Post on 18-Dec-2014
description
Integrated Watershed
Management Plan Rio Candelaria
Denika Piggott
Amber Brant
Wabel Irshaidat
Reesha Patel
Objective of Integrated Watershed Plan
Ø To investigate the Rio Candelaria watershed and create a plan that assesses resource allocation and recommends potential interventions
The Rio Candelaria Watershed l The river discharges into the Terminos Lagoon in the state of
Campeche, Mexico, located at the southern end of the Gulf of Mexico
l approximate land area of 5,670 km2 (56,700 ha) covering three municipalities (Carmen, Escarcega and Candelaria)
l Geographic location: 670000-790000m E and 1950000- 206000m N UTM 5
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 Meters
State ofTabasco
GUATEMALA
Candelaria
Escarcega
State ofCampeche
Carmen
Gulf of Mexico
Champoton
Integrated Ecosystems Management (IEM): -follows an experimental and adaptive approach to resource management
Procedure for Integrated Watershed Plan
1) The Rio Candelaria watershed was characterized and delineated
2) Watershed morphological features were imported into an ArcGIS map database
3) Scale-dependent land units (systems, facets and ecozones) were identified
4) Meteorological information was gathered to characterize the watershed’s climate characteristics
5) Climate information was assessed to determine length-of-growing-period (LGP) for the area and to estimate surface runoff
6) Elevation points were retrieved and a digital elevation model (DEM) was created
7) Land capability was assessed and compared with current land use for each ecozone to identify land degradation “hotspots” in the watershed area
8) Land suitability was assessed for the ecozones to make recommendations for land use type based on LGP, annual rainfall, mean temperature during the LGP and soil depth
Ø 364 elevation points taken from INEGI software, Google Earth (2010)
Ø Elevation points were imported into the ArcGIS software
Ø DEM was created by performing geostatistical analysis using a semivariogram Kriging method and interpolating elevation points into a predictive model
5
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedStream Orders & Sub-watersheds
LegendStream Order 1
Stream Order 2
Stream Order 3
Sub-watersheds
Sub-watershed 1
Sub-watershed 2
Sub-watershed 3
Ø The Yucatan peninsula is a highly karstic region with high infiltration and features such as swallets and cenotes (sinkholes)
Stream Morphology
Horton’s Laws of Drainage Composition
R2 = 0.9496
0
5000
1000015000
20000
25000
3000035000
40000
45000
0 1 2 3 4
Stream Order
Stream
Len
gths (km)
Stream order
Fig. 3 Law of average basin areas
Fig. 4 Law of stream lengths
R2 = 0.9977
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4Stream order
Num
ber o
f segments
Physical Features of the Rio Candelaria Watershed
5
Candelaria WatershedGeology
LegendCaliche
Recent Limestone
Quaternary Limestone
Guatemala 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Ø The Candelaria watershed is one of the few rivers flowing through the highly karstic region of the Yucatan Peninsula
Ø Recent and quaternary limestone dominate the Candelaria watershed region with a few scattered Caliche outcrops
Ø There are a few Caliche horizons indicating the intensive chemical weathering that occurs during the rainy season followed by rapid evaporation in the dry season
5
Candelaria WatershedSoil Types
LegendGleysol
Gleysol, Gleysol,
Gleysol, Vertisol,
Rendzina, Vertisol, Litosol
Solonchak, Gleysol, Rendzina
Vertisol, Rendzina,
Vertisol, Rendzina, Litosol
Guatemala 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Ø Three main soil types: rendzina, gleysols and vertisols
Ø Rendzina is thin clayey soils rich in organics (humus) and calcium carbonate, reflecting the limestone parent material
Ø The vertisols and gleysols are also very clayey soils, however they are much deeper than rendzina
5
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedSoil Moisture
