Radio spectrum resources and their usage Wireless ......Radio spectrum resources and their usage...

Radio spectrum resources and their usage

Wireless Networks and Convergence

Annual Training 2012-2013 on Communication & Media Regulation

Antonio Sassano - Università di Roma “La Sapienza”

Fiesole - October 16, 2012

FLORENCE SCHOOL OF REGULATION

COMMUNICATIONS & MEDIA

October 16, 2012 European University Institute - Fiesole Pagina 2

Outline

Mobile Broadband Growth … we (badly) need: More Spectrum for LTE (main focus)

How much spectrum do we hold? (spectrum holdings US / Italy)

Where to get more spectrum and how?

LTE Spectrum worlwide: a messy scenario Three Regions many strategies

ITU Conference WRC12 (Africa&ME need spectrum)

28+ different band arrangements (the Iphone5 case)

UHF: the sweetspot (who owns it?)

How to move on: TV – LTE co-existence or replacement? (white spaces, re-farming)

The United Arab Emirates proposal (July 2012)

Reverse Auctions & Repacking. The FCC proposal (October 2012)

Mobile Broadband trends

• 1 Exabyte = 1018 bytes

• 1 Exabyte = 109 Gigabytes

• 18 fold increase 2011-2016

Mobile Data Traffic per month 2011 -2016

• 2 Exabyte = data produced wordwide in one year (2004 estimate)

Mobile Data Traffic per device type 2011 -2016

Mobile Data Traffic per region 2011 -2016

(extrapolation at constant rate)

18 in 2016 1000 in 2020

Capacity Crunch?

Spectrum/Capacity: Shannon Theorem (single carrier)

Example: Satellite Maximum Capacity BW = 10 MHz; S/N = 100 (20 dB) C = 10.000.000 x log2(101) 66 Mbit/sec

Increase Bandwidth More spectrum (100 MHz for 1 Gbit LTE – A)

Increase S/N Ratio Increase Signal Power or better # of cells (Network Density)

Increase Spectral Efficiency (MIMO, Coding)

Need More Capacity ?

Capacity

(Bit/sec) )

S1(logBWC 2

BandWidth (Hertz)

Signal/Noise Ratio

Avoiding Capacity Crunch: the Ljubljana Cube

3GPP Ljubljana Meeting (June 2012) 45 vendors & mobile operators 250 technical presentations LTE Release 12 - “frozen” in 2014

1000 (2020 target) 3 Spectrum 6 Spectral Efficiency 56 Density of cells

CAPACITY = Bandwidth Efficiency Network Density

More spectrum & efficiency Lower # of cells Lower CAPEX/OPEX

How much spectrum do we hold and

where do we get extra spectrum (more than 3 )

Auctions, Refarming, Swaps, M&A etc.

OFCOM Consultation Document (700 MHz)

Better Quality

Spectrum Holdings (USA)

Verizon 3.6b$ acquisition of SpectrumCo (Comcast, TimeW,..)

AT&T’s “failed” 39b$ acquistion of T-Mobile (FCC said no) Possible meger of T-Mobile and MetroPcs (NewCo) Clearwire to start deploying 5000 site TDD-LTE Network (2.5GHz)

Spectrum Holdings (Italy)

Total (paired / unpaired) 800Mhz

900MHz

1.8Ghz 1.9GHz

2.1GHz 2.6GHz 2.6GHz

65 / 5 10 10 15 + 5 5 10 15 0

65 / 5 10 10 15 5 10 20 0

45 / 35 0 5* 15 5 15 10 30

* January 2014

In red 2011 auction acquisitions

L Band

1452-1492

2020: from 100 to 300 MHz per operator. How?

