Presentation Prepared By:

Dale Lee, P.Eng.May 30, 2013

DL PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND

CONSULTING LIMITED

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DL Petroleum Engineering and Consulting Ltd.

Waterflood Concepts

Our Methodology

Devon Waterfloods (Diana Goldstein)

Q&A

AGENDA

Engineering focusAnalyze reservoirs’ production performance Predict the locations of underperforming wells

Injectors and Producers Predict underperforming regions of reservoirs

Infill Drilling injector conversions

Primary Analytical Tool: Oil Field Manager (OFM)

DL PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND CONSULTING LIMITED

Engineering focusStatistical analyses of hydrocarbon production Spatial statistics (i.e. kriging & Regression Analysis)

Petro-physical data Pressure & Production history

PurposeOptimize hydro-carbon recovery

Make money

DL PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND CONSULTING LIMITED

Previous Studies: Arsenal Energy: Provost Area – Analyzing pools Bangladesh (BGFCL): Titas – non associated gas field Devon Energy: Ferrier – waterflood CNRL: Nipisi – waterflood

Grand Forks – waterflood Petro-Canada: Golden Lake – heavy oil

waterfloodBellshill Lake – bottom water driveWapiti – primary oil productionWilliston Green - waterflood

DL PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND CONSULTING LIMITED

Objectives of WaterfloodingMaintain pressure support above bubble point

Keep gas in solution Minimize oil viscosity (gas dissolved in oil)

Physical displacement of the oil by the waterBalance the voidage replacement ratios (VRR)VRR = (Injection/Production) at res. conditions

Optimize oil recovery

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS

Pressure Temperature phase envelope

C to C1 considered waterflood zone

Petroleum Society Canadian Institute of Mining, Metal lurgy & Petroleum, Determination of Oi l and Gas Reserves, Petroleum Society Monograph No. a, Pg. 147

Criteria for WaterfloodingGeology (k, θ, Sw, heterogeneity index)

Single layer model (Buckley Leverett)Multi layer model (Dykstra and Parsons)

Gas saturation (Craig, The Reservoir Engineering Aspects Of Waterflooding)

Mobility ratios /( /(, Ideally

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS

Four stages of WaterfloodingStart of injection to interference Interference to fill-upFill up to breakthroughBreakthrough to economic flood-out limit

Injection rates (piston displacement) until fill-up after fill-up

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS

Recovery Factor (RF)RF = Displacement Efficiency (DE)

x Volumetric Sweep Efficiency (VSE)

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS

Google: https://www.google.ca/search?q=waterfl ood&hl=en&rlz=1C2SFXN_enCA499CA522&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=rG2dUa3KHIr9iQLf7oH4Cg&sqi=2&ved=0CEEQsAQ&biw=1680&bih=863, May 22, 2013 – Date Accessed

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS

- Constant - Variable

Determine ROIP (Remaining oil in place) from start of waterflood

Determine OOIP (Original oil in place)

Determine recovery factor at start of waterflood

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS

Example – Ferrier Unit #2 (Devon)

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTS

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTSFERRIER PERFORMANCE

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTSVOIDAGE REPLACEMENT RATIO

𝑉𝑅𝑅=𝑞𝑤𝑖 𝛽𝑤𝑖

𝑞𝑤𝑝 𝛽𝑤𝑝+𝑞𝑜 𝛽𝑜+𝑞𝑔 𝛽𝑔

𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑉𝑅𝑅=∑𝑞𝑤𝑖𝛽𝑤𝑖

∑𝑞𝑤𝑝𝛽𝑤𝑝+∑ 𝑞𝑜𝛽𝑜+∑𝑞𝑔 𝛽𝑔

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTSPRESSURE DATA ANALYSIS

1963 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 090

8000

16000

24000

32000

40000

48000

Date

Waterflood_Patterns (90)BHSI Pressure ( kpa )

Stepped Res Press ( kpa )

Interpolated Reservoir Pressure ( kpa )

Fitted Reservoir Pressure ( kpa )

STEPPED, INTERPOLATED AND FITTED PRESSURE VARIABLESWaterflood_Patterns (90)

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTSFLUID PVT DATA

Fractional Flow equations

Used to generate fractional flow plot as a function of water saturation, Sw, (Buckley Leverett)

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTSFRACTIONAL FLOW (WATER)

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTSFERRIER EXAMPLE

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTSFRACTIONAL FLOW CURVE (WATER)

WATERFLOOD CONCEPTSPRODUCER WATER SATURATION

Our methodology delivers: Production Forecasts - Fractional Flow Analyses

Production Trends - OFM Scatter PlotsProduction Trends - Aerial Maps Individual Well Production AnalysisRegional or Pattern Production Analysis Inadequate Injection Support Identification Damaged Injector Identification

OUR METHODOLOGY

Fractional Flow equations

Used to generate fractional flow plot as a function of oil saturation, So

OUR METHODOLOGYFRACTIONAL FLOW (OIL)

OUR METHODOLOGYFRACTIONAL FLOW (OIL)

OUR METHODOLOGYFRACTIONAL FLOW (@SO)

OUR METHODOLOGYFRACTIONAL FLOW (WATER)

OUR METHODOLOGYFRACTIONAL FLOW (OIL)

OUR METHODOLOGYFRACTIONAL FLOW (GAS)

OUR METHODOLOGYFORECAST - FRACTIONAL FLOW

OUR METHODOLOGYPRODUCER OIL SATURATION

OUR METHODOLOGYPRODUCER QUADRANT ANALYSIS

OUR METHODOLOGYCONFORMANCE PLOTS

Conformance plot of recovery factor as a function of hydrocarbon pore volume injected for each pattern. The thick black line represents the average pattern

OUR METHODOLOGYCONFORMANCE PLOTS

OUR METHODOLOGYINJECTOR HALL PLOTS

The red curve is used as a base line for calculating incremental reserves (100,000 bbl)

OUR METHODOLOGYINCREMENTAL OIL CALCULATIONS

2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 180.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

Oil R

ate

(CD

) per

Wel

l, m

3/d

Date

Working Forecast ParametersPhase : OilCase Name : Case1b : 6.9566Di : 0.0297993 A.e.qi : 1.5671 m3/dti : 07/30/2008te : 07/31/2018Final Rate : 1.31753 m3/dCum. Prod. : 34.273 Km3Cum. Date : 12/31/2012Reserves : 2.77498 Km3Reserves Date : 07/31/2018EUR : 37.048 Km3Forecast Ended By : TimeDB Forecast Date : Not SavedReserve Type : None

OUR METHODOLOGYSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Year 2010First regression

Fit 43 of 139 wellsSecond regression

Fit 23 of 139 wellsThird regression

Fit 11 of 139 wellsTotal fit 77 wells

± 20%

OUR METHODOLOGYSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Statistical Study139 wells 77 modeled ±

20%16 wells under

performed46 wells over

performed (e.g. pressure support)

Statistical Limitations: Regression equations are only valid for the dataset analyzed

Attention to end points (e.g. modeling relative permeability curves)

Statistical models iterative Results can change with dataset and location

Fractional flow analysis can not be generalized One reservoir is not necessary representative of

other reservoirsEach dataset requires individual analysis

OUR METHODOLOGYSTATISTICAL LIMITATIONS

First presented at the 46 th Annual Technical Meeting May, 1995 in Banff

Published in the Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, August 1996

OUR METHODOLOGYFRACTIONAL FLOW (OIL)

NEXT: DEVON WATERFLOODS(DIANA GOLDSTEIN)