Types of SleepersWooden sleepers

Steel sleepers

Pre stressed concrete sleepers

Cast Iron Sleepers

Types of ballast

• Broken stone ballast

gravel

sand

Kanhar

Moorum

Ashes & Cinders

Fixtures and fastenings

• Fish plates

Bearing Plates

Spikes

Chairs

Bolts

Anticreeper

Rail joints• Square jointsExactly the joints are placed opposite to each

other

Staggered joint

Suspended Joint

Supported Joint

Bridge Joint

Coning of wheels

Cant Deficiency