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PRODUCED WATER 2 Environmental Issues and Mitigation Technologies
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH Series Editor: Herbert S. Rosenkranz Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh 130 DeSoto Street Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Founding Editor: Alexander Hollaender
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 42 - CHEMISTRY FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Edited by L. Pawlowski, W. J. Lacy, and J. J. Dlugosz
Volume 43 - PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES IN THE SEA Edited by Paul G. Falkowski and Avril D. Woodhead
Volume 44 - SECONDARY-METABOLITE BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM Edited by Richard J. Petroski and Susan P. McCormick
Volume 45 - GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: Linking Energy, Environment, Economy, and Equity Edited by James C. White
Volume 46 - PRODUCED WATER: Technological/Environmental Issues and Solutions Edited by James P. Ray and F. Rainer Engelhardt
Volume 47 - GLOBAL ENERGY STRATEGIES: Living with Restricted Greenhouse Gas Emissions Edited by James C. White
Volume 48 - GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC-BIOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY Ronald G. Prinn
Volume 49 - BIODEGRADATION OF NITROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS Edited by Jim C. Spain
Volume 50 - BIOMONITORS AND BIOMARKERS AS INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: A Handbook Edited by Frank M. Butterworth, Lynda D. Corkum, and Judith Guzman-Rinc6n
Volume 51 - CHEMISTRY FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2 Edited by Lucjan Pawlowski, William J. Lacy, Christopher G. Uchrin, and Marzenna R. Dudzinska
Volume 52 - PRODUCED WATER 2: Environmental Issues and Mitigation Technologies Edited by Mark Reed and StAle Johnsen
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
PRODUCED WATER 2 Environmental Issues and Mitigation Technologies
Edited by
Mark Reed lKU Petroleum Research Trondheim, Norway
and
Stale Johnsen STATOlL Research and Development Centre Trondheim, Norway
Plenum Press New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Produced water 2 environmental issues and mlTigation technologies / edlted by Mark Reed and Stale Johnsen.
p. em. -- (Environmental SClence research; v. 52) "Proceedings of the 1995 International Produced Water Seminar.
held September 25-28, 1995, ln Trondheim, Norway"--T.p. verso. Includes bib I iographical references and index. ISBN .. 13 :978 .. ) .. 4613 .. 8025 .. 2 e .. ISBN .. 13: 978 .. ) .. 4613 .. 0379 .. 4 DOl: 10.10071978 .. 1 .. 4613 .. 0379 .. 4
1. 011 field brines--Congresses. I. Reed, Mark, 1947-II. Johnsen, Stale. III. Internatlonal Produced Water Seminar (1995
Trondhelm, Norway) IV. Series. TN871.P7175 1996 622' .33819--dc20 96-26471
CIP
Proceedings of the 1995 International Produced Water Seminar, held September 25-28, 1995, in Trondheim, Norway
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8025 .. 2
1996 Plenum Press, New York Sof tcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition I 996
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
To Unni and Gretha
for their support during the lengthy process of which this volume is the final result
PREFACE
This volume constitutes the proceedings of the Produced Water Seminar held in Trondheim, Norway, in September 1995. Hosted by Statoil Research and Development and IKU Petroleum Research, the seminar was an update of the 1992 seminar of the same title held in San Diego, California (Ray and Engelhardt, 1992).
Produced water remains the largest volume waste stream from oil and gas production offshore. In the North and Norwegian Seas, produced water volumes are projected to increase significantly over the coming decades, as oil reservoirs near depletion. These releases are therefore the focus of continuing environmental concern.
The purpose of this seminar was to provide a forum for scientists, legislators, and industrial and environmental representatives to share recent information and research results, and to encourage cooperative pursuit of solutions in the future.
The success of the seminar, and the quality of this volume, are due in large part to the many authors from around the world who presented almost 50 posters and papers focused on environmental issues and mitigation technologies. In addition, we wish to acknowledge the contributions of the local and international organizing committees.
Local Committee
Asbj0fg 0verli and Heidi Torp, Statoil Egil Wanvik and Laila S. Olden, IKU Petroleum Research
International Committee
James P. Ray, Shell Chemical and Petroleum Products Companies Alexis E. Steen, American Petroleum Institute Theodor C. Sauer, Battelle Ocean Sciences Steven A. Flynn, British Petroleum Martin C. Th. Scholten, TNO Kjell Lohne, Statoil Ingvild Martinsen, Norwegian Pollution Control Authority.