Legend8 months
9 months
Guatemala
Ø The majority of precipitation falls between June and October due to the beginning of the summer trade winds and tropical cyclones
5
0 15,000 30,000 45,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedClimatic Regions
LegendWarm Humid
Warm Subhumid
Waterbody
Guatemala
Ø The Rio Candelaria basin contains a warm sub-humid climatic regime called tropical monsoon
Ø Characterized by distinctive wet and dry seasons
Land Units
Ecozones Ø Ecological zones (“ecozones”) are land facets that have a unique
combination of:
-climate (temperature and moisture availability) -rock cover (geology) -soil type -land cover
Ø Ecozones are the smallest unit on which land management can be based
Identification of Ecozones
5
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedEcological Zones & Land Systems
LegendEcoZones
Guatemala
NorthLand System
CentralLand System
NortheastLand System
SoutheastLand System
NorthwestLand System
Climate Assessment
PIXOYAL
CAMPECHE
MONCLOVA
SABANCUY
PUSTUNICH
CHAMPOTON
SAN ISIDRO
ESCARCEGA 2ESCARCEGA 1
LA ESPERANZACANDELARIA 2CANDELARIA 1
MIGUEL HIDALGO
ISLA DE AGUADA
CIUDAD DEL CARMEN 2CIUDAD DEL CARMEN 1
0 15,000 30,000 45,000 Meters
LegendMeteorological Stations
Candelaria Watershed
Candelaria WatershedMeteorological Stations
5Gulf of Mexico
GUATEMALA
Ø 16 meteorological stations identified within the watershed and surrounding area
Ø The following information was provided from the National Weather Service Unit (Mexico City) for each station from 1961-1990:
• Maximum, minimum and average total monthly precipitation
• Average monthly temperature
• Total monthly evaporation
Evapotranspiration Estimates Ø ETo estimates were made using CropWat Version 4.3 (FAO
software)
Ø Air humidity %, wind speed (km/day) at 2m from sea level, and daily sunshine hours were retrieved from two stations located in Campeche, Campeche and Flores, Guatemala, given by ClimWat Version 2.0 (FAO software)
Ø These variables were averaged and used, along with average monthly temperature and evaporation at each weather station, in estimates for evapotranspiration (ETo) for all 16 meteorological stations used, using the automated Penman-Monteith equation:
Length-of-growing-period (LGP)
Ø LGP describes the time period for which climatic conditions provide optimal plant growth in an area
Ø The growing period is determined for a given weather station based on the following:
Ø LGP begins when precipitation > ½ ETo
Ø LGP ends ~5 days after rainy period ends, when Ø precipitation < ½ ETo
Ø Climographs provide comprehensive visual demonstrations of LGP and the water balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration
Average LGP for all 16 meteorological stations = 250 days (using CropWat’s Penman-Monteith equation)
Climograph of Candelaria River Watershed
Climographs of Rio Candelaria Watershed
l Two examples of climograph data created using information from meteorological stations:
Station I.D. Latitude Longitude Location
4028
2123049 m N 766408 m E PUSTUNICH
4020 1976726 m N
726051 m E MIGUEL HIDALGO
Fig. 1 Climograph for Station #4028, LGP = 158 days
Fig. 2 Climograph for Station #4020, LGP = 281 days
Length of Growing Period (LGP) Assessment
5
Candelaria WatershedLength of Growing Period
(LGP)
Legend235 - 253 days
254 - 266 days
267 - 280 days
281 - 293 days
Guatemala0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Ø Length-of-growing-period (LGP) was assessed for the entire watershed area using climatic interpolation of LGP values given by all 16 meteorological stations within and around the watershed
Ø Geostatistical analysis was done using semivariogram Kriging method on the ArcGIS software to create a predictive model for LGP values in the watershed
Maximum Runoff in the Watershed Ø Used to determine anticipated volumes of
flow through the stream network system. This helps to prepare for such events as floods and droughts.
