jakarta
Source: Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Ciliwung Cisadane Ministry of Public Works, Government of Indonesia, 2014
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
55.00%
60.00%
65.00%
70.00%
1970 1980 1990 2000
Tahun
Developed area Green and penetrable area
Source: Future Cities Laboratory, 2015
Ciliwung Fishing Community
Ciliwung Puncak Community
Ciliwung Community Bogor
Ciliwung Community Bojonggede
Ciliwung Community Cilebut
Ciliwung Community Depok
Ciliwung Community Tanjung Barat
Ciliwung Community Condet
Mat Peci / Community Gardening
Source: Yu Sing/Akanoma and Ciliwung Merdeka, September 2015
Water-Food-Energy Security Potentials in Cities of Southeast Asia
• Human agency: Community initiatives
• Survival efforts
• Currently mixed achievements, but most are outside official policies
Community-based housing design proposal with integrated urban agriculture, Kampung Pulo, Jakarta
Ciliwung Riverbank People’s Celebration Preserve Local Wisdom and Cultural Assets as Unifying Elements in Achieving Sustainable Clean and Green Ciliwung towards Ciliwung Biodiversity Park Let’s join in the celebration! Art, Culture and Betawi Culinary Appreciation: Gatekeeper Tradition, Moral Message and Solidarity Poem Traditional Betawi Music and Dance, Betawi Culinary Bazaar, Ciliwung Photography Exhibition, Rice Mountain Parade, Ciliwung Workshop and Discussion, River Explorer & Ciliwung Communal Work 8,9,10-11 November 2014 3rd CILIWUNG DAY, 11.11.2014
City Farm Training Program and Green Markets in Bangkok (Source: Piyapong Boossabong, 2016)
Collaboration among local governments, NGOs, CBOs, social and green enterprises, green customers, and urban famers on the scales of community and city (Boossabong, forthcoming)
http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/hunger/68611-urban-farming-quezon-city
http://vietnamtoday.com.au/2015/02/26/urban-farming-hanoi/
Community-based Energy Production: Biogas
Processing biogas from public toilets • Reduce pollution in waterways
while producing energy • However, the energy produced is
insufficient for the neighborhood
Urban-rural linkages
Main challenge: To align government policies with community potentials
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 n.a.
Bu
ildin
g C
ove
rage
Are
a o
f P
rop
ose
d
Ne
w S
up
erb
lock
s (i
n s
qu
are
me
ter)
Year
Jakarta’s new superblocks 2000-2010 +4.7 million sq m building coverage area
(Herlambang, 2010)
5,100
607.5 130.22
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Jakarta Surabaya Solo
Local Budgets (million USD, 2016)
Community-based water-food-energy security and urban development • Community-based initiatives are
potentials in urban Southeast Asia to construct water-food-energy security
• Contradictory urban and regional development – Environmental degradation
– Technocratic intervention
– Cosmetic urban development
• The predatory nature of capitalist development as contexts of urban environmental movements
• The need to realize the inseparability of the urban and the rural:
Urban-rural reintegration
• The need for governments to collaborate with local communities