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CONTENTS
PAGE
PROCEEDINGS OF
THE
TWELFTH
GENERAL
MEETING
Friday,
Janttary
8th,
1915
5
I
INDEX
TO
THE
PROCEEDINGS
38
STATEMENT OF
ACCOUNTS,
DECEMBER 16th,
1913,
TO
DECEMBER
15th, 1914
40
APPENDIX
Former
Presidents
of
the
Association-
Officers
AND
COIJNCIL
.
Rules
......
Names
and
Addresses
of
Members
TopoGRAPHiCAii
List
of
Members
.
Manchester
and
District
Branch
birminqham
and
midlands
branch
Liverpool
and
District
Branch .
Nottingham
and
District
Branch
London
Branch ....
Bristol
Branch
....
Northumberland
and
Durham
Branch
Cardiff
and
District
Branch
Leeds
and
District
Branch
Bombay
Branch
....
Classical
Association
of New South
Wales
Classical Association of
South
Australia
Classical
Association of
Victoria
3
44
45
48
51
98
115
118
119
120
121
123
123
124
125
127
128
129
130
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/
TWELFTH
GENERAL
MEETING,
HELD
IN
LONDON,
JANUARY
8TH, 1915
On
Friday,
January
Sth,
at 2.45 p.m.,
the
Association
met
in
the
Hall
of
the
Merchant
Taylors'
Company.
The
President,
Professor
William
Eidgeway,
Litt.D.,
LL.D.,
Sc.D.,
F.B.A.,
Disney
Professor
of
Archaeology,
Cambridge,
occupied
the
chair.
The
President.
The
first
motion
which
I
bring
before
you
this
afternoon
is
a
vote
of
sympathy
with
the
sorely
tried
Uni-
versities
of
Belgium.
I
need
not
dilate
on
what
they have
endured
at
the
hands
of
those
who are
infinitely
worse
than
Mummius,
whose
name
has
been
handed
down
through
the
ages
in
connexion
with the
destruction
of
Corinth.
I
will
not waste
time
by
elaborating
the
subject,
but
I
will
say
that
we
must
not
lose
our
sense
of
proportion
through
our
sympathy
with
these
Universities
;
because,
after
all, what they
have
endured
in
material
loss
is
as
nothing
compared
with
that
great
sum
of
human
agony
and
misery
which the
Germans
have
inflicted
upon
the
peoples
of
Belgium
and
Northern
France.
The
Classical
Association
takes
this
opportunity
of
expressing
its
heartfelt
sympathy
with
the
sorely
tried
Universities
of
Belgium.
The
motion was
passed by
acclamation.
Mr.
Caspari
read
the
Report
of
Council.
Membership
The
Council
of
the
Association
has
pleasure
in
reporting
that
the
membership
of
the
Association
continues
to
increase.
It
now
stands
at
nearly
1,600.
Branches and
Affederated
Associations
The
newly
formed
Branches
for
Cardiff
and
District
and
Leeds
and
District
have
been
afl&liated
to
the
Association
5
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6
THE
CLASSICAL
ASSOCIATION
and
have
successfully
concluded their
first year's
work.
The
Classical
Association
of
Victoria continues to
increase
its
numbers
and to
extend its
activities.
Local Correspondents
The
Council
has
decided
that
it
would be desirable to
appoint
one
officer
of each
Branch
to be
a
Local
Correspondent of
the
Association.
In
accordance
with this resolution a large
number
of
new
appointments
has
been
made.
Place
of
General
Meting
The
Council
decided
that
in view
of
the
European crisis
it
was
advisable to
postpone
the
General
Meeting,
appointed
to
be
held
at
Newcastle
in
January, 1915,
and on
behalf of
the
Association
thanked
the
Council of
the
Northumberland
and
Durham
Branch
of
the
Association for
their
profiert
d
hospitality
and
for the
work already
undertaken
in
organizing
the
intended
Meeting.
Council
further
decided
to
arrange
for a
brief
General
Meeting
to
be
held
in London
early
in
1915
with a view to
transacting
the necessary
annual
business
of
the
Association.
Classical
Materials
Board
In
continuation
of
the
policy
indicated in
its last
Report,
the
Council
appointed
five
representatives
of
the
Association to
consider
together with
representatives of
the
Association
for the
Reform of
Latin
Teaching,
the
Hellenic
Society
and
the
Roman
Society,
the
constitution and
functions
of a
proposed
Classical
Materials
Board. The Classical
Materials
Board
has now
been
constituted,
and consists of six
representatives
of
the
Classical
Association, three
representatives of
the
Association for the
Reform
of
Latin
Teaching,
and one
representative
each
of the
Hellenic
and
Roman
Societies.
The
work
of
the
Board
is
now
at a
standstill,
owing to
the war.
Meanwhile
its
Secretaries
hope to
prepare
a
list of
models,
casts
and
wall-pictures at present available
and
in
use
in
British
schools
and
colleges.
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REPORT
OF
COUNCIL
7
Oral
Methods
of
Teaching
Classics
The
Council
has
considered
the
question
of
appointing
a
Committee
to
inquire
into
Oral
Methods
of
teaching
classics,
but
has
decided,
in
consultation
with
the
Association
for
the
Keform
of
Latin
Teaching,
that
such
a
step
would at
present
be
premature.
Grammatical
Terminology
The
movement
for
unifying
and
simplifying
the
terminology
of
grammar,
inaugurated
by
the
Classical
Association
in
the
years
1908
and
1909,
has
received
a
new
impetus
through
the
issue
in
final form
of
the
American
Report
of
the
Joint
Com-
mittee
on
Grammatical
Nomenclature.
This
Joint
Committee
was
formed
in
1911
by
the
common
action
of the
National
Education
Association,
the
Modern
Lan-
guage
Association
and
the
American
Philological
Association,
under
the
Chairmanship
of
Professor
W.
Gardner
Hale,
of
Chicago,
a
Vice-President
of
the
Classical
Association.
The
object
and
methods
of this
Committee
are
identical
with
those
of the
English
Joint
Commitee
on
Grammatical
Terminology
;
and
the
two
Committees
agree
to
a
large
extent
in
the
recommendations
of
terms
to
be
used
to
describe
the
fundamental
facts
of
grammar.
The
Report of
the
American
Joint
Committee
has
been
endorsed
by
a
Committee
of
the
National
Council
of
Teachers
of
English,
which
proposes
to
recommend
the
Report
for
adoption
by
the
National Council.
Books
for
Louvain
The
Council desires to
call the
attention
of members
to
a
circular
sent
out
inviting
them
to
inform Mr.
