Post on 16-Oct-2021
Reduce Lab Operating Costs and Energy Use with New HVAC Technology Combinations
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UHN: MaRS TMDTUHN: MaRS TMDTUHN: MaRS TMDT
Achieve and Maintain Deep Energy Reduction
Introduce low flow lab design paradigmIntroduce a new tool for lab energy analysisExplain Demand Based Control: Achieve savingsIntelligent Agent Analysis: Maintain SavingsAnalyze using DBC* w/ other HVAC technologies
*Demand Based Control
The Lab Energy and DBC Quiz
The Prize….. Bobblehead Gordon
Caution: Care and travel expenses may be $$$
He can be attracted to Casinos
He likes to travel to far away places
He likes good food, but actually no fish
Low Flow/Energy Lab Design: A New Paradigm
A focus on max savingsNot a grab bag of many ideas
– Focus on a few, high impact concepts
The foundation: Airflow reductionAirflow has greatest energy impactCan also reduce lab’s first cost!
Need for a holistic approach to technologiesUse energy models for first cost & energy impact
– Impact of low flow design & combining concepts often non-intuitive
“In God We Trust, All Others Must Provide Data!”
Holistic Strategies for Increased Savings
Individually evaluating systems is suboptimal DBC, chilled beams, hoods & heat recovery all interact
To optimize lab safety, first cost & energy: Combining systems based on analysis of Net benefits Also use a layered or pyramid approach:
• Recover some of heating and cooling energyHR*
• Decouple heat load from ventilation flows
Chilled Beams
• VAV Exit Velocity Flow VAV ExhFan
• Reduce flow requirements
Demand Based Control/ FH Min
• Basic control approaches VAV Lab Control
*Heat Recovery
Energy, First Cost, & Payback Analysis Tool
Lab focused design analysisCustomized lab analysis engineCalculates both energy & 1st costPowerful “What If” tool for design
Reviewed & approved by utilitiesPG&E, S. Cal. Edison, Con EdCalculates Rebate incentives
Validated by Emcor & JCIHolistic broad range tool For many technologies & concepts
– Heat recovery, chilled beams, etc.
Boston Example Analysis Assumptions
Model typical bldg. w/ 125K GSFLab & lab support area: 50K NSFOffice area: 30K NSF
Base dilution ventilation:Conservatively set to 6 ACH
Energy Cost Assumptions:Electric: $0.12/kWh AvgHeating: $1.00/therm
Low to moderate hoods:One 6’ hood/ 667 ft.2 module (75)
Manifolded exhaust fans: 4 fans are staged plus 1 spare
Boston Example Analysis Assumptions
Room Temp setpoint: 74 DegFHVAC System Eff: Cooling:
– Total COP of chilled water plant: 3.3– Eff. Chilled Beam “COP”: 4.0
Heating plant: 75% total eff.
Typical thermal loading used80% of labs at 3 W/ft2 avg day20% of labs at 6 to 9 W/ft2 avg day
No humidification used
6 ACH Baseline Energy Costs For Boston
Skin & solar gains typically small compared to OABase flow rate (including offices): 72.5K cfm day & 63.7K cfm night
Total baseline energy use is $390K/ year
Holistic Strategies for Increased Savings
Individually evaluating systems is suboptimal DBC, chilled beams, hoods & heat recovery
To optimize lab safety, first cost & energy: Combining systems appropriately is best Also use a layered or pyramid approach:
• Recover some of heating and cooling energyHR*
• Decouple heat load from ventilation flows
Chilled Beams
• VAV Exit Velocity Flow VAV ExhFan
• Reduce flow requirements
Demand Based Control/ FH Min
• Basic control approaches VAV Lab Control
*Heat Recovery
Achieving Down to 2 ACH Safely in Labs
Goal: Achieve 2 ACH day/night or 3-4 day /2 nightWhat are the drivers of lab airflow that affect this? Hood flows, thermal loads & ACH rates
Hoods Thermal Load
Demand Based Control of ACH
VAV Hoods
ACH / Dilution Requirement
VAV Supply
2 ACH Min
To achieve lab flows down to 2 ACH to reduce energy & 1st
cost, all flow requirements need to be reduced
Min Flow
Min Load
Reducing/Varying the ACH Rate Flow
Demand Based Control (DBC) solution Reduces lab airflow when lab air is “clean” Increases lab flow when pollutants sensed
