Post WWII and the Cold War

Adolph Eichmann

Mastermind of the Holocaust

After WWII managed to escape to Argentina

Captured by the Mossad

Executed May 1962

to the right – meant labor; to the left – the gas chambers

Baby Boom Period

United Nations formed 1945

Trygve Lie

1st Secretary General of the United Nations

Bernard Baruch

1946: Asked for the creation of a U.N. agency with international authority over atomic research

U.S. and Soviet Union did not want to give up independence to develop atomic weapons

1952: U.S. tests first Hydrogen bomb in the Pacific

Current UN Secretary General

Ban Ki-moon from South Korea

1946 Winston Churchill delivers his “Iron Curtain” speech stating that an “Iron Curtain has descended across Europe”

Secretary of State George Marshall

Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953

George Kennan

“Containment Theory” 1947

Berlin Airlift

1948-1952

Airlift results in the formation of:

East Germany (GDR)

and

West Germany (FRG)

Berlin remained divided

The Pentagon, Headquarters of the Department of Defense (Created 1947 by the National Security Act)

James Forrestal

1st Secretary of Defense

CIA Headquarters, Langley, Virginia

Mao Zedong Chiang Kai Shek

Richard Nixon begins his political career hunting communists as a member of HUAC (1948)

House Un-American Activities Committee

“Pumpkin Papers”

Alger HissU.S. government official

Accused of being a Soviet spy and was convicted of perjury

Served 3 ½ years in prison

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Convicted and executed for giving atomic weapon secrets to Russia

Candidates in the 1948 Presidential Election

Harry TrumanDemocrat

Strom ThurmondSouthern Democrat

“Dixiecrats”

Thomas DeweyRepublican

Executive Order 9981 (1948)

President Truman desegregates the army

Jackie Robinson

1947:1st African-American to break the color barrier in Major League baseball

Although, while serving in a still segregated army, 2nd Lt. Robinson was brought up on charges of refusing to move to the back of a bus and court-martialed

Before the Civil War: Slave Codes After the Civil War: Black Codes Become the “Jim Crow” laws of the

South

Civil Rights Movement

1890: the State of Louisiana passed a law: "Separate Car Act" that required separate

accommodations for blacks and whites on railroads, including separate railway cars

June 7, 1892: Homer Plessy bought a first class ticket at the Press Street Depot and boarded a "whites only" car and was arrested

Case goes to the Supreme Court which ruled against Plessy establishing the “separate but equal doctrine”

As long as facilities were equal segregation was legal

Plessy v. Ferguson

National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People Founded February 12, 1909 Mission: "to ensure the political, educational,

social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination.

Race Riot of 1908 (Springfield, Ill) spurred then need for a civil rights organization

NAACP

Founding members included: W.E.B. Du Bois and Ida B. Wells NAACP concentrated on using the courts to

overturn the Jim Crow statutes that legalized racial segregation

Grandfather clauses limiting voting rights Lynching of African-Americans Had to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson

NAACP Cont.

Ida Wells

Author of “A Red Record”

Documented the lynchings of African-Americans

Landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court

that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional

The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 which allowed state-sponsored segregation

Lead attorney for the NAACP: Thurgood Marshall

Brown v Board of Ed. 1954

Time frame that the S.C. recommended for

desegregation of schools. Southern states used as a tool to delay the

ruling

“With all deliberate speed”

Little Rock Nine 1957

Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas utilizes the National Guard to prevent African-American students from entering Central High School

Governor of Alabama, George Wallace, stands at the door of Univ. of Alabama refusing entrance to the first

enrolled African-American students

James Meredith enters Univ of Alabama escorted by Federal Marshals

Vivian Jones enters Univ of Alabama also escorted by Federal Marshals

“First Lady of the Civil Rights Movement” Arrested December 1, 1955 for not giving up her seat

on the bus to a white woman Started the year long Montgomery bus boycott Martin Luther King emerges as the leader of the Civil

Rights Movement Message was “Non-violent resistance” Boycott lasted for 381 days Dozens of public buses stood idle for months, severely

damaging the bus transit company's finances Law requiring segregation on public buses was lifted.

Rosa Parks

Received the Spingarn Medal in 1979

Highest award given by the NAACP

Civil Rights workers murdered in Mississippi 1964

August 28, 1963

Martin Luther King delivers“I have a dream speech”

Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed major forms of discrimination

against African Americans and women, including racial segregation.

It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements

Ended racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public

LBJ and Civil Rights

Voting Rights Act of 1965: Outlawed discriminatory voting practices Prohibited African Americans from voting in

the U.S. Outlaws poll taxes and literacy tests

Cont.