1. How Inequality Evolved: Overcoming Reverse Dominance Hierarchies 2. The Myth of Forager Egalitarianism Myth: Forager societies lack hierarchy Reality: A few instances of inequality Gender Inequality: highly variable Private property: Pi on trees among Paiute Foragers: latent individual inequality Prevention: Watchful control by band and tribe 3. By Way of Introduction: Case Study Eating Christmas in the Kalahari by Richard Lee Lee conducted an ethnographic study of the Dobe !Kung during year He gave the band a fattened ox to thank them Reaction: Dobe ridiculed this gift Lesson: the !Kung typically ridicule all unusually valuable game 4. !Kung San Hunter 5. Why This Bizarre Behavior? Tomazos answer: Arrogance. When a young man kills much meat, he thinks himself as a chief or big man and the rest of us as his servants. We cannot accept this. Someday his pride will make him kill somebody. So we always speak of his meat as worthless. That way, we cool his heart and make him gentle. 6. Lessons from This Tale Even bandsmen know about inequality They fear domination by one man Unusual gifts always involve some ulterior motive So they denigrate this gifts The reaction conforms to a model of reverse dominance hierarchy 7. Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: A Definition Primary Source: Boehms Hierarchy in the Forest Definition: a collective reaction to anyones attempt to dominate his fellows Summary: All men seek to rule but if they cannot rule they seek to be equal. Harold Schneider, Economic Anthropologist 8. Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Toward a Model Primary Source: Knauft: Sociality versus Self-Interest in Human Evolution Behavior and Brain Sciences. Knauft postulates a U-Shaped Curve: Nonhuman Primates: Moderate to Extreme Dominance Bands and Tribes: Strong Egalitarianism Chiefdoms and States: Ranking to Social Stratification 9. Reverse Dominance Hierarchy: Primate Ethological Evidence Rationale: Pongid-Hominid Divergence 6 m.y.a. Dominance Evident in Hominoids...