Studies show lab air clean > 98% time Equal or better safety w/ the Best airflow A fixed min ACH flow is always to high or low When needed flow can be upped to 8-16 ACH
Clean flow setting of 4/2 ACH is typical 4/2 ACH best done as day/night vs. occ/unocc
– Using 3/2 ACH better & more cost effective– Clean flow of 2 ACH (even during day) is best
Demand Based Control (DBC) provides a safe means to achieve 2 ACH
Demand Based Control
ACH Requirement
2 ACH Min
Lab room 101 Lab Room 102 Conference 103
Supply Air Duct
Exhaust Duct
To BMS
Advisor Data Center
Outdoor Air
Air Data Router
Connectivity
Information Management
Server
Vacuum Pump
Room Sampling Port (RS)Duct Probe
Web User Interface
Sensor Suite with
TVOC, CO2, Dewpoint & Particulate
sensors
Duct Probe
Benefits of Multiplexed Sensing InnovationBetter total first cost Single high quality sensor cost for up to 20 locations Single point digital integration
Lower operating costs Drastically reduced calibration cost
– One high quality sensor to calibrate vs. 20 sensors– Sensors accessible & easily swapped out for calibration every 6 mos.– Sensor’ airflow is filtered by a HEPA for longer life & stability
No sensor replacement costs
Continuous M&V process for long term energy savings Web based data analysis facilitates real time commissioning
– System degradation can be easily observed and corrected
Cost effective, accurate bldg. data for ventilation control Effectively a rental approach to sensors
Impact of Dynamic Control on Dilution Rates
1.5 L spill of acetone in 200 sq ft lab room, 1 sq. m spillAfter vaporized, dynamic system hits TLV in 20 vs. 60 minAfter 2 hours dynamic control has dropped level to 2.6 PPM After 2 hours, 6 ACH system is at 302 PPM or 116 times higher!
Dynamic control approach is always less than 6 ACH baseline
15 min. detection time still better than
6 ACH baseline!
Lower initial ACH helps!
Impact of Air Velocity on Actual Yale Spill Results
ASHRAE Handbook Provides Guidance
New 2011 ASHRAE Handbook, Lab chapter 16:Occ/Unocc Control scope is being limited:
– “There should be no entry into the laboratory during unoccupied setback times”
– “…Occupied ventilation rates should be engaged possibly one hour or more in advance of occupancy to properly dilute any contaminants.”
Active/Demand Based Control is recommended:– “Reducing ventilation requirements in laboratories and vivariums
based on real time sensing of contaminants in the room environment offers opportunities for energy conservation.”
– “This approach can potentially reduce lab air change rates down safely to as low as 2 air changes per hour when the lab air is ‘clean’...”
Lab Case Study: Arizona State UniversityASU Biodesign Institute Bldgs A & B Retrofit Retrofit of Labs and Vivarium
LEED® NC Platinum, R&D 2006 Lab of the Year (Bldg. B) Lab DCV pilot in 2007 to look for EE: 65% savings achieved Full building (A&B) retrofitted in 2009: $1 Million saved/year Currently 24 buildings have been retrofitted:
– Office, classroom, library, sciences bldgs, sports arena & others
0 CFM
2,000 CFM
4,000 CFM
6,000 CFM
8,000 CFM
10,000 CFM
12,000 CFM
14,000 CFM
16,000 CFM
18,000 CFM
May-17 May-24 May-31 Jun-8 Jun-15 Jun-22 Jun-29 Jul-6 Jul-16 Jul-23 Jul-30 Aug-6 Aug-13 Aug-20 Aug-27 Sep-3 Sep-11
Exhaust CFM Supply CFM
Average Savings: 10,757 CFMIn 11 Zones (~8,000 ft2)
At $5.14/CFM annually= $55,290 annually= $6.91/ft2 annually< 11 month payback!
Old Average Supply: 15,978 CFM
New Average Supply air : 5,221 CFM
June 4, 2007System
Activation
10,7
57 C
FM S
avin
gs
Pilot Study Results
Hewitt Hall: Designed in 2001
Exceeded Title 24 by 23.7%Biomedical researchRe-Commissioned in 20106 ACH fixed minimum76,905 Square Feet
Gross Hall: Designed in 2009
Exceeded Title 24 by 50.3%Biomedical ResearchSubmitted: LEED PlatinumDBC: 4/2 ACH Occ/Unocc94,705 Square Feet
Both buildings similar in layout, function, & use
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CFM/ Sq. Ft.