E.
Harrison,
of
Trinity
College, Cambridge, at
their
convenience,
what
books,
if
any,
they
are able
and
willing
to
offer towards
the
re-establish-
ment
of the
Library
of
the
University
of
Louvain.
Obituary
Council
regrets
to record
the
death
of
Dr.
H. J.
Roby,
the
venerable
scholar and
jurist,
and
recalls
with
gratitude
his
long
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8
THE
CLASSICAL
ASSOCIATION
and
distinguished
services to Classical
Study
and
to
higher
education,
especially
as
Secretary
of
the
Endowed Schools
Com-
mission,
and
his
generous
friendship to
the
Classical
Association.
Classical
Journals
Board
The
Classical
Journals Board
reports
a
year
of progress
with
all
its publications. The four
Editors of The Classical Quarterly
and
The
Classical Review
have
continued their
valuable
help
and
so has Mr, Cyril
Bailey
with
The
Yearns
Work,
the
new
scheme for which
is
working well.
The number of
subscribers
to The
Classical
Quarterly
has
again
somewhat increased
; that for
The
Classical
Review
is
hardly
more than stationary.
The
enlargement
of
both
journals
was
maintained,
and
the
Editors
of
The
Classical
Review
have
been able
to overtake
con-
siderable arrears
of
book-notices.
In
view
of
the
very
probable
decline
in
the number
of foreign
subscriptions
for
1915
and
some other
sources
of
revenue under
pressure of the war, the
Board
has
reluctantly
determined
upon
a
slight
reduction
in the
size
of
both
journals
for the
current
year. For
this and every reason it desires again
to
remind
all
members
of the
Association
of the
substantial service
to
classical
study
which they
would render by doing all in their
power to
extend the
circulation
of the journals.
At the
end of
1913 Mr.
J. W.
Mackail
retired from
the
Board
and
the vacancy
was
filled by the
Council
by the
nomination
of
Professor
Gilbert
Murray
;
Mr.
R.
C. Seaton
was
elected
to
fill
the
vacancy
caused by the
retirement of
Professor F.
Haverfield
Professor R.
S.
Conway
was
elected
Chairman
and Mr.
W. E,
P.
Pantin Treasurer.
In
moving
the
adoption of
the
Report,
the
President
alluded
to
the
heavy
loss
which
Classical Studies
had
just
sustained
by
the
death
of
Dr. Ingram
Bywater, the
great
Aristotelian
scholar,
and
Dr.
R. Y.
Tyrrell, whom he
characterized
as
perhaps
the
most
felicitous
composer of
Latin and
Greek
verse
in
recent
years.
The
adoption
of
the
Report
of
Council
having
been
duly
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THE
TREASURER'S
REPORT
9
put
and
carried,
the
Treasurer's
Report
was
then
presented
by
the
retiring
Hon.
Treasurer,
Mr.
R. C.
Seaton,
who
said
:
The
accounts
for
the
year
1914
show
that
the
receipts
were
412
and
the
expenses
440,
the
receipts
being
6
less
and
the
expenses
37
more,
than
last
year.
Still we
carry
forward
a
balance
of
66 to
this
year.
The
slight
diminution
in
receipts
is
due
to
rather
fewer
subscriptions
having
been
received
viz.
1,279
as
against
1,314
and
less
amounts
from
the
Associations
of
Victoria
and
New
South
Wales.
The
increased
expenditure
is
due
to
increased
expenses
for
Council,
publication
expenses
and
the
London
meeting.
On
the
whole
we
need
not
take
a
gloomy
view
of
the
financial
position
in
the
special
circumstances.
We
must
expect
that
the
war
will
make
some
difference
to
an
Association
such
as
ours.
I
desire
to
call
attention
to
the
great
success
which has
attended
the
foundation
of
a
Branch
at
Leeds
at
the
beginning
of
the
year,
a
success
which
has
been
chiefly
due to
the
devotion
and
persistence
of
Professor
Rhys
Roberts.
I have
now
ceased to
be
Hon.
Treasurer
and
it
only
remains
for me to
thank
the
members
of
the
Classical
Association
and
especially
the
members
of
Council
and my
colleagues
in
office,
for the
uniform
kindness
and
courtesy
with
which
they
have
treated me
during the
last
four
years.
I
should
like
also to
ask
for
the
same
consideration
on
behalf
of my
successor,
who,
I know,
will
not
be
able
to
give
so
much
time
to
the
interests
of
the
Association
as I
have
been
able to
do.
The
Hon.
Treasurer's
Report
was
then
formally
moved
from
the Chair
and
carried.
Sir
Frederic Kenyon
:
Mr.
President,
Ladies
and
Gentle-
men
:
Now that
the
Council,
through
their
Secretary
and Trea-
surer,
have rendered account of
their
stewardship
for the
last
year, we have
to
look forward
to
the
future
and I
have
the
honour
to propose
to you
the
election
of the
President
for the
year now
beginning.
In the past, as
you
know, we
have
had as
our
Presidents
distinguished
representatives
of
statesmanship,
of
divinity,
of
law,
of
science, of letters
and
of
scholarship
;
but
there
is
one important
branch of
human
activity
not
yet
repre-
sented
among
our Presidents
and
that
is
the
sphere
of
Art.
It
is
therefore
with
great
pleasure
that I
propose
to
you
as
our
President
for the coming
year
Sir
William
Richmond.
You
2
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10
THE CLASSICAL
ASSOCIATION
know
Sir
William
Riclimond,
not
only
as a
distinguished
artist,
but
as an artist
whose work
is inspired by
classical
ideals. We
could not
have
found
among the
artists of
the present
day
any
one
unless it
were
the
President of
the
Royal Academy
who
could
more
fitly
represent
the
painter's
art
to
us
from the
point
of
view
of
classical
inspiration.
Sir William
Richmond
has
also taken
great
interest in
the actual
work
of
classical
archaeology.
You remember the
interest
aroused at
the time
when
Sir
Arthur
Evans discovered painted
art in the
palaces
of Crete
;
at
that
time Sir
William
Richmond ofiered to go
out
and
make
copies
of these ancient paintings.
That
was a
sign
of the
interest
he took and always
has
taken
in
classical
art.
We shall
therefore have in our new President one
who will
be
devoted
to the
interests of our
Association
and
who
will
worthily
represent
one of
the many
sides of
human activity
which
our
Association
touches.
I have much
pleasure in
proposing the
election
of
Sir
William
Richmond as our
President for
1915.
Mr.
Cradock
Watson having
seconded
the
proposal, it
was
adopted.
