Post on 02-Feb-2016
description
Post doc project
• links between physiology, behaviour, and life history
• ecological implications of physiology
• physiological mechanisms of ecology
Life History
Behaviour
Physiology
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Population Ecology
Community Ecology
Basic design
• natural and experimentally-induced variation in autumn hoard size
• winter behaviour and metabolism
• spring behaviour and metabolism
• reproductive success
a) Metabolic requirements of foraging in a cold environment
• reduced hoard size increases cold exposure
• increases thermogenic requirements
• increased Summit MR – FMR – RMR in winter
b) Links between RMR, FMR, and SMR
• repeated winter and reproductive metabolic measurements
• quantified and experimentally manipulated food availability
d) Metabolic consequences of early reproduction
• timing of parturition important
• natural (and experimentally induced?) variation in parturition date
• predict early breeders have higher FMR (and RMR?), lower production efficiency, but higher RS
Life History
Behaviour
Physiology
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Population Ecology
Community Ecology
I. Autumn Hoarding Behaviour
<1000 <3000 <5000 <7000 <9000 <110000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Average = 1170
Estimated Number of Cones Hoarded
Number of
Individuals
Autumn 2001 Hoarding ObservationsSU/KL Cone Count = 19.5
<1000 <3000 <5000 <7000 <9000 <110000
1
2
3
4
5
6
Average = 5020
Estimated Number of Cones Hoarded
Number of
Individuals
Autumn 2002 Hoarding ObservationsSU/KL Cone Count = 35.0
Average = 5020
Estimated Number of Cones Hoarded
Number of
Individuals
Autumn 2003 Hoarding ObservationsSU/KL Cone Count = 9
<1000 <3000 <5000 <7000 <9000 <110000
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500
5000
10000
15000
20000
Estimated Number
of Cones
Hoarded
Number of Cones per Tree
Hoarding Functional Response
<1000 <3000 <5000 <7000 <9000 <110000
1
2
3
4
5
6 Juveniles (avg= 2950)
Ad. Females (avg= 5020)
Ad. Males (avg= 8645)
Autumn 2002 Hoarding ObservationsSU/KL Cone Count = 35.0
Within Year Variation by Age and Sex Class
Estimated Number of Cones Hoarded
Number of
Individuals
2001 20020.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Proportion ofCones Hoarded
to 1o Midden
Scatterhoarding vs. Larderhoarding
<0.1 <0.2 <0.3 <0.4 <0.5 <0.6 <0.7 <0.8 <0.9 <1.00
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
20012002
Mushrooms/Truffles vs. Cones
Number of
Individuals
Frequency of Mushroom/Truffle Hoarding(proportion of total # of hoarded items)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Cones to midden from focalsM
idd
en s
urf
ace
con
e co
un
ts
2001 2002
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Cones to middens from focals
Mid
den
su
rfac
e co
ne
cou
nt
Midden Surface Cone Counts
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Cones to midden from focals
Mid
den
su
rfac
e co
ne
cou
nt
2001 & 2002 Combinedr2 = 0.32, p < 0.001
Midden Surface Cone Counts
II. Winter & Reproductive Energetics
180 200 220 240 260 280 300100
120
140
160
180
200
220
WinterResting
MetabolicRate
(kJ/day)
Body Mass (g)
n = 36, r2 = 0.11, p = 0.047
Winter Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
WinterResting
MetabolicRate
(kJ/day)
SU/KL Control LL Control Food Add50
100
150
200
250
300
Avg = 140 kJ/day
Winter Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
p = 0.23
Winter Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320100
150
200
250
300
350
WinterDaily
EnergyExpenditure
(kJ/day)
Body Mass (g)
n = 51, r2 = 0.190, p = 0.001
Winter Field Metabolic Rate (FMR or DEE)
WinterDaily
EnergyExpenditure
(kJ/day)
SU/KL Control LL Control Food Add100
150
200
250
300
350
Avg = 200 kJ/day
Winter Field Metabolic Rate (FMR or DEE)
100 150 200 250 300125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
WinterFMR
(kJ/day)
Winter RMR (kJ/day)
n = 28, r = 0.012, p = 0.95
Winter FMR vs. Winter RMR
SU/KL Control LL Control Food Add0
1
2
3
4
WinterDaily
EnergyExpenditure
(x RMR)
Avg = 1.45xRMR
Winter FMR vs. Winter RMR
DailyEnergy
Expenditure(kJ/day)
Winter Lactating0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Winter FMR and Lactating FMR
220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360100
200
300
400
500
600
700
LactatingDaily
EnergyExpenditure
(kJ/day)
Body Mass (g)
n = 46, r = 0.001, p = 0.94
Lactating FMR
KL/SU Control LL Control Food Add100
200
300
400
500
600
700
LactatingDaily
EnergyExpenditure
(kJ/day)
Lactating FMR
May14 May24 Jun3 Jun13 Jun23 Jul3 Jul13100
200
300
400
500
600
700
LactatingDaily
EnergyExpenditure
(kJ/day)
Lactating FMR
Winter Lactating0
100
200
300
400
500
1xRMR
2xRMR
3xRMR
DailyEnergy
Expenditure(kJ/day)
LL Food AddKL/SU Control
FMR Summary
LL Control
Winter Lactating0
100
200
300
400
500
1xRMR
2xRMR
3xRMR
DailyEnergy
Expenditure(kJ/day)
LL Food AddKL/SU ControlLL Control
Source Sum-of-Squares df Mean-Square F-ratio PSEASON 278658.157 1 278658.157 42.328 0.000TREAT 32509.834 2 16254.917 2.469 0.090SEASON*TREAT 63555.514 2 31777.757 4.827 0.010BODYMASS 4225.126 1 4225.126 0.642 0.425Error 592497.575 90 6583.306
Winter Lactating0
100
200
300
400
500
1xRMR
2xRMR
3xRMR
DailyEnergy
Expenditure(kJ/day)
LL Food AddKL/SU Control
FMR Summary
LL Control
1994 Control (following mast year)