CFM / Square Foot ComparisonGross Hall vs. Hewitt Hall
Gross CFM/ Sq. Ft.
Hewitt CFM / Sq. Ft.
1.53 CFM/ ft2 average.
0.52 CFM/ ft2 average.
Significant DBC energy savings of ~1 CFM/ft2
Gross Hall HVAC in kW, 28.2
Hewitt Hall HVAC in kW,
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kW Dem
and
1 Week Fan and Pump Electrical Demand
UCI Now Engaged in Retrofitting 10 Bldgs to DBC
Laboratory Building
Before “Smart Lab” Retrofit After “Smart Lab” Retrofit
Estimated Average ACH
VAV or CV kWh Savings Therm
SavingsCroul Hall 6.6 VAV 41% −McGaugh Hall 9.4 CV 47% 66%Reines Hall 11.3 CV 77% 77%Natural Sciences II 9.1 VAV 48% 62%Biological Sciences 3 9.0 VAV 45% 81%CALIT2 6.0 VAV 46% 78%Gillespie Neurosciences 6.8 CV 58% 81%
Sprague Hall 7.2 VAV 71% 83%Hewitt Hall 8.7 VAV 58% 77%Engineering 3 8.0 VAV 59% 78%
AVERAGES 8.2 − 55% 76%
Aircuity is the largest contributor (>50 to 75%) of savings!
Other Projects Using Demand Based Lab ControlAcadia UniversityArizona State UniversityBeth Israel Medical CenterChicago Botanic Garden Cal State Univ., Monterey Cal TechCase Western Reserve Univ.Colorado Sch. Of MinesChildren’s Hospital of Phil.Dalhousie Univ.Dartmouth CollegeEli LillyFerris State UniversityFood & Drug Admin. (FDA)Ferris State UniversityGrand Valley State UnivHarvard (HSPH)Indiana/Purdue Fort Wayne
LabCorp – BioRepositoryMasdar Institute (MIST)Michigan State UniversityMidwestern UniversityMinistère de l’agriculture, Montreal Heart instituteNevada Cancer InstituteOhio State UniversityOklahoma State UniversityRice UniversitySUNY Stony BrookTexas Children’s HospitalUniversity of Cal IrvineUniversity of IowaUniversity of LouisvilleUniversity of Pennsylvania Univ. Health Network: MaRSVan Andel Institute
Univ. of Louisville: Bio Med 3
UPENN:Carolyn Lynch Lab
UPenn: FisherUPenn: “Demand Based Control is our #1 campus ECM”
DBC Energy Savings of 4 Day/2 Night ACH vs. 6 ACH
Demand Based Control reduces lab HVAC energy by $200K or by 51% vs. 6 ACH. Payback is 2.2 years.
First Cost Saving at Univ. of Houston
Health & Biomedical Sciences Center / Optometry 6 Floors, ~150K sq. ft, 71 labs, 37 vivariums & 24 non-lab zones
Lab & Vivarium flows reduced: Labs from 12 ACH to 4 ACH Vivariums from 15 ACH to 9 ACH
Installed cost : ~ $500KEst. energy savings ~ $250K/ yr2.0 year payback: energy onlyFirst cost savings up to $1.0M!
Demand Based Control helped bring project into budget
HVAC 1st Cost Savings of 4/2 ACH vs. 6 ACH
DBC at 4/2 ACH vs. 6 ACH reduces peak HVAC airflow by 13% or ~ $280K. Net payback is: 10.9 months!
Real Time Intelligent Agent Building Analysis:
Maintaining the Savings
Maintain Savings by Turning Data into Information
What are Intelligent Agent Systems? Typically involves streaming building data to a website Intelligent agent software analyzes the data in real time
What can these systems do? Identify system anomalies and report back to operatorsAnalyze and help optimize system performance
How do these systems report issues? Summary Reports: Performance analysis vs. just real time dataDashboards – Graphically analyze ventilation, IEQ, etc.
Intelligent Agent Analysis Can Answer Many Questions
SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY
FACILITIESFACILITIES
HEALTH & SAFETYHEALTH & SAFETY
BUILDING OWNERBUILDING OWNER
Am I saving the Am I saving the energy I
expected to?If not, why?
Is the ventilation system
performing as intended?If not, why?