Professor
Connal
moved
the election
of the
Vice-Presidents
and
Members
of
Council,
and
said
:
It
has been
our custom to
add the name of
the
retiring President to
the
list
of
Vice-
Presidents. All
will agree
that
the
list will
gain
distinction
by
the addition
of
the
name
of
Professor
Ridgeway.
I
also
propose Professor Rhys Roberts, of
the
University
of
Leeds.
His
eminence as
a scholar
and
writer
on
classical
literature
and
his services
to the
Association at
various
general
meetings
are
familiar
to
us
all, and his devotion
to the
cause
of
classical
learning
and
classical
teaching
is
known to
no one
better
than
to
myself,
who have been closely
associated
with
him
for so
many
years.
His recent services to
the
Association
in
connexion
with the
establishment of
a
Branch
at
Leeds have
been
referred
to by the
Treasurer.
As
members of
Council
for the next
three years
in
succession
to
those
who
retire in the
ordinary way, I
propose
Mr.
Caspari
and
Mr.
Seaton,
the
retiring
Secretary
and
Treasurer.
I
am
sure
all
will
agree that the Council
will be
well
advised
in
de-
siring a continuance of their
services.
I
propose
also
the
names
of Miss
Strudwick,
now Head
Mistress
of
the
City
of
London
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THE
ELECTION
OF
OFFICERS
11
School
for Girls,
who
will
be
remembered
by
all
those
who
were
present
at
the
Annual
Meeting
last
year
at
Bedford
College
Mr. R.
W,
Livingstone
of
Oxford,
who at
the
last
meeting
read
a
paper on
the
teaching
of
the
Classics
as
Literature,
which
everyone
will
recall
with
pleasure,
and
Mr. J.
T.
Sheppard, a
distinguished
Cambridge
writer
on
Greek
Tragedy.
Mr.
Duke
having
seconded
the
motion
for
the
election
of
the
two
Vice-Presidents
and
five
Members
of
Council,
they
were
declared
duly
elected.
Professor
Sonnenschein.
I
have
great
pleasure
in pro-
posing
a
hearty
vote
of
thanks
to
our
retiring
Treasurer
and
Secretary
and
also
the
election
of a
new
Treasurer
and
a
new
Secretary.
Those
who
have
been
in
close
contact
with
the
work
of
Mr.
Seaton
and
Mr.
Caspari
know
very
well
how
admir-
ably
they
have
performed
their
duties and
what a
considerable
amount
of time
and
thought
on
their
part
has
been
involved.
Mr.
Seaton
has
been
most
strenuous
in
every
matter
relating
to
the
financial side
of
the
work
of
the
Association
and we
have
felt
that
it has
been in
exceedingly
competent
hands.
Mr.
Caspari
has
also
devoted
himself
most
loyally
to
his
work.
Both
these
ofiicers
have
enjoyed
throughout
their
tenure of
office
the
complete
confidence
of
the
Council
;
and I hope they
will
have
their
reward
in
something
better
than a
mere vote
of
thanks,
however
cordial.
Indeed,
I am
sure
they
already
have
it
in
the
consciousness
of
service
rendered,
especially
in
con-
nexion
with
an
Association
so
sympathetic
and united
as the
Classical
Association
is
and
for
a cause
which
they
personally
have at
heart.
As one
who
himself held
office
for
some
time
as
Secretary,
I
feel that it
is
worth one's
while
to
make
sacrifices
for
the
sake
of
work of this
kind
;
and I hope
Mr.
Seaton
and
Mr.
Caspari have
this
feeling.
Li regard
to
the
new
holders
of these
offices,
the
Council
has
been
fortunate in securing
the
services
as
Treasurer
of
Mr.
Williamson,
an admirable
classical
scholar
and
experienced
teacher,
now
in
Manchester
Grammar
School and
previously
at
Oxford.
As our
new Secretary (to
take the
place
of
Mr.
Duke,
who
will
now
become our senior
Secretary),
Professor
Slater,
whom we have
an
opportunity
on this
occasion
of
congratulating
on his
appointment to Bedford
College,
London,
is
willing to
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12
THE
CLASSICAL
ASSOCIATION
give
his
services.
Here,
again,
we
have
been
fortunate
in
find-
ing
a
man
competent
in every
way
for
the
task, though
singu-
larly
modest
as
to his
own
secretarial
abilities.
It
is
a
great
convenience
to
the
Association
that
at
least one
of
our
secre-
taries
should
be
resident
in
London.
I beg
to
propose
that
we
pass
a
vote
of
thanks
to
our
retiring
officers
and elect
as
our
new
officers
Mr.
Williamson
and
Professor
Slater.
Mr.
Sleeman
seconded
this
motion.
The
President
desired
to
associate
himself
with the
Vote
of
Thanks.
What
he
had
seen
of
the
work
of
the
retiring
officers
made
him
feel
that
Professor
Sonnenschein
had
said
too
little
of
the
work
they
had
done
for
the
Association.
The
votes
of
thanks
and
the
election
of
new
officers
were
passed
by
acclamation.
Sir
Frederic
Kenyon.
In
the
ordinary
way
a
proposal
is
made
to
the
general
body
of
the
Association
naming
the
place
of
the
next
General
Meeting.
This
year,
owing to
special
circumstances,
the
Council
is
not
able
to
put
forward
any
definite
proposal.
It
was
intended,
as
you
know,
that
the
present
meeting
should
have
been
held
in
Newcastle.
That
was
im-
possible
owing
to
the
war,
since
all
the
available
buildings in
Newcastle
are
required
for
military
purposes.
It is
at
present
not
possible
to
state
whether
the
meeting
can
be
held there
next
year
or
not.
I
think
the
general
feeling
of the
Associa-
tion
must
be
that
they
wish to
benefit
by
the
hospitality
which
Newcastle
has
once
ofiered
when
it
becomes
feasible.
Under
these
circumstances
perhaps
the
Association
will
leave
it to
the
Council
to
make
such
arrangements
as
are
possible
later
in
the
year,
fixing
the
time
and
place
of
the
next
General
Meeting.
Mr.
J.
W.
Mackail
seconded
and
the
proposal
was
adopted.
Mr.
Cradock
Watson
then
brought
forward
the
motion
standing
in his
name,
viz.
That
Council
be
invited
to
consider
how
our
Association
may
best
promote
the
practical
and
efiective
study
of
Latin
in
the
non-classical
schools
where
only
a
limited
time
can
be
devoted
to
the
subject
and
'scholarship'
in
the
ordinary
sense
is out
of the
question.