Marsden : NERA Consulting – June 2012

Use the UHF Band (the sweetspot) asymmetrically White spaces and Co-existence with TV services Re-pack TV stations and free the UHF spectrum

LTE Tecnology : Carrier Aggregation

Each UE can have different aggregation capability Crucial for “backward” compatibility Simplifies migration. Adds Flexibility to Spectrum Management Ease the challenge posed by the need of “big chunks” of contiguous spectrum (>100 MHz) for Gigabit LTE Allows an asymmetric use of (valuable) spectrum

UHF - The sweetspot

White spaces

UHF-spectrum is valuable and scarce

Supplemental DownLink

Supplemental Downlink: asymmetric and efficient

• DLink and ULink traffic are asymmetric

• so .. assign the spectrum to DLink

• Using TDD (or half FDD band)

• L Band (1452-1492)

• or Upper 700 MHz Band

Case Study: L Band (UHF 1452 – 1492)

White spaces and Cognitive Radio

“Well-planned” TV Digital Networks leave white spaces

ITALY - SFN Network UK - MFN Network

GE06 PLAN - MFN Network

• White Spaces can be re-used

• Cognitive devices (Mode I)

• Geolocation & DataBases (Mode II)

• Managed co-existence: ASA concept

WiFi, White Spaces and Cognitive Radio

WiFi (2.4, 5, 60 GHz) a possible solution to increase available BW … and improve LTE performances (offload broadband traffic)

White Spaces: 390-470 Band largely underused (Personal Mobile Radio, Tetra) TV Band (co-existence with local station) Femtocells?

Mode II DataBases: Google Spectrum Bridge

Spectrum Availability DataBase

Coexistence TV – MBB (ISBUL Project – AGCOM 2009)

A “primary” Digital Network SFN (82 sites BLUE)

Switch-on the TV sites one at a time

.. evaluating the etension of the “white area” (GREEN)

1 DVB-T site

Pop TV: 24.8

Pop MBB: 37.4

10 DVB-T sites

Pop TV: 63.1

Pop MBB: 22.8

82 DVB-T sites

Pop TV: 90.6

Pop MBB: 7.5

The Authorized Shared Access concept (I)

The ASA concept (II) – Managed co-existence

UHF: from TV to LTE

Three ITU Regions …

Americas Europe, Africa & Middle East

Asia Pacific

Different needs

Africa is a wireless continent (AT Kearney 2011)

With no digital dividend!

The 700 MHz Band: Asia-Pacific and Africa

Geraldo Neto : Qualcomm – Montevideo - June 2012

850 MHz in Africa & ME allocated to mobile:

Digital Dividend insufficient

Africa and Middle East: “we do not need 40 TV channels!”

40 Channels

30 MHz Mobile

30 MHz Base

61 62 63 68 69 64 65 66 67

9 Channels (TLC) (EUROPA – AFRICA – ME)

57 58 59 60 52 55 56 54 53 51 49 50

700 MHz Band 800 MHz Band

TV (DTT)

790 694

806 694

45 MHz Base

61 62 63 68 69 64 65 66 67 57 58 59 60 52 55 56 54 53 51

45 MHz Mobile

14 Channels (ASIA-PACIFIC) 7 Channels (TLC)

TV (DTT)

28 Channels

698 806

63 68 69 64 65 66 67

14 Channels (USA - AMERICAS) 7 Channels (TLC)

C' A B C E F A B C PS C' D PS D

61 62 57 58 59 60 52 55 56 54 53 51 49 50

TV (DTT)

28 Channels

47 21 22 23 48

700 MHz band 800 MHz band

30 MHz Mobile

30 MHz Base

61 62 63 68 69 64 65 66 67

9 Channels 12 Channels

TV/TLC 2015 (co-primary)

40 channels currently assigned to TV broadcasting Digital Dividend 1

TV (DTT)

28 Channels

57 58 59 60 52 55 56 54 53 51 49 50 48 21 47 22 23

GENEVA 2012 – The Second Digital Dividend (DD2)

• 2012 – 2015 (intense) technical preparatory activity (ITU JWG – 4-5-6-7):

– Channel harmonization (Asia-Pacific or USA for Region 2?)

– GE06 (TV plan) revision (bilateral agreements with GE06 rules)

– TV - LTE cross-border co-existence (e.g. Italy and North-Africa)

– OFCOM consultation (Re-packing of Digital TV networks)

• ITU WRC12: African & Middle East Members ask for DD2 (700 MHz)

• Decision: 2015 96 MHz (700MHz) for co-primary use TV / MBB

Channel 56

Channel 52

• North-Africa will “squeeze” TV uses to maximize the Second Digital Dividend

• Coordination based on rights guaranteed by Geneva 2006 Allotments (never changed)

• “300 Km separation required” – Francois Rancy Director ITU Technical Board

• We should ask: “give up your Mobile BB in order to let me to watch 100 DTT programs”

coordination is very difficult!