Are the occupants
safe? Are lab protocols being
followed?
Are my buildings operating at
peak efficiency?What issues require my attention?
Immediate Insight: Am I Saving Energy / Money?
If Not, Why Not?
Supply Reduction Dashblock
• Summarize Flow across some or all areas•Shows Estimated vs. Target Savings•Shows Annual Dollar Value of CFM
This customer is only gettingAbout 50% of their target savings
Total Supply Dashblock•Shows Average Total Flow by Room
This customer has two roomswith much higher flows…
Ventilation Demand analytic can provides answers…
What is driving ACH?
Fume Hood DemandThermal DemandDCV OverrideAt Design Minimum
Are Operators Leaving Sashes Open?
Poor sash managementHood sashes are left open
Analyzes data over month, week, day, etc. ‐ not a snapshot
Range of sash positions is indicated
as well as whether average has increasedor decreased over the
prior period
Could it be a Thermal Issue?
Excess thermal demandApparatus placed near sensor
Another Question: Is Everything Operating Safely?
Detect and track IEQ events with peak or averages
MOS TVOC Sensor PID TVOC Sensor
0.3 to 2.5 µ Particle Counter
Potential Causes of Poor IEQ?
Poor lab practicesWork conducted outside hoodsChemical storage practices Improper equipment venting
Equipment issuesAir Handler or filter issues
Environmental issuesOutside pollutants re‐entrained
Holistic Strategies for Combining
Individually evaluating systems is suboptimal DBC, chilled beams, hoods & heat recovery
To optimize lab safety, first cost & energy: Combining systems appropriately is best Also use a layered or pyramid approach:
• Recover some of heating and cooling energyHR*
• Decouple heat load from ventilation flows
Chilled Beams
• VAV Exit Velocity Flow VAV ExhFan
• Reduce flow requirements
Demand Based Control/ FH Min
• Basic control approaches VAV Lab Control
*Heat Recovery
Variable Exhaust Fan Exit Velocity Control Innovation
Exhaust fans typically run at constant flow Roof air bypass damper used to maintain CV
To save energy, multiple fans are staged on/offBetter approach: variable speed controlFan flow varied based on building loadUse plenum IEQ monitoring to control exhaust fans
– Demand Control applied to Exhaust Fans for safety
Even staged exhaust fans often consume >2X the energy of VAV
Exhaust Plenum Monitoring: Medical Research Bldg.
1 Hr Event
Comparison of Fan Control Energy vs. 6 ACH
For VAV control of exhaust fans vs. staged fans: Total reduction of $22K or 6% for total reduction of 57%
86K
50K 28K
Layered Holistic Strategies for Increased Savings
Individually evaluating systems is suboptimalDBC, chilled beams, hoods & heat recovery
To optimize lab safety, first cost & energy: Combining appropriate HVAC technologies best
• Recover some of heating and cooling energyHR
• Decouple heat load from ventilation flows
Chilled Beams
• VAV Exit Velocity Flow VAV ExhFan
• Reduce flow requirements
Demand Based Control/ FH Min
• Basic control approaches VAV Lab Control
Demand Based Control (DBC) Improves Beam UseChilled beams at 6 or 8 ACH min:Large overcooling & reheat
Beams at 2- 4 ACH using DBC Greatly cut & eliminate these losses
HVAC system can be downsizedThermal load decoupled from airflowAir system can be resized to 2-4 ACH
The whole of Demand Based Control & Chilled Beams is greater than sum of these parts.
4/2 Project: DBC & Chilled Beams at Cal Poly
Cal Poly Center for Science & Mathematics 198,000 GSF, Budget $88 Million
– “Do the most sustainable project, but only if it doesn’t cost more money”
Architect: ZGF Architects LLP– MEP Engineer: Integral Group / Rumsey Eng.
All lab ventilation air passes through chilled beam Day rate: 4 ACH: full beam cooling Night rate: 2 ACH: less cooling needed Purge rate: 8 ACH
Cal Poly Center First Cost Savings:
Option Standard VAV Reheat
DBC with Chilled Beam
AHU ($7.5/CFM) 250,000 CFM 167,000 CFM
EF ($1.75/CFM) 324,000 CFM 256,000 CFM
Ductwork Standard Reduced 30%
Diffusers Standard Chilled Beam
Piping Reheat Loop Heat Loop, Cooling loop
Overall for 198K GSF Bldg
$716,000 First Cost Reduction (based on SD cost estimating exercise)
DBC & chilled beams were added in value engineering!