He
said
:
I
feel
I
ought
to
begin
with
some
sort
of
apology
for
the
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THE
STUDY
OF
LATIN
18
extraordinary
incongruity
of
the
Agenda
which
must
hava
struck
many
people,
as
it
did me.
There
are
only
two
names
on
the
paper,
that
of
our
distinguished
President
and
that
of
a
humble
Headmaster
who
proposes a
motion.
I,
at
least,
have
no
cause
to
complain
and
I
am
proud
that
it
should
have
fallen
to
my
lot to
bring
forward a
proposal
in
this
magnificent
hall
because
it
enables
me
to
express
in
this
presence
my
obligation
to
the
Merchant
Taylors'
Company
for all
that
I am
or
have
in life.
I
was
appointed to
the
headmastership
of the
Merchant
Taylors'
School
at Crosby
by the
Merchant
Taylors
then
Governors
of
the
School,
though
unfortunately,
owing
to
the
march
of
democratic
progress,
no
longer so
and
I
had
the
privilege of
being
educated
at
the
Merchant
Taylors'
School,
London, over
which
they
have
ruled
successfully
for
more
than
.350
years
and
have
not
yet
been
dislodged.
I
can
testify
to
their
work
there
from
the
fact
that
not
only
was
I educated
there
myself, but
many of my
brothers,
my
father,
my
uncles,
my
grandfather
and
at least
one
of
my
great-
uncles.
Under
the
circumstances
I
hope
I
may
be
permitted
this
personal
reference.
Turning
to
the
motion
before me
I do
not
intend
this
after-
noon to
go
into
details
as to
how
this
proposal
should
be
carried
into
effect. I
leave
that
to
a
Committee
which,
I
hope,
will
be
appointed to
consider
it,
but
it
is
important
to
show
the
necessity
for
this
resolution,
which,
I
must
admit,
might
have
been
worded
better.
The
expression
'
non-classical
schools
is
not
a
precise
one
and needs a
word
of
explanation.
It means
those
schools
which do
not
concentrate
chiefly
on
classical
study.
Then there is
the
word
'
scholarship.'
We
all
know what
'
scholarship
'
means,
but
it
is
difficult
to
define.
We may
describe it
as a
certain
happy
taste
resulting
from
training
and
experience
and
carrying
with
it some
creative
power,
but I do not
offer
this
as a
formal
definition.
Unfortu-
nately scholars can
be
but
few,
whether
classical
or
otherwise,
and
the
misfortune
of
our public-school
education
in
the
past
the
reproach
is
less now,
I
grant
is
that we
have
educated
all
boys
as if they
were
going
to
be
scholars.
The
result
is
that
for
the sake
of
a
fortunate 5
per
cent,
some
95
per
cent.
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14
THE
CLASSICAL
ASSOCIATION
have been
broken
on
the
wheel.
This
applies
not
merely
to the
study of
language,
but
in
all our
public
schools
in the
past
each
individual
was
educated
as
if
he
were
to
be
an
expert
on
each
particular subject.
The
teaching
of
arithmetic
and
geometry
in my time
used
to
be based
on
the
assumption
that
each
boy
would
be
a
mathematician.
We have
got
away
from
that
idea
now,
though
not
altogether,
and a
large
number
of
schools
in
this
country
still
concentrate
on the
turning
out
of
scholars.
No
doubt it is
a
good
thing
that
we
should
preserve
a
generation
of scholars,
but,
if
we
lay
too
much
stress
on
that
endeavour,
there
is
danger
of
reaction
and
there has
been
reaction
in
the
schools
of
more
modern
foundation
and
in
those
up
and
down the
country
which
are classed as
secondary
schools
a
word
which to
some
suggests
'
second-rate,'
but
is
only
an
abbreviation
for
schools
where a
'
secondary
education
'
is
given
i.e.
that
education
which
is
given
at
Eton or
Charter-
house
as
well
as in
any
Council
Secondary
School
in
the
country.
What
I am
aiming
at
in
this
resolution
is to
secure
through-
out
the
country a
proper
and
effective,
if
limited,
study
of
Latin.
The
question
of
Greek
must
be
allowed
to
stand
over
for the
time
being.
If
we
cannot
turn out scholars
all over
the
country
and
scholars
are
the
aristocracy
of
the
world
of
learning
let us
aim
at
something
like a
proletariat
of Latin,
an
outer
circle
;
because,
if we
have
only
scholars,
there
is
no
connecting
link
between
them
and
the
great
mass
of
'
uneducated
'
people.
We
want
to
maintain a
link
between
the
two
and
if
we
educate
the
greater
number
of
boys
up
to
a
certain
standard
in
Latin,
it
gives
us also
the
possibility
of
turning
out a
certain
number
of scholars
among
them.
If,
on
the
other
hand,
we go
too
far,
we
run the
danger
of losing
everything.
It
is
the
average
boy
we
are
concerned
with
at
the
present
time.
We
cannot
all
have
the
full
classical
franchise,
the
Civitas
Bomana,
so
to
speak
;
let
us
not
deny
the
'
Latin
Franchise
'
to those
who
want
it.
This is
not
the
time to
argue
the
necessities
and
advantages
of
the
study
of
Latin.
That question
has
often
been
discussed
outside
this
Association.
But it
is
well
that
we
should
from
time
to
time
emphasize
the
value
to
every
individual,
whether
scholar
or not,
whether
writer
or
journalist,
or
what-
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THE
STUDY
OF
LATIN
15
ever
he
may be,
of
the study of
Latin
as
an
educational
instrument.
In
my
own school we
can turn
out very
few
'
scholars.'
We
are too
near
to
Liverpool
not
to
have
mainly
a
commercial
aim,
commercial in the
sense
that
we
try
to
turn
out
good
men
to
go
into
business
and maintain
high
ideals
in the
ranks
of
English
commerce.
What
is
the advantage
of
Latin
to
them
? I
maintain
that,
quite
apart
from
any
literary
or
spiritual
value
they may
derive from
its
study,
it
teaches
them
to be
accurate,
to
be observant
;
and
undoubtedly
it
gives
them
the
power
of
logical
thinking.
We
cannot
devote
much
time
to Latin
and
cannot aim
at
a
lofty
standard,
but
the
fact
that
boys
have
to
recast
modern
English
from
good
models
into
a
language
which
may
possibly
not be
the Eoman
language,
but
at any
rate is
called
'
Latin
prose,'
affords
them
an
excellent
training
in
precise
and
logical
thought.
And
I
maintain
that
at
the
same
time
we
do something
more. We
impart
unconsciously
a
certain
literary
taste
as well.
