Presented by:Scott Wallace, P.E.

Scott.Wallace@naturallywallace.com(612) 802-2329

Long-Term Hydrocarbon Remediation Using Treatment Wetlands

References for Industrial Wetland Design

Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)

• Small Scale Constructed Wetland Systems (Wallace & Knight, 2006)

Treatment Wetlands 2nd Edition• (Kadlec & Wallace, 2009)

Recent Industrial Wetland Examples• BP, Casper Wyoming Refinery, USA• BP, Lima Ohio, USA• ARCO Wellsville New York Refinery USA• Williams Pipeline, (Watertown, South Dakota) USA• El Paso Energy (El Dorado, Kansas) USA• Shell, Scotford I Upgrader, Alberta, Canada• Buffalo-Niagara International Airport, USA• Heathrow Airport, London UK• Edmonton Airport, Alberta, Canada• Occidental Petroleum, Cano Limon, Colombia• Rosebel Gold Mine, Suriname• Sangachal, Azerbaijan

Industries Using Wetlands• Oil & Gas (upstream & downstream)• Chemical Manufacturing• Landfills• Mining• Food Processing• Airports

Types of Treatment Wetlands • Surface Flow (SF) • Horizontal Subsurface Flow (HSSF)• Vertical Flow (VF)• Sludge Dewatering Reed Beds• Intensified Wetlands – Aerated (cold climates)– fill-and-drain (warm climates)– reactive media (ammonia, phosphorus, etc)– industrial wastewaters

Surface Flow Wetlands

Kadlec & Wallace, 2008

Surface Flow Wetlands

Champion Paper, Pensacola Florida

Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetlands

Wallace & Knight, 2006

Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetland

Wildflower Meadows: 90-person treatment system

Vertical Flow Wetland

IWA, 2000

Vertical Flow Wetland

Rousillon, France

Sludge Dewatering Reed Bed

Kadlec & Wallace, 2008

Skovby, Denmark: 8000-person treatment wetland

Main Treatment Mechanisms• Adsorption of dissolved-phase hydrocarbons– Contaminant retention time much greater than hydraulic

retention time• Microbial degradation of organic compounds• Settling of particulate compounds• Oxidation and reduction of nitrogen compounds• Precipitation of metals• Use of intensification methods (aeration and reactive

medias to accelerate treatment)

Natural vs. Mechanical Systems

LEAST MOST

Natural SystemsIntensified Wetlands

Mechanical Treatment Systems

Area RequirementsMOST LEAST

Energy and O&M Needs

Treatment Wetland Design Basis

N

i Nhk

CCCC

1

**

Pvi PkCCCC

11

**

• Tanks-in-series, N typically ranges from 3 to 6

• Value of N is different for reactive chemicals vs. tracers• Spatial variability of biodegradation rate represented by P

• Important for complex organic chemistries (such as produced waters

Climate Range of Treatment Wetlands

Wellsville, New York Northern Sahara,Libya

Casper, Wyoming

Casper

BP – Casper, Wyoming Refinery• Operated 1912 to 1991

• 37,000 m3 of LNAPL recovered to date

• Extensive smear zone due to river flooding

• 50 to 100 years to remediate site

• High mountain west: -35oC

BP – Casper Wyoming Refinery

Casper Reuse Plan

SF Wetlands

HSSF Wetlands

Casper Pilot Wetland System

• With and without insulating mulch

• Vertical upward flow • With and without aeration

• 4 cells

Phytokinetics, Inc.

Casper Rate Coefficients

Aeration No AerationCompoun

dWetlandMulch

No Mulch WetlandMulch

No Mulch

Benzene 518 456 317 226BTEX 356 311 257 244TPH 1058 965 725 579MTBE 64 60 35 22

kA, m/yr, based on 3 TIS

Wallace & Kadlec, 2005

Full-Size System from Pilot DataWallace & Kadlec, 2005

Casper Intensified Wetland Cell

Wetland Aeration System

Casper System Construction

Casper Benzene Data 2004 - 2006

Benzene effluent at Outfall 001consistently below detection levels

<0.01 mg/L

Wellsville, New York

Wellsville

Wellsville Wetland System

Wellsville Treatment Concept• Cascade Aerators (iron oxidation)• Sedimentation Pond (iron precipitation and settling)• Surface Flow Wetlands (hydrocarbon removal)• Vertical Flow Wetlands (pH adjustment)

November 2008 Start Up• Cold climate design (ice formation)• Thermal calculations necessary

Sedimentation Pond (Iron Removal)

Dec-08

Jan-

09Fe

b-09

Mar-09

Apr-09

May-09

Jun-

09Ju

l-09

Aug-09

Sep-

09Oct-

09Nov

-09Dec

-09Ja

n-10

Feb-

10Mar

-10Apr

-10May

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Former Sinclair Refinery Site OU2Wellsville, NY

IronC

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)

Influent

Effluent

System Startup 12.4.08

Aeration Startup3.2009

Wetland Plant-ings

5.15.09

Initiate Monthly Sampling

Surface Flow Wetlands (Hydrocarbon Removal)

Dec-08

Jan-0

9

Feb-0

9

Mar-09

Apr-09

May-09

Jun-0

9

Jul-0

9Aug

-09

Sep-09

Oct-09

Nov-09

Dec-09

Jan-1

0

Feb-1

0

Mar-10

Apr-10

May-10

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

2100

SPDES Monitoring Results SummaryFormer Sinclair Refinery Site OU2

Wellsville, NYAniline

Influent Effluent Proposed SPDES Limit 10.0 µg/L Influent Effluent

Influ

ent a

nd E

fflue

nt A

naly

tical

Res

ults

(ug/

L)

Influent

Effluent

System Startup 12.4.08

Aeration Startup3.2009

Wetland Plantings5.15.09

Initiate Monthly Sampling

Dec-08

Jan-0

9Fe

b-09

Mar-09

Apr-09

May-09

Jun-0

9

Jul-0

9Aug

-09Sep

-09

Oct-09

Nov-09

Dec-09

Jan-1

0Fe

b-10

Mar-10

Apr-10

May-10

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

SPDES Monitoring Results SummaryFormer Sinclair Refinery Site OU2

Wellsville, NYNitrobenzene

Influent Effluent Proposed SPDES Limit 5.0 µg/L Influent Effluent

Influ

ent a

nd E

fflue

nt A

naly

tical

Res

ults

(ug/

L)

Influent

Effluent

System Startup 12.4.08

Aeration Startup3.2009

Wetland Plantings5.15.09

Initiate Monthly Sampling

Vertical Flow Wetlands for Alkalinity Addition

Wellsville New YorkWallace et al., 2011

Wellsville New York pH Buffering12/22/20081/15/20092/8/20093/4/2009

3/28/20094/21/20095/15/20096/8/20097/2/2009

7/26/20098/19/20099/12/200910/6/2009

10/30/200911/23/200912/17/20091/10/20102/3/2010

2/27/20103/23/20104/16/20105/10/20106/3/2010

6/27/20107/21/20108/14/20109/7/2010

10/1/201010/25/201011/18/201012/12/2010

1/5/20111/29/20112/22/20113/18/2011

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9Influent Effluent SPDES Limits

Overall Wellsville System

Conclusions

• Industrial treatment wetlands are already being used in North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia

• Surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow, vertical flow, and intensified wetlands are all being used by industry

• Use of wetlands for industrial treatment wetlands is increasing on two major fronts:– Range of applications in different industries– Construction of wetlands in different geographic regions

Thank you for your time

Treatment Wetlands for Industry