Chilled Beam Savings w/ DBC 4/2 ACH vs. 6 ACH
For chilled beam w/ DBC: $15K or 4% reduction.Airflow reduction is ~18% day & ~17% at night
“Right Sizing” Capital Cost Reductions @ 6 ACH
At 6 ACH baseline, gross capital savings of $393K.Chilled Beam (CB) creates net savings of $113K.
DBC payback drops to 5.3 months
Holistic Strategies for Increased Savings
Individually evaluating systems is suboptimal DBC, chilled beams, hoods & heat recovery
To optimize lab safety, first cost & energy: Combining systems appropriately is best Also use a layered or pyramid approach:
• Recover some of heating and cooling energyHR
• Decouple heat load from ventilation flows
Chilled Beams
• Low DP Design & VAV Exit Velocity Flow
Low DP & VAV Exh Fan
• Reduce flow requirements
Demand Based Control/ FH Min
• Basic control approaches VAV Lab Control
55% Glycol Runaround Savings at 6 ACH
55% Runaround HR w/ 4/2 DBC: only $24K or 5% saving. HR payback: 9 yrs. even w/ HVAC capital savings
$24K
75% Enthalpy Wheel Savings w/ 4/2 DBC
Enthalpy HR w/ 4/2 DBC (room exhaust only): Only $39K or 8% savings. HR payback: 3.4yrs. due to capital savings
$39K
Saving Lab Energy Presentation Summary
Airflow reduction is the best savings approachEnergy savings can be reduced by 40 to 70%Capital cost savings can be achieved as well
DBC makes chilled beams more effective2- 4 ACH cuts reheat & shares cooling w/ beams
Intelligent agents can prevent loss of savings For a copy of the presentation, contact:
Gordon Sharp, gsharp@Aircuity.comQuestions?
Quiz Questions:
1. Which of the following would be the best application for Demand Based Control:
A. 10 VAV hoods in a 1000 sq. ft. labB. 10 VAV Hoods in a 600 sq. ft. labC. 10 CV Hoods in a 600 sq. ft labD. 2 VAV hood in a 600 sq. ft. lab
2. Which of the following would be the best application for Demand Based Control:
A. Minus 80 Freezer room with VAV air coolingB. Minus 80 Freezer room with chilled beam coolingC. Minus 20 Freezer room with VAV air coolingD. All of the above
Quiz Questions:
3. What DBC purge rate is best for chilled beams:A. 6 ACHB. 8 ACHC. 12 ACHD. 15 ACH
4. How does multiplexed sensing eliminate sensor drift :
A. All sensors are factory calibrated every 6 monthsB. Air is HEPA filtered before it goes through sensorsC. Differential measurements done with same sensorD. All of the above
Quiz Questions:
5. DBC can be used to vary exhaust fan flow by:A. By sensing pollutants in all lab roomsB. By sensing pollutants in all fume hoodsC. By sensing pollutants in the exhaust fan plenumD. All of the above
6. Tiebreaker question:When did Aircuity start its business (Month, Day, & Year)?
Quiz Answers:
1. Which of the following would be the best application for Demand Based Control:
A. 10 VAV hoods in a 1000 sq. ft. labB. 10 VAV Hoods in a 600 sq. ft. labC. 10 CV Hoods in a 600 sq. ft labD. 2 VAV hood in a 600 sq. ft. lab
2. Which of the following would be the best application for Demand Based Control:
A. Minus 80 Freezer room with VAV air coolingB. Minus 80 Freezer room with chilled beam coolingC. Minus 20 Freezer room with VAV air coolingD. All of the above
Quiz Answers:
3. What DBC purge rate is best for chilled beams:A. 6 ACHB. 8 ACHC. 12 ACHD. 15 ACH
4. How does multiplexed sensing eliminate sensor drift :
A. All sensors are factory calibrated every 6 monthsB. Air is HEPA filtered before it goes through sensorsC. Differential measurements done with same sensorD. All of the above
Quiz Answers:
5. DBC can be used to vary exhaust fan flow by:A. By sensing pollutants in all lab roomsB. By sensing pollutants in all fume hoodsC. By sensing pollutants in the exhaust fan plenumD. All of the above
6. Tiebreaker question: When did Aircuity start its business?
January 7, 2000