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Revolution & EnlightenmentWorld History chapter 10
Key Developments Ideas & inventions of the scientific rev. &
enlightenment paved the way for a modern worldview based on rationalism & secularism Rationalism: belief that human reason is the chief source
of knowledge Secularism: rejection of Religion as the only source of
knowledge about the universe British colonies in North American rebelled and
formed the United States, a nation founded on Enlightenment ideas
Impact on Your Lives Have you learned the scientific method? It was
developed during the Sci. Revolution! Enlightenment philosophers championed the
natural rights of humans, setting the stage for the rise of Democracy
Other ideas from the Enlightenment strongly influenced the Founding Fathers and serve as the backbone of the American system of government
Section1: The Scientific
RevolutionMain Idea: The scientific revolution gave Europeans a new way to view
the human races’ place in the universe.
Revolution in Astronomy Ptolemaic System
Ptolemy was an ancient Greek/Egyptian astronomer who lived in the 2nd century CE
Geocentric model of the universe
Geo = Earth Centric = center
Ptolemaic System Planet Earth is at the
center of the universe and does not move
Universe is a series of concentric spheres
Developed during the Middle Ages (1100-1500 CE)
Nicholas Copernicus Polish mathematician Published On the
Revolution of Heavenly Spheres in 1543 Argued Ptolemaic system
was too complex Proposed a heliocentric
model of the universe Helio = sun
Argued the perceived movement of the sun was really the Earth rotating on its axis and moving on its orbit around the sun
Johannes Kepler
German mathematician Expanded upon Copernicus’ research & developed laws of
planetary motion The sun IS the center of the universe The orbits of planets around the sun were an ellipse (egg)
Galileo Galilei Italian astronomer & mathematician 1st European to make regular observations
with a telescope Mountains on the moon Four moons revolving around Jupiter Sunspots Heavenly bodies were made of substances
similar to those found on Earth, not light!
Galileo & the Catholic Church Ordered to abandon
the Copernican model Contradicted the
teachings of the Church & the Bible
Galileo was put on trial and found guilty of heresy & disobedience
Sir Isaac Newton English mathematician Three Laws of Planetary Motion Universal Law of Gravitation
Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity
Saw the universe as a huge machine operating according to natural laws
This idea dominated the modern worldview until the mid 20th century
Chemistry & Medicine During the Middle
Ages experts still relied on the work of 2nd century Greek Galen
He used animal dissection to develop his ideas of human anatomy – and they were often wrong!
Andreas Vesalius Published On the Fabric of the Human
Body in 1543 His discoveries made by dissecting human
cadavers Detailed observations of organs and structure of
the human body Overturned many of Galen’s theories, but
still believed different types of blood flowed through veins & arteries
William Harvey On the Motion of the
Heart and Blood (1628)
Heart was the beginning point for circulation of blood in the body
The same blood flows through veins & arteries
Blood makes a complete circuit through the body before returning to the heart
Beginnings of Chemistry
Robert Boyle Pioneer in controlled experiments Studied the properties of gasses: Boyle’s Law
Antoine Lavoisier Developed a system of naming elements Regarded as the father of modern chemistry
Margaret Cavendish One of the most
prominent female scientists of the 1600s
Critical of the belief that humans were masters of nature through scientific knowledge
Women & Science in Germany Between 1650-1710 nearly 15% of all German
astronomers were female Trained by their husbands and fathers at family
observatories Maria Winkleman: most famous German female
astronomer Despite her academic credentials she was denied
a teaching position at the Berlin Academy b/c they feared hiring a woman would set a bad example
Rene Descartes & Reason 17th century French
philosopher Considered the father of
rationalism Rationalism: belief that
reason is the main source of human knowledge; Our ability to think and reason through problems allows the human race to acquire knowledge
Descartes Famous Principles Separation of mind and matter
Matter is dead, & could be studied using reason Matter was separate from humans
The one fact that is true beyond any doubt: our own existence!
Emphasized the power of human thought “I THINK, THEREFORE I AM!”
The Scientific Method Developed by Englishman
Francis Bacon (mmmm…bacon!)
Systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence Do NOT rely on the ideas
of ancients Carefully organized
experiments would lead to the development of correct principles
Section 2: The Enlightenment
Main Idea: 18th Century philosophers used the ideas of the Scientific Revolution to
reexamine all aspect of life…especially the role of government and the rights of human
beings
What is the Enlightenment?? An 18th century philosophical (ideas!)
movement based on the use of: Reason Discoveries of the Scientific Revolution Scientific Method
In order to reexamine all aspects of life and society in order to create a better world!
