Post on 28-Dec-2015
• The discovery of X rays by the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895 was an international sensation.
• Working with vacuum tubes, he bombarded a metal plate with high speed electrons.
• He found that invisible rays were produced. These mysterious new rays could go through skin and flesh and give a picture of a person's bones.
Collaborative EventsCollaborative Events
Crookes tubeCrookes tube Air evacuated glass tubeAir evacuated glass tube Cathode sideCathode side Anode sideAnode side Electrical supplyElectrical supply
Screen or board painted with barium Screen or board painted with barium platinocyanideplatinocyanide
Low light work areaLow light work area
X-rays – the Basic Radiological ToolX-rays – the Basic Radiological Tool
Roentgen’s experimental apparatus (Crookes tube) that led to the discovery of the new radiation on 8 Nov. 1895 – he demonstrated that the radiation was not due to charged particles, but due to an as yet unknown source, hence “x” radiation or “x-rays”
Known as “the radiograph of Bertha Roentgen’s hand” taken 22 Dec. 1895
X-ray production begins at the atomic level
Energy (photons) are released when the electron collides with another electron,
the change in e of the shells –produces photons
More on thisin week 4 !
CAREERS IN RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
• RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST– RADIOGRAPHER– X-RAY
TECHNOLOGIST
• TECHNICIAN
• RADIOLOGIST
Objectives
• Define the Radiology Team
• Illustrate Careers in and around Radiology
• Identify work environments for Imaging Technologists
Radiologic Radiologic TechnologistTechnologist Help othersHelp others Work with peopleWork with people Make a differenceMake a difference Think criticallyThink critically Demonstrate creativity Demonstrate creativity Achieve resultsAchieve results
FIG. 4–2FIG. 4–2 Radiologic science professionals must use advanced critical thinking skills when handling all patient care Radiologic science professionals must use advanced critical thinking skills when handling all patient care situations.situations.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Radiologic Technologist
•Must be able to COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY with
•PATIENTS, STAFF & PEERS
•Must use GOOD JUDGEMENT & CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
Early years in Radiologic Technology
• Nurses or nurses aides taught how to “take an x-ray”
• NO special education• Only “ON THE JOB” training• Experience the best teacher
• The first Technologist is credited to be EDWARD C. JERMAN.
ARRTarrt.org
• 275,000 Registered RT (R)
• 2007: 15,285 exams – 89% Radiography– 3.6 % Nuclear Med– 7.1 Radiation Therapy
NATIONAL LICENSURE
Consumer Assurance of Radiologic Excellence
The (CARE) bill
• would ensure that patients undergoing all types of radiologic procedures
• have the same assurance of quality as those receiving mammograms
• under the provisions of the Mammography Quality Standards Act.
CARE BILL
• Consistency, Accuracy, Responsibility, and Excellence...ARRT Among Supporters Seeking To Ensure Patient Safety Through Adoption of CARE Bill
• ASRT – American Society of Radiologic Technologist ASRT.org
5 Primary Exams
• Radiography (R)• Nuclear Medicine Technology (NM)• Radiation Therapy (T)• Sonography (US) (RDMS)• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR)
• candidates must have successfully completed a formal educational program in the respective discipline that is accredited by a mechanism
acceptable to ARRT.
POST – PRIMARY EXAMSPOST – PRIMARY EXAMS(TAKEN AFTER COMPLETIONS OF ARRT – RT License)(TAKEN AFTER COMPLETIONS OF ARRT – RT License)
(M) Mammography(M) Mammography (CT) Computed Tomography(CT) Computed Tomography (MRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (QM) Quality Management(QM) Quality Management (US) Sonography(US) Sonography
Vascular Sonography Vascular Sonography Breast Sonography Breast Sonography (BD) Bone Densitometry(BD) Bone Densitometry (CV) Cardiac-Interventional Radiography(CV) Cardiac-Interventional Radiography (CIV) Vascular-Interventional Radiography(CIV) Vascular-Interventional Radiography
Advanced PracticeAdvanced Practice (R.R.A) Registered Radiologist Assistant(R.R.A) Registered Radiologist Assistant Imaging Informatics Certification ProgramImaging Informatics Certification Program
Merging IT and Medical technology Merging IT and Medical technology