Mark Reed StAle Johnsen Trondheim, Norway
vii
viii Preface
REFERENCE Ray, J. P., and R. Engelhardt, 1992. Produced Water. Proceedings of the 1992
Seminar. Plenum Press, NY.
CONTENTS
Section I. Legislative and Management Issues
1. Session Summary James P. Ray
3
2. Regulation of Produced Water on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. . . . . . . . . .. 7 Erik E. Syvertsen
3. Discharges of Produced Water to the North Sea: Effects in the Water Column. .. 13 T. I. R0e, S. Johnsen, and The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF)
4. Regulation of Produced Water by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . .. 27 Allison Wiedeman
Section II. Chemistry and Toxicity Issues
5. Session Summary ................................................... 45 Alexis Steen
6. Estimating the Acute Toxicity of Produced Waters to Marine Organisms Using Predictive Toxicity Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
David A. Pillard, Joseph E. Tietge, and James M. Evans
7. A Comparison between the Toxicity of Produced Oil and Gas Condensate Using a New Sediment Bioassay for Deposited Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
E. M. Foekema, H. P. M. Schobben, J. Marquenie, and M. C. Th. Scholten
8. Produced Water Composition, Toxicity, and Fate: A Review of Recent BP North Sea Studies .............................................. 69
Steven A. Flynn, Ed J. Butler, and Ian Vance
9. Field Evaluation of Toxic Effects and Dispersion of Produced Water Discharges from North Sea Oil Platforms: Implications for Monitoring Acute Impacts in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81
R. Stagg, D. J. Gore, G. F. Whale, M. F. Kirby, M. Blackburn, S. Bifield, A. D. McIntosh, I. Vance, S. A. Flynn, and A. Foster
ix
x Contents
10. Sub-Lethal Effects of Oil-Produced Water on the Early Life Stages of Turbot ... 101 Susan M. Stephens, J. Anne Brown, and Martin A. Ferguson
11. Exposure of Cod Larvae (Gadus morhua L) to Phenols in Produced Water during the Critical Period of First Feeding ........................... 113
R. Farestveit, S. Johnsen, H. Riksheim, and M. 0stensen
Section III. Environmental Effects
12. Session Summary ................................................... 125 James P. Ray
13. Ecotoxicological Risk of Produced Water Discharged from Oil Production Platforms in the Statfjord and Gullfaks Field ......................... 127
Chris C. Karman, Stale Johnsen, Henk P. M. Schobben, and Martin C. Th. Scholten
14. The N-OctanollWater Partition Coefficient: A Critical Parameter in Environmental Risk Assessment of Offshore E&P Chemicals ........... 135
Eilen Arctander Vik, Siri Bakke, David R. Johnson, and Johan Verburgh
15. Effects of the Water Soluble Fraction of Crude Oil on Marine Fish Larvae and Crustaceans ................................................... 149
Clelia Booman and Lars F0yn
16. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Produced Water: Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer in Marine Food Webs .................................... 163
Jerry M. Neff and Theodor C. Sauer, Jr.