Also
we bring
boys
into
contact
with
the
original
documents
of
Eoman
history
and
give
them
some
insight
into
the
spiritual
ideals
of
the
Latin
poets
and
prose
writers.
Our
main
object,
however,
must
be
a purely
practical
one.
Now
we
have
about four
years in
which
to attain
our
object,
from
twelve to
sixteen,
and,
at
the
outside,
we can
devote
only
five or
six
hours
a
week to
it. Can
we
achieve our
object
in
that
time
?
Here
we may
learn
something from
a
country
from
which
we are
not
much
inclined
to learn
just
now,
namely,
Germany.
I
have
always
protested
against
having
American
and
German
educational
principles
rammed
down our
throats.
I have
maintained
that
these
methods
cannot
be
applied to
the
English
boy
because
of
the
diil'erence
of material.
The
English
boy has
not
the
'
push
'
and
alertness
of
the
American,
nor
the
docility
of
the
German.
The
American
learns
because
he is
ambitious
;
the
German
boy
because
he has
to,
while
the English
boy
refuses
to learn
for
much
the
same
reason. But both
nations
can
teach
us
a
great
deal. If
you
study the reports
on
the teaching
of
Latin
in
German
schools
in
Vol.
XX.
of
Special
Reports
on
Educational
Subjects,
issued by
the
Board
of
Education,
which
contains
valuable
articles
by
distinguished
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16
THE
CLASSICAL
ASSOCIATION
Headmasters,
such as
Mr.
Fletcher,
now
Headmaster of
Charter-
house,
and Mr.
Paton
of
Manchester
^you
will
find that the
Germans
map
out
good
courses
for the
Realgymnasium and
Oberrealschule,
schools
corresponding
to the
types
we
are con-
sidering.
Their
planning
and
adaptation
of means
to ends
well
deserve
our
consideration,
even
though
their
teaching
methods
may
be
quite
impracticable
in
an English
school.
Can
we
imagine,
for
example,
a
class
of
English
boys
marking the
accents
in Greek
by
waving
their
arms as they
pronounce
each
word
But
this
must
not
blind
us
to
their
strong point,
their
definite
practical
aim
and
method.
Time
does not permit
of
further
discussion
of
this
now. My
object
on
this
occasion
is
to
lay
stress
on
the
fact that
the
whole question
is
a
very im-
portant
one.
There
is
grave
danger of
losing Latin study
in
this
country
and
a
still
greater
risk
of bad
teaching
of
Latin
in
many
of
the
smaller
schools.
We
have
considered
this
question
before.
You
will find
a
full
account
of
the
methods
and
procedure
adopted
in
the
Report
of
the
Curricula
Committee
in the
'
Proceedings
of
the
Classical
Association
'
for 1910.
My
point in
bringing
the
subject
up
this
afternoon
is
that
there
is
grave danger
of
the
whole
thing being
pigeon-holed.
I do not
think
myself
that
the
Classical
Association
has
that
influence
in the
national
life
that it
deserves
to
have
;
and
when it
was
stated
this
afternoon
that
our
membership
had
increased
to
1,600,
I
felt
what
a
miserable
total
it
was
for
our
population.
We
want
to do
everything
in
our
power
to
promote
the activity
and the
life
of
the
Classical
Association, making
its
influence
felt
every-
where.
The
wording
of
my
motion
this
afternoon
is
that
the
Council
be
invited to
consider how
our
Association
may
best
promote
the
study
of
Latin.
We
must
in some way
wake the
country up
to
the
value
of
Latin. Later
on,
a
further
question
will
arise
as
to
Greek,
but
whatever
we
do, let us have
before
us
a
definite
aim.
Very
much
of our
English education
has
been
determined
by
mere
opportunism.
Subjects
were
thrust
into
the
time-table
because
somebody
demanded
them.
We
have
lacked
definiteness
of
aim.
Before
you decide
what
to
teach,
you
must
know
what
your
aim
is.
To
determine
that
point
should
be,
in
this
instance,
the
work
of
the
Classical
Association.
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DISCUSSION
17
I
have
much
pleasure
in
moving this
resolution.
Mr.
Caspari
seconded.
Mips
Wood
asked
if girls'
schools
might
be
associated
with
boys'
schools
in
the
motion.
There was
more
danger of
Latin
being squeezed
out
in
girls'
schools.
Mr.
Cradock
Watson
accepted
this addition.
Mr. A.
J.
Spilsbury
suggested
that
some
distinguished
popular
exponents
of
classical
knowledge
should
be
put
on what
might
be
called
a
Panel
that Panel to
be
appointed
by the
Classical
Association
for the purpose
of volunteering
occasionally
to
lecture
in
the
larger
manufacturing
towns.
In the
case
of
a
kindred
body,
the
English Association, a
good
deal
of
the
chief
work was
done in this
way by
English scholars
of
some
distinction
volunteering
to
lecture
on
their
particular
subjects,
but not
in
a
scholarly,
or
pedantic, or
frightening
way. This was
what
was
needed to
arouse interest
in
parents
and
a
sense of
the
importance
of
Latin
in the
scheme
of
education.
Dr.
J.
H. E.
Crees asked leave to
move
an amendment
That
Council
be
invited
also to consider how
the
organiza-
tion
of our
educational system may
be
improved, so
that
opportunities
of doing
more
advanced work in Classics may
not
be confined to
pupils in a limited
number
of
schools.
This
was
intended to
be
complementary to
Mr.
Cradock
Watson's
motion.
The
amendment
was not
seconded.
Professor
Conway
thought
Mr.
Spilsbury
could
not
be
in
touch
with any
Branch of
the
Association,
because
the
lectures
he
advocated were
the
main work of
the
Branches
and
some
of
them
had
organized
excellent schemes by
which
any
school
in
their
area
could
get
lectures
suitable for its
purpose.
Dr.
Mackail expressed himself
as
being in
sympathy
with
Mr. Cradock
Watson.
The
latter
had
referred to
the
fact
that
there
were
two
dangers
to be avoided
:
(1)
The
risk
that classical
teaching
might
disappear from
the
schools
;
and
(2)
Bad
or ineffective
classical
teaching.
It was
on the
second
point
that the
Association
should concentrate.
The
attitude
of
most of
the local
authorities
who
control municipal or
munici-
palized schools
was
very friendly
to
the study
of
Latin.
They
3
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18
THE CLASSICAL
ASSOCIATION
wished
Latin
to be a real element
in
the
education
offered
by
them
to
the
boys and
girls of their
area
;
but, in
practice,
the
endeavour
to
carry
out that
most
laudable
desire failed
in
many of
the
schools
because the quality
of
the teaching
was
so deplorable.
