CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONPreliminariesTest typesResearch proof testProof testLeak testFunction testNature of the hazardReferencesFigures

STORED ENERGYEnergy sourcesFluid expansion energyGas-filled systemsPressure-volume productPerfect gasReal gasesEmpirical equations of stateLiquid-filled systemsFluid expansion energy chartStrain energyTNT equivalentExamplesPerfect gasUse of pressure-enthalpy chartUse of fluid expansion energy chartUse of table and temperature-entropy chartUse of temperature-entropy chartWater-filled vesselConclusionsReferencesFiguresTables

FRAGMENTATIONFragment generationIntroductionNature of pressurising fluidTotal failure due to brittle fractureTotal failure due to ductile fractureLoss of a major sectionSpeed of a rocketing fragmentLoss of a plug or small closureProtection against fragment perforationIntroductionT e r m i n o l o g yShielding materialsProtection provided by ductile shieldsCorrelations for ductile materialsComparison with experimental dataProtection with reinforced concreteProtection with polycarbonatePenetration into soilMultilayer shield construction

11.11.2

1.2.11.2.21.2.31.2.4

1.31.4

22.12.22.3

2.3.12.3.22.3.32.3.4

2.42.52.62.72.8

2.8.12.8.22.8.32.8.42.8.52.8.6

2.92.10

33.1

3.1.13.1.23.1.33.1.43.1.53.1.63.1.7

3.23.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.43.2.53.2.63.2.73.2.83.2.93.2.10

111

3.3

3.4

44.14.24.34.44.54.64.7

4.84.94.10

4.11

4.124.13

5.15.2

5.35.45.5

3.3.13.3.23.3.3

4.7.14.7.2

4.10.14.10.24.10.34.10.44.10.5

4.11.1

5.2.1

66.16.26.36.46.56.6

6.6.16.6.26.6.3

6.76.86.9

TEST OPERATIONSDesign of test programmeTest requirementsHazard assessmentThe working fluidTest set-up designPreparation for the testInspection of vessels and componentsAssemblyConformity with test programmeConduct of testDepressurisationDismantling

155157157159161

7 PERSONNEL TRAINING 1637.1 Introduction 1637.2 Designing the test 1647.3 Conducting the test 164

ExamplesBrittle failure of gas-filled vesselBrittle failure of water-filled vesselFailure of a ductile vesselReferences and bibliographyFigures

BLASTIntroductionBlast wavesScaling equationsReflection of blast wavesYield magnificationGeometric effectsInternal blastsInternal shock loading of protective cubiclesGas impulse loading of protective cubiclesMissile impact loadingExampleStructural response to blastIntroductionSingle degree of freedom systemsResonanceLimiting responsesPressure-impulse diagramsP-I diagrams for protective structuresValidationHuman response to blast loadingReferencesFigures

PRESSURE TEST EQUIPMENTHazard assessmentProtective enclosures for fixed installationsExamples of protective enclosuresProtective equipment for testing on sitePressurising equipmentReferencesFigures

:;6667

io2106107109

131131134139141142145147

150150150151152154154154

iv