17. Delineation of Benthic Impact and Recovery at Two Produced Water Discharge Sites in Inshore Louisiana ........................................ 177
Maureen M. Mulino, Michael F. Rayle, John C. Francis, and Michael A. Poirrier
18. The Effects of Produced Water on Hydrocarbon Levels and on P4501A Monooxygenase Activity in Fish Larvae in the Northern North Sea ...... 195
R. M. Stagg, P. A. Gillibrand, A. M. McIntosh, and W. A. Turrell
Section IV. Dispersion Models
19. Session Summary ................................................... 213 Steven A. Flynn
20. Dispersion Modeling Perspectives on the Environmental Fate of Produced Water Discharges ............................................... 215
Maynard G. Brandsma and Joseph P. Smith
21. Development and Appraisal of a Particle Tracking Model for the Dispersion of Produced Water Discharged from an Oil Production Platform in the North Sea .......................................................... 225
R. Murray-Smith, D. Gore, S. A. Flynn, I. Vance, and R. Stagg
Contents xi
22. A Buoyant Jet/Plume Model for Subsea Releases .......................... 247 Helge Mohn Skiltun
23. An Intercomparison between Field Measurements and Three Different Calculation Models for Estimates of Dilution Factors .................. 257
Henrik Rye, Mark Reed, AlfMelbye, and Stille Johnsen
Section V. Environmental Modelling
24. Session Summary ................................................... 273 Mark Reed
25. Environmental Effects of Discharge and Reinjection of Produced Water ....... 275 Edgar Furuholt
26. The Role of the Supplier of Production Chemicals in Managing the Environmental Impact of Produced Water in Offshore Oil and Gas Production .................................................... 289
Albert Bos
27. An Introduction to the CHARM Model .................................. 295 Henk P. M. Schobben, Eilen A. Vik, Guus G. Hutjes, Chris C. Karman, and
Gro D. 0fjord
28. The Charm Model Used in Environmental Risk Management of Produced Water on Ula .................................................. 303
Gro D. 0fjord, Siri Bakke. and Eilen A. Vik 29. PROVANN: A Model System for Assessing Potential Chronic Effects of
Produced Water ................................................ 317 Mark Reed, Stille Johnsen, AlfMelbye, and Henrik Rye
Section VI. U.S. DOE: Gulf of Mexico Studies
30. Session Summary ................................................... 333 David S. Gettleson
31. U.S. Department of Energy Sponsored Study - Environmental and Economic Assessment of Discharges from Gulf of Mexico Region Oil and Gas Operations: An Overview ........................................ 335
Brent W. Smith and David A. Gettleson
32. Assessing the Potential for Enhanced Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals from Produced Water Discharges to the Gulf of Mexico .................... 339
John H. Trefry, Robert P. Trocine, Kelly L. Naito, and Simone Metz
33. An Ecological Risk Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Produced Water Discharges to the Western Gulf of Mexico ............. 355
Jerry M. Neff and Theodor C. Sauer, Jr.
xii Contents
34. Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Associated with Offshore Produced Water Discharges in the Gulf of Mexico ............................ 367
Alan D. Hart, Bruce D. Graham, David A. Gettleson, David L. Demorest, and Brent W. Smith
35. Distribution of Finfish Caught Near Oilfield Structures along Coastal Louisiana and Texas ............................................ 381
Fred E. Schultz, Stephen E. Steimle, Maureen M. Mulino, John C. Francis, and Donna H. Redmann
36. Risk Assessment for Produced Water Discharges to Open Bays in Louisiana .... 395 Anne F. Meinhold, Seymour Holtzman, and Michael P. DePhillips
Section VII. Technology for Mitigation
37. Session Summary ................................................... 413 Kjell Lohne
38. Air Stripping Combined with FlO Detection for Oil-in-Water Analysis ........ 415 Arne Lund Kvernheim, Kristin Eitrem Landmark, Hanne M. 0ren, and
Ingolf Caspari
39. Dissolved Component Removal from Oilfield Waters ...................... 425 R. W. Turnbull and S. J. Tulloch
40. Report on the Start-up of a Unique Hydrocyclone-Based System for Treating Produced Water ................................................ 431
Craig Dotson, Richard Huff, and Steven R. Haskin
41. Produced Water Reinjection (PWRI): Experiences from the Ula Field ......... 447 Siri Bakke, Eilen A. Vik, Hans Gruner, and Thor A. Hjelmiis
42. Down Hole Separation (DHS) Technology ............................... 459 J. F. Michelet
43. Evaluation ofNFIUF Membrane Treatment in De-Oiling Produced Water in-Situ at a Heavy-Oil Production Facility in Western Canada ........... 471
J. Fraser, A. Zaidi, M. Preston, T. Liu, and E. Doyle
44. Agip and the Environment: Disposal of Produced Water from Gas Fields Exploitation in the Adriatic Sea ................................... 485
M. Buffagni, D. Giacca, and C. Biancifiori
45. Biological Treatment Process for Removing Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Oilfield Produced Waters ........................................ 499
Gilbert Tellez and Nirmala Khandan
46. Pretreatment of Oil Field and Mine Waste Waters for Reverse Osmosis ........ 509 W. L. Bourcier, H. Brandt, and J. H. Tait
Contents xiii
47. Comparison of Injectivity Prediction Models to Estimate Ula Field Injector Performance for Produced Water Reinjection ...................... .52 I
Claas Van Der Zwaag and Lars 0yno
Index ................................................................. 533