In
fact, the
officers
of
the
central
authority
had
repeatedly
had
to
recommend
that in
certain
of
these schools
Latin should for the time being be dropped,
because
as
taught
it was
of
little
or
no
educational
value.
In
order to
concert
measures
against
that
risk,
the
Association
should
put their
best
brains
into the
matter
and
he
suggested
if
a
Committee
were appointed
for that purpose, this
should be
the point kept
primarily
before
them in arriving at
a
solution.
Miss
E.
Ryle
endorsed
the plea for
making
the
aims
of
Latin
teaching more
definite.
One of the
chief
reasons
why
Latin
teaching
was
felt
to
be ineffective
was
its
haziness of
aim.
Latin
was
taught
under
very
different
conditions in the various
schools.
In
some
the
boys
learnt from
eight
to
eighteen and then went
on to
the
University
;
in others they learnt from
ten
to sixteen
;
some
girls
did
not begin
it
until
fourteen and
then
had
two
years,
while others
had
three
or four
years. But
these different
conditions
were
not taken
into consideration
when the aims
of
Latin
teaching
were
discussed.
If investigations could
be
made
into
the
various
schools
of the country,
to discover
what
conditions
obtained, at
what age
pupils
began to learn, what
percentage
were
likely to
take
it
for three or four years,
how
old
they
were
when
they
began it
and what were
the aims
of
that
particular
school,
it
would clear
the air
and
at
the
same
time
help
to
show
the
w ay to
reform.
Mr.
Cradock
Watson
wanted to draw attention
to
the
urgency
of
the
whole question
but did
not
think
the
present
year
a
time
for
reconsideration
of methods.
It
rested with
the
Council
to
appoint a
Committee,
if
the
Meeting
approved
the
general
principles
raised by
his
resolution.
The
Chairman
proposed
that the
Council should
be
invited
to
take
steps
to
form
a
Committee and
the
resolution was
carried.
The
interval
was now
taken
and
after
tea the buildings,
with
all
their
treasures
of
art
and
architecture, were
by the
courtesy
of
the
Master
and the
Court
thrown open
to members
of
the
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THE
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19
Association,
who
reassembled
in
tlie
Hall at
five o'clock,
when
the
President
delivered
his
Speech.
He said
Ladies
and
Gentlemen,
My
first
duty
is
to
thank
the
Association
for
the
great
honour
which
it conferred
on
me
by
electing
me
to
the
Chair
which
has
been
occupied by
so
many
distinguished
predecessors.
But my
tenure
of
office
has
coin-
cided
with
conditions
unknown
not
only
in
the
history
of
this
Association,
but
in
that
of
England
herself.
We
meet
at
a time
when
the
nation
is
engaged
in
a
life-and-death
struggle.
As
soon
as
the
war
broke
out
it
was
obvious
that
not
only
the
character
but
even
the
place of
the
Annual
Meeting,
fixed
for
New-
castle,
would have
to
be
changed.
It is
also
obvious
that a
presidential
address
of
the
conventional
order,
dealing
with
some
side
of
classical
studies,
would
be
singularly out of
place at
a moment
when
the
noblest
of our race
are
day by
day
laying
down
their
lives
hardly
a
hundred miles
from
where we
are met,
in
order
to keep
the
most
ruthless of
enemies
from the
shores
of
their
native
land.
Indeed,
to hold
annual
meetings
of
societies
as
if
the
conditions
were
in
no
wise
abnormal,
would,
I venture
to say,
be
highly
immoral,
for
such
a
course
would
tend
to
the
continued
opiation
of
a
nation
so
long drugged
with
every
drowsy
syrup
of the
world
and
which is
even
yet not
fully
awake.
This
lethargy
had led
the
leading
minds
in
Germany,
not
merely soldiers
and
politicians,
but
the
professorial
and
intellectual
classes,
to the
conclusion
that
England
was so
besotted
by
cowardice,
luxury
and
sloth,
that
she
would
fall
an
easy
prey
to any
vigorous
martial
race.
It
must
be
at once
admitted
that
this
contempt,
or
Kataphronesis,
as
the
Greeks
would
call
it,
is
in
no
small
degree
due
not
only
to
the
attitude
of
certain
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THE
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British
politicians
and
educationalists,
but
also
to that
of British
scholars,
theologians,
and
scientists,
with
some
few
exceptions,
towards
everything
German.
The
fact
is
that
for the
last
two
generations
British
scholars,
British
theologians
and
British
men
of
science
have
aimed
chiefly
at
being
the
first to
introduce
into
this
country
the
last thing
said
in
Germany,
even
though
that
might
be
only
the
worthless
thesis
produced
by
some
young
candidate
for his
doctorate.
But
what
was
worse,
no
one
dreamed
of
inquiring
whether
the
statements
of
the
savant
were
correct or
his
arguments
valid.
In-
deed, the
practice
of
adapting
wholesale
from
the
Germans
reached
such
a
pitch
that
I
remember
a con-
troversy
in
a
leading
weekly
in
which
Professor
A.
charged
Professor B.
with
having
plagiarized
from
him
(Professor
A.),
and
when
Professor
B.
replied
by
pointing
out that
he
also
could
read
German
and
had
taken the
point
in
question
direct
from
its
German
source,
Professor
A.,
not a
whit
abashed,
rejoined
that
as he
had been
the
first to
make
the
German
idea
known
to
England
it
was his
property.
But
this
attitude
had
a still
worse
influence.
It
led
the
ordinary
scholar,
theologian,
and
scientist
to
regard
with
bitterness
any
British
scholar
or
scientist
who
ventured
to
think
for
himself,
in
other
words, to
research,
and
if
any
one
was
so
rash as
to
attempt
to
do so,
he
was
held up
to
ridi-
cule
and
odium
for being
so
foolish
as to
try
to
con-
trovert
or improve
upon
the
current
views
in Germany.
This
statement
may
seem
incredible
to
some,
especially
to
my
younger
hearers, but I
speak from
personal
know-
ledge.
In
1887
the
late
Professor W.
Robertson
Smith,
then
editor
of
the
Encyclopcedia
Britannica,
asked
me to
write
an
article
on
Umbria
for the ninth
edition
of
that
work.
In
it I
embodied the
results
of
a very
careful
re-examination
of
all the
evidence
up to
date
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THE
PRESIDENT'S
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21
and
I
came
to
the
conclusion
that
a
well-known
theory
of
Theodor
Mommsen
was
untenable.