Cross Border coordination (GE06)

Channel harmonization

Geraldo Neto : Qualcomm – Montevideo - June 2012 Channel harmonization

Channel harmonization: “What if” Region 2 choses APT ?

CEPT DD1 (800 MHz)

APT (700 MHz)

both options

ITU Technical Group (July 2012): United Arab Emirates proposal

Are the smartphones compatible with this solution ?

The Iphone5 case

Not EU DD1 !

LTE Frequency Bands

EU DD1

EU IPHONE5

WRC12 DD2

US AT&T

US VERIZON

A messy scenario

Qualcomm’s reply to UAE consultation : Band 28 on the Iphone 5S ?

61 62 63 68 69 64 65 66 67

9 Channels for TLC Final Configurations Phase 1

48 57 58 59 60 52 55 56 54 53 51 49 50 21

TV (DTT)

47 22 23

28 Channels

30 MHz Mobile

30 MHz Base

(or TDD)

UAE proposal suggests a 2-phase strategy for Europe?:

Phase 1 (2015): Only 4 TV channels relocated 57-60 (reduced repacking)

Compatible with

current options for

700MHz

Phase 2 (2020): The rest of 700 MHz Band is vacated. TV channels repacked

30MHz used as supplemental downlink (as Band L) :

competitive auction possible with options for the uplink (future) band

The FCC Strategy

“The CTIA estimates that the average cost

of a TV station transferring to a new channel

(also referred to as channel swapping) would

be $898,000.

Such costs include new transmitters, new

towers, various electronics, and installation.

It is not clear that TV station owners will find

this a reasonable number“ (Milgrom et alii)

Broadcasters on the “war-path” : “The FCC GRAB”

• High political pressure on FCC

• Voluntary spectrum release

• Spectrum Act (Feb 2012)

• FCC Consultation (Oct 2012)

• Responses (Dec 2012)

• FCC answers (Feb 2013)

• Auction June 2014

• broadcaster bid to voluntary relinquish spectrum rights

• .. or to accept interference, a UHFVHF swap or channel-sharing

• each option has a (descending) “price” defined by the auctioneer (FCC)

• the bidder either exits and gets a channel in the original band (re-packing)

• .. or stays active and implicitly accepts the current offer

Reverse Auction

• the “objects” (5 MHz “generic” blocks) are defined by the Reverse Auction

• downlink (X) and uplink (Y) channels are not necessarily paired

• clock auction: FCC raises the prices when demand exceeds the offer

Forward Auction

The FCC proposal : An Incentive Auction

Reverse Auction and Re-Packing

Coverage and Interference evaluated

Feasible assignment (re-packing): Each bid is satisfied (channel cleared and

paid, UHF-VHF swapped or re-assigned to

the original band with no interference)

Cost of satisfying a bid (re-pack) varies

• Population covered

• Interference produced

• International Coordination

• …..

How to choose among 1050 re-packings?

Incentive Auction (II): a two side mechanism

• Target Clearing Cost (max amount payable to clear the spectrum)

• Clearing Target (n channels to be cleared)

INTERLEAVED VERSION (SKETCH)

Reverse Auction Find the feasible assignment that clears

the n channels (8Mhz) at minimum cost

Forward Auction Assign m = f(n) blocks (5 Mhz)

with a clock ascending auction

Closing Rule If Net Revenue > Net Revenue Target

then STOP

else decrease Clearing Target by 1

- Collect the bids

- Assign a “price” to each bid (scoring)

- The sum of “prices” is the cost

of a feasible assignment and is

Target Clearing Cost

Find (a new) feasible assignment

clearing n channels and having

minumum cost (re-packing)

- If some bids are “useless” in the

minimum cost assignment

- Decrease the “prices”

- Announce them to bidders

- Some of them will leave the auction

Integer Programming

Thanks for your attention!

Radio spectrum resources and their usage Wireless ......Radio spectrum resources and their usage...

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