Dr Peter Mark Jansson PP PEAssociate Professor – Electrical Engineering - Bucknell UniversityPresident – INTEGRATED SYSTEMSSenior Member IEEE

Renewable Energy Workshop 2012

“Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Technologies”

A Presentation to the Bucknell University Renewable Energy Workshop – 12 May 2012

PS10 CSP Plant – Andalucia, Spain

Wind power

Historical Development of Wind Power

The first known wind turbine for producing electricity was by Charles F. Brush turbine, in Cleveland, Ohio in 1888

http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/brush.htm

• 12 kW• Used electricity to

charge batteries in the cellar of the owner’s mansion Note

the person

Historical Development of Wind Power

First wind turbine outside of the US to generate electricity was built by Poul la Cour in 1891 in Denmark

• Used electricity from his wind turbines to electrolyze water to make hydrogen for the gas lights at the schoolhouse

http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/lacour.htm

© Copyright 1997-2003 Danish Wind Industry AssociationUpdated 23 July 2003

Juul’s Gedser 200kW design 1957-1975

Class of 1904

Schmidt 1942

LaCour Test Turbines 1897

Schmidt 1942

Historical Development of Wind Power

In the US - first wind-electric systems built in the late 1890’s

By 1930s and 1940s, hundreds of thousands were in use in rural areas not yet served by the grid

Interest in wind power declined as the utility grid expanded and as reliable, inexpensive electricity could be purchased

Oil crisis in 1970s created a renewed interest in wind until US government stopped giving tax credits

Renewed interest again since the 1990s

Wind Power Today

Large (megawatt) machines

Vestas 1.5MW 68m

Nordex 2.5MW 100m

Nordtank 1.5MW 64m

© Copyright 1997-2003 Danish Wind Industry AssociationUpdated 23 July 2003

Offshore Systems

© Copyright 2010 – Vattenfall Thanet 300MW

Vattenfall owns many of the world’s largest offshore wind farms

300 MW Thanet Farm (100 -3MW turbines)160 MW Horns Rev Farm (80-2MW units)110 MW Lillegrund Farm (48-2.3 MW units)90 MW Kentish Flats Farm (30-3MW units)

In total Vattenfall provides the EU with ~2TWh of wind energy annually from over 500 large scale wind turbines

Current plans are for 6,000 MW in a partnership with Scottish Power Renewables

World’s Largest Offshore Wind Farm

“Thanet” located off British coast in English Channel

100 Vestas V90 turbines, 300 MW capacityhttp://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/09/23/uk.largest.wind.farm/?hpt=Sbinhttp://www.vattenfall.co.uk/en/thanet-offshore-wind-farm.htm

Turbinesare locatedin waterdepth of 20-25m.Rowsare800mapart; 500mbetweenturbines

Off-shore Wind

Offshore wind turbines currently need to be in relatively shallow water, so maximum distance from shore depends on the seabed

Capacityfactors tendto increaseas turbinesmove furtheroff-shore

Image Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

US Wind Resources – 50m

http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/lacour.htm

http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/pdfs/wind_maps/us_windmap.pdf

NREL Wind Maps

Pennsylvania wind resources

Worldwide Wind Resource Map

Source: www.ceoe.udel.edu/WindPower/ResourceMap/index-world.html

Wind power

V

r

PCP

AVP

AV

m

totpw

tot

m

3

2

1Why V3 ?

Maximum Performance by type

Wind Power Probability Density Functions

Creating the Wind Power PDF

What does plot look like?

2011 Wind by Nation

China 62,733

United States 46,919

Germany 29,060

Spain 21,674

India 16,084

France 6,800

Italy 6,747

United Kingdom 6,540

Canada 5,265

Portugal 4,083

Rest of world 32,444

Today in the US

Top 5 States with Wind Power Capacity Installed, 2010:

1. Texas2. Iowa

3. California4. Minnesota

5. Washington

10,135 MW3,675 MW3,179 MW2,432 MW2,356 MW

SOURCE: AWEALast updated: 8.4.2011

Wind Turbine types

VAWT HAWT downwind HAWT upwind

HAWT & VAWT

Inside a Wind Turbine

SOURCE: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/wind_how.html#inside

Power in the Wind

)15.,1(/225.1

2

1

3

3

Catmmkg

AvPw

How do we determine V?