I
sent
the
article
to the
editor
and
some
two
months
later he
said to me
gravely,
'
I
have
submitted
your
article
to
the
chief
Roman
historians
of
the
kingdom
and
they
are
unanimous
in
condemning
it
as
worthless on
the
ground
that
it
controverts
Mommsen.
I have
asked
each
for
his
reasons
other
than
this and
none
of
them
could
give
me
such. I
have
therefore
decided
to
your
article as
it stands.'
But
all
editors
were
not
like
Robertson
Smith
and I
had the
greatest
difficulty
in
getting
my
paper
which
contained
the
principles
of
my
Origin
of
Metallic
Cur-
rency
admitted to The Hellenic
Journal.
Yet,
when
that
book
appeared
later,
it
got
an
excellent
reception
in
Germany.
I
had
a
still
greater
difficulty in
getting
a place
in the
same
journal for
my
paper
which
con-
tained
the
principles
of
my
Early
Age
of
Greece.
No-
thing
but
the
fine
sense
of
justice
of Sir
R.
C.
Jebb,
the
President of
the
Society, and
the
strong line
which
he
took
against the
then
editors of the
journal
and
another
referee
obtained
admittance for
my
paper and that
only
in
a
sadly
mutilated
condition.
A
little later,
when the paper had
been
well received on
the
Continent,
I
called the
attention
of
the
Council
of
the
Hellenic
Society
to the baleful
effects of
such
a policy
as
that
pursued
by their
editors, with
the result
that
that
body passed almost unanimously
a resolution
approv-
ing
the
action of
the
editors.
My
only
offence
was
that I
had
ventured
to
dispute what the Germans
had
said.
But
like
my
Metallic
Currency,
my
Early
Age
of
Greece got
a
hearty
reception from the best
men
in
Germany, including
the
late Professor
Furt-
wangler.
But
the
classical
scholars did
not
stand
alone.
At
the
same
time
that I
was
endeavouring
to
get
a
hear-
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22
THE
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ASSOCIATION
ing for
my views, a
friend and
colleague
had
made
the
first
assault
on
Weismannism. But as
all
the
British
biologists
owed
their positions
almost
solely
to
the fact
that
they
were the
proclaimers
of the
gospel
of
Weismann and controlled
the Biological
Journals,
it
was
nearly two
years before
that
paper,
which has
exercised
a
great influence
since,
could be
published.
But
now what a
change
Some
of those very
men
who were always
lauding
everything German, who
did
all
in
their
power
to
stifle free
discussion in this
country
and some
of whom
lived by preaching German
ideas,
are
now
hurling
denunciations on
German science,
German
scholarship
and
everything
else German
even
German education
in
the
columns
of
The Times
and elsewhere.
The
Greeks
had
a
great
doctrine,
the
most
vital
element
in their
thought and art, (jbriZh
ayav
'
Nothing
in
excess.'
Let
British
scholars,
theologians
and
scien-
tists
in
the future
write
it
upon
the
recording
tablets
of their minds. Take
whatever seems
the
truth,
from
Germany
and everywhere else, and
that
too
with full
acknowledgment,
but submit every
new idea,
whether
the
product of
the
greatest
German
or the
humblest
British
subject, to the same
rigid
test
of
criticism and
let
us
keep clear of those
who
are
'
So
overviolent
or
so
overcivil
That
every
[German
with them]
is
god
or devil.'
But
are
there
not
many lessons which
we
scholars
in
particular
can
learn from the Classics in
reference
to
our
own
present
condition
and
which
we
can in
turn
point
out to
others
? We
are
engaged
in a terrific
struggle
against two great
military
monarchies, I had
almost said,
one
great
military
monarchy,
but,
fortu-
nately,
not
only with
the aid
of
another democratic
state,
but
also
with
that
of
a
great military
monarchy.
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THE
PRESIDENT'S
SPEECH
23
The
parallel with
the
struggle
of
Athens
and
the
Greek
States against
the
aggression
of
the
Persian
King
naturally
occurs
to
all.
It is
a
pleasant
comparison
just
now, for Greece
triumphed
over the
military
despot
once
and
for
all at
Salamis.
Later,
however,
she
became
involved
in
another
struggle
with a
military
monarchy and
this
time
the
comparison
is
not
so
reassuring,
for
the
man
of
Macedon
became
master
of
the democracies
of
Greece.
A
brief
inquiry into
the
causes
of
these
two
different
results may
not
be
without
some
value.
When
Athens
entered
upon the
struggle
with
Persia
she
was
not
as
yet
wholly
democratized
;
Themistocles,
the
leader
of
the
popular
party,
was
himself
an
aristocrat
and
a
real patriot, at least
in
his
earlier
career.
It
was
his
foresight
and
eloquence
that
persuaded
the
democracy
to
cease from
wasting
in
public
doles
the
revenue
from
the
mines of
Laurium,
'
that
well of
silver,
the
treasure-
house
of the
land,'
as
Aeschylus
termed
it,
and
instead
to
build that
fleet
which
overthrew
the
Persians.
On
the
other hand, although
the
aristocratic
party
were
then
no
longer in
power
and
their
leader,
Aristides
the
Just,
had
been
driven
into
exile by
the
demagogues
and
the mob, the
former
sank
all
party
feeling
in
face
of the common
danger
and, as
all know,
Aristides
joined
the Athenian
fleet
at Salamis
on
the
eve
of
the
great
battle, determined
to
share
the
fortunes
of
his
native
land
on
the
morrow,
whatever
these
might
prove.
As yet
also
the supreme
power was
not
vested
in
one
popular
assembly,
liable to
be swayed
hither
and
thither
like
the
waves
of
the sea by
any
demagogue
whose
flatteries
and
promises
for
the
moment
tickled
their
fancy.
There
was still a
second
chamber
of
great
weight,
the
Areopagus,
composed
of
men
who
had
served
the
state
as archons,
and
which
exercised
a
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24
THE
CLASSICAL
ASSOCIATION
potent
and
wholesome
control
on the
whims
and
passions
of
the
people.
How
Ephialtes and
Pericles,
by
robbing
the
Areopagus
of
its
power,
dealt
a
grievous
blow
to
Athens,
is
too
well
shown
by
her later
history.
One
example
will suffice
the
decree
passed by
the
Assembly
on the
motion
of
Cleon
to put to
death
the
whole
population
of
Mitylene.
Moreover,
it
must
be
remembered
that the
victories
over
Persia
were
not
the work
of
an
unaided
democracy,
for
beyond
all
doubt
the
Lacedaemonians,
who
lived
under
monarchical
institutions
and
rigorous
discipline,
not
only
had
a
large
share in
the
issue,
but
also
by
their
example
inspired
the
military
ardour
of
the
Athenians.