Calculating Surface Runoff: IDF curves
Ø Concentration Time: Ø Tc=0.02 x (L1.15/H0.385) Ø Rainfall Intensity Ø Runoff Coefficient Ø Maximum Runoff: Ø Qmax = 0.028CiA Ø Average Runoff:
Vm= A.C.Pm
Land Utilization in Campeche Ø Land utilization types (LUTs):
Ø rice Ø vegetables Ø livestock Ø backyard poultry Ø livestock Ø fisheries Ø backyard agro-forestry Ø plantation agro-forestry Ø beans Ø corn Ø sugar cane Ø sorghum
Criteria used to determine the LUTs:
§ the products market orientation
§ capital intensity
§ labour intensity
§ power source
§ level of mechanization
§ size of the farm enterprise
§ land tenure
§ infrastructure requirements
§ inputs
§ current management practices
Current Land Use in Watershed
5
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedCurrent Land Use
LegendCultivated Grassland
Forested Area
Seasonal Agriculture
Urban Areas
Ø Forest clearing has also occurred for the creation of cattle grazing land
Ø Land-use changes are likely causing increased runoff and storm flow into the Rio Candelaria stream network
Capability Classification
Class identified for each ecozone based on:
1) slope 2) flood risk 3) drainage 4) surface texture 5) surface coarse
fragments 6) surface stoniness 7) rockiness 8) soil depth
Maximum limitation considered for capability class in each ecozone (the limitation with the highest class value)
Land Capability
50 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedLand Capability
LegendCultivation (Limited)
Cultivation (Moderate)
Cultivation (Rice only)
Forestry
Grazing (Moderate)
Wildlife
Guatemala
Ø The Rio Candelaria Watershed is generally suboptimal for agricultural land use because of its karstic characteristics and high flood risk, which is a key limitation for many crops
5
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedHOTSPOTS
LegendHotspot
Potential Hotspot
Sustainable
Guatemala
“Hotspots” are:
Ø areas where current land use exceeds its capability
Ø units for management and land use intervention
Land Suitability Classification
Class identified for each ecozone based on:
1) Length-of-growing-
period (LGP) 2) annual rainfall 3) mean temperature
during the LGP 4) soil depth Maximum limitation
considered for suitability class in each ecozone (highest class value)
Land Suitability for Livestock Grazing
5
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedLand Suitability
LIVESTOCK GRAZING
LegendSuitable (S1)
Not Suitable (N2)
Guatemala
Ø Livestock grazing suitability determined for each ecozone based on land suitability for African star grass growth
Land Suitability for Agricultural Crops
Ø Crops assessed: Ø Rice Ø Banana Ø Sorghum Ø Maize Ø Coconut Ø Dry beans Ø Squash Ø Sugarcane
• The upper portions of the watershed basin are limited to small-scale traditional sustenance farming, with maize being the most important crop
5
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedLand Suitability
RICE
LegendModerately Suitable (S2)
Marginally Suitable (S3)
Not Suitable (N2)
Guatemala
50 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedLand Suitability
SORGHUM
LegendSuitable (S1)
Moderately Suitable (S2)
Not Suitable (N2)
Guatemala
50 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedLand Suitability
MAIZE
LegendModerately Suitable (S2)
Marginally Suitable (S3)
Not Suitable (N2)
Guatemala
50 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedLand Suitability
DRY BEANS
LegendMarginally Suitable (S3)
Not Suitable (N2)
Guatemala
5
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 Meters
Candelaria WatershedLand Suitability
OPTIMAL AGRICULTURALCROP
LegendRice
Rice or Sorghum
Sorghum
Not Suitable
Guatemala
Landsat Satellite Photographs of Land Use Change
Colour Composite April, 1990
Colour Composite Jan, 2000
Colour Composite Jan 2005
Land Use Change: 15 Years
1990 2000 2005
1990 2000 2005
Ø Reflected light from vegetation reflects higher infrared radiation than visible light radiation, allowing satellite imagery to estimate land cover
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Conclusions and Recommendations Ø The Nature Conservancy, in its 2003 proposal to the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) stated that, for the state of Campeche:
“Urbanization, poor wastewater management, industrialization, alteration of the hydrologic regime, agricultural and cattle production, petroleum extraction and fishing are likely to be the most important issues, all related to economic drivers in the protected area and the basins surrounding it.”
Decision-making and Conflict Resolution Ø Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Ø Resolution for competing land use demands Ø Stakeholder participation integral part of conflict resolution
and decision making Ø Qualitative and quantitative factors are considered in
decision-making process Ø Alternatives for land use operation are meaningfully
weighed according to their influences on a given tract of land
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 1. Identifying
Alternatives (Brainstorming)
2. Determine Pros and Cons of Alternatives
3. Generate and
Structure Objectives
4. Generate Expert
Choice Model 5. Evaluate Expert
Choice Model
Recommendations for Rio Candelaria Watershed
Ø Using capability and suitability of the land located inside the watershed, it is recommended that livestock grazing, rice cultivation and sorghum cultivation take primary roles in land utilization
Ø It is recommended that land utilization in the watershed operate for the purpose of sustenance