PET PET MANAGEMENT (BS or BA)MANAGEMENT (BS or BA) EDUCATION (BS,MEd, PhD EDD)EDUCATION (BS,MEd, PhD EDD)
Another way to categorize Another way to categorize medical imaging medical imaging
IonizingIonizing DiagnosticDiagnostic FluoroscopyFluoroscopy Special Procedures:Special Procedures: InterventionalInterventional AngiographyAngiography Cardiac CathCardiac Cath CTCT MammographyMammography Bone DensitometryBone Densitometry Nuclear MedicineNuclear Medicine Radiation TherapyRadiation Therapy
Non IonizingNon Ionizing
UltrasoundUltrasound SonographySonography
MRIMRI
HEALTH CARE TEAMHEALTH CARE TEAM MEDICAL CENTERMEDICAL CENTER
RADIOLOGYRADIOLOGY
RADIOLOGISTRADIOLOGIST
TECHNOLOGIST VS TECHNOLOGIST VS TECHNICIANTECHNICIAN
RADIATIONRADIATION
RADIATIONRADIATION
ENERGYENERGY IONIZATION- IONIZATION-
adding or removing adding or removing an electronan electron
IONIZING IONIZING RADIATIONRADIATION
NON-IONIZING NON-IONIZING RADIATIONRADIATION
Another way to categorize medical imaging
Ionizing• Diagnostic• Fluoroscopy• Special Procedures:• Interventional• Angiography• Cardiac Cath• CT• Mammography• Bone Densitometry• Nuclear Medicine• Radiation Therapy
Non Ionizing
• Ultrasound Sonography
• MRI
BONE DENSITOMETRY
• JOE RUIZ, RT (R) (BD)
• POST PRIMARY EXAM BEGAN IN JANUARY 2001
• May also have certification w/o RT
• MEASURING MINERAL CONTENT AND DENSITY OF BONES
FIG. 1–9 A computed tomographic technologist uses a computerized x-ray system to produce sectional anatomic images of the body.
(Courtesy of Philips Medical Systems.)
CT SCANNER
• USES• Ionizing RADIATION
– AND A COMPUTER
• TO RECONSTRUCT
• IMAGES
• 3-D
MRI SIGNAL PRODUCTION
• Images are crated by interaction of Magnet field, radio waves with tissue
• Atoms – Nucleus – Electrons
• Non Ionizing Radiation
scans use radioactive
isotopes to make images
PET Scan & SPECT Scan
• PET = Positron Emission Tomography
• Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
• CT (x-rays) or MRI with Radioisotopes
ANGIOGRAPHY/ CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONAL
TECHNOLOGYis a specialized radiographic examination where the images of the blood vessels of the body are demonstrated by injection of contrast media.
Cardiovascular Interventional Radiography
• Jane Smith, RT (R) (CVI)
• Angiography
• RT (CV) (CIT) (CVIT)
• 1991 began post primary exam for CVIT Radiographers
ANGIOGRAPHY is a specialized radiographic examination where the images of the blood
vessels of the body are demonstrated by injection
of contrast media
RADIATION THERAPY
R.T.(T)• 1 - 4 YRS ADDITIONAL EDUCATION
• CITY OF HOPE
• LLU
• CAL STATE LONG BEACH
• The branch of Radiology that involves the treatment of disease by means of high energy x-rays or radioactive substances
Radiation Therapy
• RT (T) = Registered technologist in radiation therapy technology
• Medical dosemetrists are involved in treatment planning and dose calculations
• 1-4 year program
FIG. 1–10 A diagnostic medical sonographer uses high-frequency sound waves to create images.
(Courtesy of Philips Medical Systems.)
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
• RT (R) (S) or RT (S) or (RDMS)
• American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
• ARRT in 1999 began post primary exam
• ARRT in 2005 began primary exam
Breast Sonography
• Post Primary Exam
• Valuable for Technologists that specialize in Mammography
Additional Opportunities
• Education
• Administration
• Management (QM)
• Commercial
• Radiologist Assistant = RRA
New - RRA• Radiology Assistant (Like PA)
• Weber State (On line – Utah)
• LLU
• 3 others in US (2007 – more)
• $$$$ NEW GRADS = 100 K/YEAR (?)
• PART OF RADIOLOGIST GROUP
• As of 2007 – NOT APPROVED BY STATE to Work as RA in California
OTHER PATHWAYS
• SALES
• APPLICATIONS SPECIALIST
• INDUSTRIAL X-RAY
• MANAGEMENT (DEGREE)
• EDUCATON
Variety of Work Settings• physicians offices,• clinical outpatient facilities, • free standing imaging centers, • mobile imaging centers • portable services to rehabs • Mammo’s to under privileged
areas• Urgent care
Other working opportunities…
• Registry (local)
• Registry (out of state)
• X rays taken around the world !!
NEED – JOB SECURTIY
• PEOPLE ARE GETTING OLDER – LIVING LONGER
• TECHNOLOGIST ALSO GETTING OLDER
• NEED NEW, YOUNG PEOPLE TO TAKE OVER THE JOBS & TAKE CARE OF THE SICK AND ELDERLY
REVIEW: PRIMARY EXAMINATIONS ?
• RADIOGRAPHY
• NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY
• RADIATION THERAPY
• SONOGRAPHY (7/05)
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE (2006)