Isaac Newton’s Influence Newton’s Laws (gravity, motion) showed
that the physical world is like a giant machine operating under fixed laws
Intellectuals (deep thinkers!) of the Enlightenment sought the laws that govern human society
John Locke’s Influence Tabula Rasa (blank
mind) People become who
they are through experience
Through our senses Through our thoughts Through our emotions
John Locke’s Influence If people were exposed to the right
experiences then they could be changed, creating a new & better society
Led to the belief that people could discover the natural laws that all should follow in order to produce the ideal society
What is a philosophe?? Nickname for the intellectuals of the
Enlightenment (French term for philosopher)
Came mostly from the nobility & middle class Writers Professors Journalists Economists Social reformers
An International Movement Englishmen provided the philosophical
inspiration for the Enlightenment, but… French philosophes influenced intellectuals
across Europe and truly created a movement that changed the Western World
Movement evolved over the span of a century Rational criticism should be applied to all areas
of life, including religion & politics
Baron de Montesquieu Used the scientific
method to find the natural laws governing society & politics
Published his study, The Spirit of the Laws, in 1748
Montesquieu’s Influence The most effective govt’s function b/c of a
separation of powers A system of checks & balances prevents any
one person or branch from gaining too much power
Montesquieu’s Influence 3 branches of Gov’t:
Executive (enforce laws) Legislative (make laws) Judicial (interpret laws)
In the United States: Executive = President Legislative = Congress Judicial = Supreme Court
Voltaire: Greatest of the Enlightenment
Wrote endlessly! Novels Plays Letters Essays
Best known for: Criticism of Christianity Belief in religious toleration
Voltaire & Religion Treatise on Toleration, 1763
Main Point: “all men are brothers under God.”
Champion of religions philosophy Deism: Based on reason & natural law Viewed the universe as a clock:
God created it Set it in motion Allows it to run according to natural laws WITHOUT His
influence
Denis Diderot Most lasting contribution
to the Enlightenment was editing the 28 volume Encyclopedia
His goal with this collection of knowledge was to, “change the general way of thinking.”
Diderot’s Lasting Influence Encyclopedia was sold to doctors, lawyers,
clergymen, teachers, & other members of the nobility & middle class
This allowed the ideas of the Enlightenment to spread all over Europe Religious toleration Changes in the structure of the legal & political
systems, as well as society as a whole
The Foundation of Modern Economics Physiocrats: a French group dedicated to discovering
the natural economic laws governing society If people were free to go after their own economic self
interest, all of society would benefit The State, then, should not impose any regulations on
the economy. The gov’t should leave the economy alone!
This is known by the French terms laissez-faire Meaning: to “let the people do what they want” “Hands-off” economics
Adam Smith: America’s Economic Inspiration
Wrote the best interpretation of laissez-faire economics with Wealth of Nations , 1776
He assigned only 3 roles to the government:
Protect citizens from invasion – Maintain an army
Protect citizens from injustice – Maintain the police
Keep up w/ public works & infrastructure projects too expensive for private individuals
Roads, bridges, canals, dams, etc.
Cesare Beccaria & Justice Old Justice: cruel
punishments intended to deter future crime
Beccaria’s Justice: should not excessive in its brutality
Opposed to capital punishment
(death sentence)
Jean Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract, 1762 Through a SOCIAL
CONTRACT, and entire society agrees to be governed by the GENERAL WILL
The “general will” represents what is best for the entire society
What are some examples of laws that govern our lives that protect the safety of all members of our community?
Women’s Rights: Mary Wollstonecraft Old Argument: women’s
natural ways made them inferior to men, therefore it was necessary for males to dominate females
Mary’s Argument: A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792
Mary’s Two Main Points #1: The arbitrary
power of men over women is as wrong as the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects!
#2: Enlightenment is based on the ideal that all humans have the power to reason. Because women are able to reason they should have the same rights as men!
The Growth of Reading Both the amount of items being published &
the number of readers grew rapidly during the 18th century
Many new books were directed at the new reading middle class
Daily newspapers also appeared for the first time in London in 1702
The Salon Elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy elite
where guests gathered to discuss the new ideas & works of the philosophes
Brought many different classes & groups of people together
Key piece in the spread of Enlightenment ideas
The Salon