Engineering techniques

Wind Maps NREL

Wind Models Based Upon Maps/Data New Jersey has Interactive Map

Site Data Anemometer Loan Programs Adjacent NWS sites

Impact of Tower Height

)/ln(

)/ln(

zH

zH

v

v

H

H

v

v

oo

oo

- friction coefficient

Tables 6.3 & 6.4, Page 320

Max theoretical rotor efficiency

Max theoretical is called Betz efficiency

For typical turbines this is 59% Under ideal conditions today’s

turbines can achieve 80% of the max theoretical: So many turbines range between 45-

50%

Wind Feasibility

Start by Analyzing your Wind Map Determine potential generation Determine local costs of electricity Base your estimates on a real wind

generator power curve (Bergey, etc.) Complete Cost Benefit Analysis

Solar Power - Photovoltiac

Solar Intensity: Atmospheric Effects

Sun photosphere

“AM” means “air mass”

Inte

nsi

ty

Extraterestrial sunlight (AM0)

Sunlight at sea level at 40° N Lattitude at noon (AM1.5)

The Earth’s Orbit

Figure 7.5

For solar energy applications, we’ll consider the characteristics of the earth’s orbit to be unchanging

Solar Noon and Collector Tilt

Solar noon – sun is directly over the local line of longitude

Rule of thumb for the Northern Hemisphere - a south facing collector tilted at an angle equal to the local latitude

• During solar noon, the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the collector face

Figure 7.8

Altitude Angle and Azimuth Angle

Figure 7.10

Azimuth Angle

Altitude Angle

Azimuth-s and Altitude-N

Sun Path diagram

Sun Path Diagram for Shading Analysis

Trees to the southeast, small building to the southwest

Can estimate the amount of energy lost to shading

Figure 7.15

Better to use PVWatts

http://mapserve3.nrel.gov/PVWatts_Viewer/index.html

Total & Diffuse Solar Resources

Direct / Focusable Solar Resources

© Copyright Ned Mohan 2006

Fig. 3-12 PV cell characteristics [11].

Photovoltaics

GENERIC PV CELL

Incoming Photons

E-Field

Electrons

Holes

+ + + Accumulated Positive Charges + + +

- - - - Accumulated Negative Charges - - - -

Depletion Region

Bottom Electrical Contact

Top Electrical Contacts

+ + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - -

I

electrons

p-type

n-type

FROM CELLS TO ARRAYS

Typical PV System (Grid

Connected)

SOURCE: California Energy Commission - Guide to PV System Design and Installation – June 2001 [Available Online] : http://www.energy.ca.gov/reports/2001-09-04_500-01-020.PDF

Electrical Single Line

PathFinder and Assistant

www.solarpathfinder.com

Solar PathFinder ®

PathFinder, Tripod and Software

http://www.solarpathfinder.com/ord/configure?id=rWISgKdJ&mv_arg=PF

Solmetric Sun Eye®

http://www.civicsolar.com/product/solmetric-sun-eye-210

Maximize your Solar Window

Orientation and Incoming Energy

Flux changes based on module orientation

Fixed Panel facing south at 40o N latitude 40o tilt angle: 2410 kWh/m2

20o tilt angle: 2352 kWh/m2 (2.4% loss) 60o tilt angle: 2208 kWh/m2 (8.4% loss)

Fixed panel facing SE or SW (azimuth) 40o tilt angle: 2216 kWh/m2 (8.0% loss) 20o tilt angle: 2231 kWh/m2 (7.4% loss) 60o tilt angle: 1997 kWh/m2 (17.1% loss)

Benefits of tracking

Williamsport, PA 1-kW 30o tilt example 1,115 kWh/year

Single axis – 1,361 kWh/year 22% improvement at 41o N latitude

Two axis tracking – 1,415 kWh/m2

27% improvement at 41o N latitude

PHOTOVOLTAICS – PRACTICAL INFORMATION

Approx South Facing Roof or field

Roof angles from 20-45 degrees are OK

Less than 200’ from loadsEvery 70 square feet of area can

yield up to 1000 kWh per year in Pennsylvania

90% solar window requiredEach 1 kW-DC installed can yield

about 1150-1200 kWh annually