ReproductionReproduction

SchmitSchmit

REPRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN PLANTSDEVELOPMENT IN PLANTS

Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction: :

- Plants being remade without sex - Plants being remade without sex cells (egg or sperm/pollen)cells (egg or sperm/pollen)

Examples of asexual Examples of asexual reproductionreproduction::

A. A. tip and stem tip and stem layeringlayering – stem – stem comes in contact comes in contact with ground and with ground and develops roots. develops roots. (Ex. Raspberry (Ex. Raspberry bushes)bushes)

B. cuttings – B. cuttings – stem/leaves stem/leaves placed in water; placed in water; start to develop start to develop rootsroots

C. C. GraftingGrafting – take – take a twig from one a twig from one plant and plant and attach to stem attach to stem of anotherof another

D. D. buddingbudding – attach the end – attach the end bud from one plant and bud from one plant and attach it to anotherattach it to another

E. runners – stems E. runners – stems that extend that extend along ground along ground and then “plant and then “plant themselves” in themselves” in the ground (ex. the ground (ex. Strawberries)Strawberries)

F. F. bulb and corm bulb and corm duplicationduplication – – onions, onions, daffodils, daffodils, tulips. Flower tulips. Flower is at center.is at center.

G. G. RhizomeRhizome – – horizontal stem horizontal stem growing below growing below ground (ex. ground (ex. Grass)Grass)

H. H. Tuber Tuber – “eyes” – “eyes” are modified are modified rhizomes that rhizomes that will develop into will develop into plantsplants

(ex. Potato)(ex. Potato)

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTSPLANTS

Types:Types:Gymnosperms Gymnosperms – cone producing– cone producing

AngiospermsAngiosperms – flower producing – flower producing

Monocot Monocot DicotDicotOne cotyledonOne cotyledon two cotyledonstwo cotyledonsFibrous rootFibrous root tap roottap rootParallel veinsParallel veins branched veinsbranched veinsPetals in 3’sPetals in 3’s petals in 4’s or 5’spetals in 4’s or 5’s

a.a.    Flower parts Flower parts

      i.i.            Sepal (all = Sepal (all = calyxcalyx) ) Green – leaf like.Green – leaf like.Protect flower prior to openingProtect flower prior to opening

          ii.ii.            Petals (all = Petals (all = corollacorolla))Protect reproductive parts.Protect reproductive parts.Attract pollinatorsAttract pollinators

iii. Stamen (♂ male parts)iii. Stamen (♂ male parts)

1.1.    pollenpollencontains spermcontains sperm

2.2.    antherantherproduces pollenproduces pollen

3.3.    filamentfilamentholds anther up to aid in pollinationholds anther up to aid in pollination

PollenPollen

iv. Pistil (♀ female parts)iv. Pistil (♀ female parts)

1.1.    stigmastigmapollen sticks to it.pollen sticks to it.

2.2.    stylestylesupports stigmasupports stigmaaids pollinationaids pollination

3.3.    ovaryovarycreates eggs, becomes fruitcreates eggs, becomes fruit

4.4.    Ovules – Ovules – turn into seeds if fertilizedturn into seeds if fertilized

5.  5.  ReceptacleReceptaclePoint where flower joins stemPoint where flower joins stem

Variations existing in flowersVariations existing in flowers

i.i.            PerfectPerfectBoth male and female partsBoth male and female parts

ii.ii.            ImperfectImperfectMale or Female partsMale or Female parts

  

Mini Quiz

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c. Pollinationc. Pollination

a.a.    Pollination – Pollination – pollen is transferred pollen is transferred from an anther to a stigmafrom an anther to a stigma

            i.i.            Self-pollinationSelf-pollination uses own pollenuses own pollen

        ii.ii.            Cross-pollinationCross-pollinationpollen from a different plantpollen from a different plant

Self Pollination Cross Pollination

d. Fertilization d. Fertilization = union of egg and sperm = union of egg and sperm

i.i.            Pollen lands on stigmaPollen lands on stigma

ii.ii.            pollen tube grows into an ovulepollen tube grows into an ovule

iii.iii.            sperm is delivered to an eggsperm is delivered to an egg

Pollination

Fertilization

PollinatorsPollinators

1.1.    InsectsInsects

2.2.    RainRain

3.3. Wind Wind

e. Flower e. Flower Fruit Fruit

i.i.            ovary ripens into a fruitovary ripens into a fruit

ii.ii.            fruits are filled with seedsfruits are filled with seeds

MINI QUIZ: MINI QUIZ: Label this flower diagram from Label this flower diagram from

memorymemory

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SeedsSeeds An embryo An embryo

plant provided plant provided with a food with a food supply and a supply and a protective coatprotective coat

Function of Seed PartsFunction of Seed Parts

testatesta - protective covering - protective covering

cotyledoncotyledon – stores food – stores food

radicleradicle – tip of embryonic root – tip of embryonic root

epicotylepicotyl – embryonic stem/leaves – embryonic stem/leaves

hypocotyl hypocotyl – embryonic root– embryonic root

Hilum Hilum – belly button, where egg – belly button, where egg attached to momattached to mom

MicropyleMicropyle – pore where pollen tube – pore where pollen tube connected to egg for sperm entryconnected to egg for sperm entry

GerminationGermination

- The development of a seed into a - The development of a seed into a plantplant

Germination requirementsGermination requirements

a. watera. water

b. oxygenb. oxygen

c. temperaturec. temperature

Various Methods of Seed Various Methods of Seed DispersalDispersal

i.i.     Wind, ex. Maple seedsWind, ex. Maple seeds

ii.ii.   Animal (sticky), ex. burrsAnimal (sticky), ex. burrs

iii.iii.   Mechanical, pop out, beansMechanical, pop out, beans

iv.iv.    Water, coconutWater, coconutv.v.      Birds, ex. MulberryBirds, ex. Mulberry

Some seeds must pass through a bird or will Some seeds must pass through a bird or will not germinatenot germinate

What processes must occur?What processes must occur? 1. osmosis1. osmosis 2. fertilization2. fertilization 3. germination3. germination 4. photosynthesis4. photosynthesis 5. respiration5. respiration 6. transpiration6. transpiration 7. growth7. growth 8. pollination8. pollination 9. mitosis9. mitosis 10. meiosis10. meiosis

IV. Life Spans of plantsIV. Life Spans of plants

a.a.    Annual – Annual – only one yearonly one year

                        i.i.            Ex. Beans, marigolds, etc.Ex. Beans, marigolds, etc.

b.b.    Biennial –Biennial – two years, two years, first grow a deep roots, first grow a deep roots, then grow a big topthen grow a big top

                        i.i.            Ex. Beet, carrotEx. Beet, carrot