Finally,
it must
be
clearly
borne
in
mind
that
at
that
period
all
full citizens
of
military
age
had
to
take
their
share in
the defence
of
their
country.
But
when
we
pass
on
to
the
Macedonian
struggle,
the
chief
features
of
the
earlier
Athens
are
no
more.
The
flower
of
her
citizens
had
perished
in
the
thrice
nine
years
of
the
Peloponnesian
war,
entered
upon
and
blindly
waged
by
an
extreme
democracy,
led
by
dema-
gogues
as
foolish
and
incapable
as
they
were
corrupt
and
this
destruction
of
her
best
breeding
stock,
chiefly
her
middle
classes,
had
led
to
a
weakening
of
the
national
fibre.
Democracy
was
now
complete.
The
ordinary
Athenian
of
that day
had
little
inclination
himself
for
military
service
and
preferred
to
earn
his
triobol as
a
juryman.
The
majority
cast
all
the
burdens
of
the
navy
and
army
on
the
middle
and
upper
classes
and
spent
in
free
tickets
for the
theatre
the
money
formerly
applied to
National
Defence.
In
vain
did
Demosthenes
urge
universal
service
and
imitate
Themistocles
by
calling
upon
them
to
spend
upon
military
preparations
against
the
impending
attack
of
Macedon
the
revenues
which
were
now
being
wasted
by
the
demagogues
in
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THE
PRESIDENT'S
SPEECH
25
order to
secure
the
adhesion
of the mob. As
one
of
these
gentry,
Demades,
bluntly said,
the
Theorie
fund
was
the
cement
of
the
constitution,
meaning
thereby
that
it
kept
the
masses
in
good
humour. But though
it
might
prove
good
party
cement,
it
did
not
provide
a
good
bulwark
against the
enemy.
When
danger
drew near, they
thought
of
hiring
mercenaries
from
this
place and
that,
but these
as
often
as not went
over to
the
enemy
or
mutinied.
Then they
looked
to other states,
to
the
Thessalians, the
Phocians, the
Thebans, for
help; in
fact they
looked
to
every
one
but to themselves, a
psychological
attitude
which
reminds
us of those
who
in these
latter
days
dream
of
bringing a quarter
of a
million
of
Russians
to
England,
or clamour
for
the
hiring of
a
like
army
from
Japan.
Then
there was
another
device,
that
of
sending
envoys
to Philip ;
and
Aeschines,
the head
of
the
Mace-
donian
party,
went on
a
Parapresbeia or
irregular
em-
bassy,
a
thing
not
without
parallels in our
own
day,
to
assure the despot of
the
affection
of
Athens
and
to beg
for
his kind
consideration.
Finally, by
this
time
Lace-
daemon
was no more. She
had
never recovered from
the
fatal
day
of
Leuctra and when
the
evil
hour
at
last came, Athens
had
no
Sparta
to
stand beside
her,
as
in
the
Persian times. Democracy
had
run
its
full
course. Democratic
principles,
philosophising
and
theorising
had done
their
work
and with the
death
of
Demosthenes
in
b.c.
322,
Athens
ceased
for
ever
to
have any
political
importance.
There are those
who
hope
that by the
fall of
all
military
monarchies
at
no
distant date
democracy
will
be universal and
that that universal
peace
of
which
so
many
dream
will
then
materialize
into
fact.
Again,
we
may learn
a lesson
from the Greeks.
They
too
had
dreams
of a
Golden
Age, but
they
saw
it not
before,
4
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26 THE
CLASSICAL
ASSOCIATION
but far
behind in the beautiful
purple haze of
the past
and
it therefore exercised
not
the
slightest
effect
upon
the
great
questions
of
their
foreign
policy
and
prac-
tical
life.
But the
history
of
the
democracies
of Greece,
even
when
not
confronted
by
a military monarchy, warns
us
against
giving a
hasty credence
to this dream
of
perpetual peace
whether
within
or without.
In a
well-
known
passage in
the
Politics,
Aristotle
points out that
at
least
one
Stasis
or
revolution
had
taken
place
in
every
Greek polity
with
the single
exception of
Massalia.
As in our
own day,
such
internal dissention
gave
opportunity
to
rivals
and
in
too
many
cases
led
to a
hopeless
struggle
ended
only
by a
foreign
yoke.
This
illustrates
graphically
the inherent
weakness
of
demo-
cracy.
If
we
ask
why
Massalia did
not
share
a
like
fate,
Strabo
gives us a complete
answer
by
pointing
out
that
right down
to Roman
times Massalia
con-
tinued to
have
a
constitution
in
which the aristocratic
and
democratic
elements
were
admirably
blended and
balanced.'
So
much
for
the
internal peace of
demo-
cracies.
But
the Greek democratic states were,
if
possible,
still
more ambitious
and
grasping
for
com-
mercial
advantages and
new
territory
than were
those
under monarchical
institutions.
Athens herself was
much
more
aggressive
than Sparta, whilst
in
the
great
struggle between
Croton and Sybaris, ending
in
the
destruction
of
the
latter city,
we
have
a
typical
in-
stance
of
the
ordinary
feelings
between
republics
and
a stern
warning
against
any belief that a
modern
world,
filled
only
with
democratic states, will
be
a
world
of
unbroken
peace.
I
do not hesitate
to
say
that if
such
a
thing were
possible, it would be
the
greatest
calamity
^
No one w
as
allowed to
take
part in
the
legislature
and
administra-
tion
unless
he
was
sprung
from
three
generations
of
full
citizens,
a
practice
which
we
might imitate
with advantage.
8/9/2019 Proceedings of Classical Association Vol. 12-13
31/250
THE
PRESIDENT'S
SPEECH
27
that ever
befell
the
human
race.
Such
a
condition means
the
death of
all
that
is
noblest
and
the growth and
prosperity
of
all
that
is
vilest. The
world
would
be
like
a
stagnant
pond
in
some
shady
spot,
mantled
over
by
a
greenish, slimy
scum,
never
ruffled
by
the
wind's
fresh
purging
blasts.
In it no
higher
animals
can live,
but it
is
filled
to
overflowing
with
all the
lowest
and
basest
forms of
life. So
in
a
world
of
perfect
peace
humanity
would perish
from
its
own
physical and
moral
corruption.
This
doctrine
of
a
world
of
democracies
pervaded
by
a
spirit
of
universal peace
assumes
that
democracies,
by
which
we
must
understand
the
demagogues
that
lead
them,
have neither
ambition,
hatred,
malice,
envy,
nor avarice,
and
no
longing
for
'
Naboth's
vineyards