Pork CRC – Sub-Program 1bPork CRC – Sub-Program 1b

Quality assessment of feed ingredientsQuality assessment of feed ingredients

Objectives & Research StrategiesObjectives & Research Strategies

John Black – Sub-Program CoordinatorJohn Black – Sub-Program Coordinator

Quality assessment of feed ingredientsQuality assessment of feed ingredients

Components• Adoption, enhancement & maintenance of

NIR calibrations for measurement of energy value of cereal grains

• Rapid methods for measuring the nutritional value of pulses and protein rich ingredients

• Novel processing methods to increase energy and protein yield from target grains & other ingredients

BackgroundBackground

Premium Grains for Livestock Program• Understand the reasons for variation in the

nutritional value of cereal grains for different animal types (sheep, cattle, pigs, broilers, layers)

• Improve Nutritional Value of cereal grains through processing, breeding & storage

• Develop rapid methods for measuring determinants of grain quality – NIR calibrations

• Develop a rational basis for trading grains for livestock based on rapid measurement of quality

Energy value of grains for animalsEnergy value of grains for animals

Cereal grains are fed to livestock as a source of energy because of their high starch content

– Available (digestible energy) content (MJ/kg)– Intake (kg/d) influenced by rate of passage

– Available energy intake (MJ/d) – total energy available for production

Total available energy expressed as:DE for pigs, but proportion digested in small intestines is

important for determining the energy available for metabolism

Range in available energy Range in available energy (MJ/kg DM)(MJ/kg DM)

PGLP Results

Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum

Faecal DE 12.4-15.0 10.6-14.7 12.3-16.5 15.5-16.6

Ileal DE 10.1-15.7 6.7-14.0 9.0-14.7 10.2-15.3

Ileal:Faecal 0.71-0.91 0.58-0.87 0.64-0.89 0.81-0.91

Very wide variation in energy availability across and within grain species

Barley (20X) Wheat (20X)

Barley and Wheat micrographs

Cost of variation in available Cost of variation in available energyenergy

A 5% change in the digestible energy value of wheat (0.7MJ/kg) - $190/t

Changes annual profitability of a 200 sow piggery by $7,500

Kopinski PRDC Report

1 MJ/kg changes value of grain by $14.30/tEdwards PGLP report

No relationship between available No relationship between available energy content and intakeenergy content and intake

Relationship between DE and intake for pigs

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00

Digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)

Fee

d in

take

(kg

/d)

Wheat

Barley

Triticale

Sorghum

Relationship between available Relationship between available energy content and intake - Pigsenergy content and intake - Pigs

Pigs - Mean grain DE

12

13

14

15

16

17

Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum

Gra

in D

E (

MJ/

kg D

M)

Mean intake of 7 kg pigs

0.050

0.150

0.250

0.350

Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum

Inta

ke (

kg/d

)

Mean DE intake for 7 kg pigs

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

Wheat Barley Triticale Sorghum

DE

inta

ke (M

J/d

)

Protein Matrix SorghumProtein Matrix Sorghumγγ-kafirin proteins – high S bonds-kafirin proteins – high S bonds

Micrwaved sorghum

Pig Faecal DE – effect of Pig Faecal DE – effect of processingprocessing

12.00

12.50

13.00

13.50

14.00

14.50

15.0017

18 O

xle

y

1727

Oxl

ey

1826

H45

(Fi

rsts

)

3728

Nig

rinu

du

m(F

irsts

)

3734

Tan

tan

ga

ra(F

irsts

)

7710

Wa

xy

7711

No

rma

l

9701

Bro

wn

Ric

e

9702

Po

lish

ed

Ric

e

9703

Po

lish

ed

Ric

e

Grain

Dig

est

ible

en

erg

y (M

J/kg

, as

rec

eiv

ed

)

Unprocessed Extruded (ground) Extruded (whole)

Wheat Barley Sorghum Rice

PGLP – NIR CalibrationsPGLP – NIR CalibrationsPig faecal DEPig faecal DE

Pig faecal DE - dry matter basis (WHOLE - MJ/kg dm)

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

predicted pig faecal DE (MJ/kg dm)

actu

al p

ig f

aeca

l D

E (

MJ/

kg d

m)

wheat

barley

triticale

sorghum

rice

BLACK - 1st O/L passBLUE - 2nd O/L pass

1906

3828

6901

3904

1725

3909

3902

N 901-VR 0.81SECV 0.35SD 0.82

PGLP – NIR CalibrationsPGLP – NIR CalibrationsPig ileal DEPig ileal DE

Pig ileal DE - dry matter basis (WHOLE - MJ/kg dm)

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

predicted pig ileal DE (MJ/kg dm)

actu

al p

ig i

leal

DE

(M

J/k

g d

m)

wheat

barley

triticale

sorghum

rice

BLACK - 1st O/L passBLUE - 2nd O/L pass

1906

3828

6901

3904

3808

1725

N 911-VR 0.75SECV 0.56SD 1.44

Research Strategies for 1bResearch Strategies for 1b

• Enhance NIR calibrations for predicting the nutritional quality of feed ingredients for pigs (available energy content (MJ/kg - faecal & ileal), DE intake (MJ/d), growth and FCR)

• Cereal grains (wheat, barley, triticale & sorghum)• Pulses• Heat treated canola meal & milk products

Use ileal, faecal digestion trials & separate intake and growth trials with young pigs

Grains selected carefully from sub-program 1a & other sources; special attention to sorghum cultivars & performance re wheat

Alternate years of cereal grains & pulses + protein meals

Deliver : Rapid ‘on site’ measurement of ingredient quality

Research Strategies for 1bResearch Strategies for 1b

• Develop processing methods for improving the utilisation of feed ingredients by pigs

• Examine PGLP grains showing wide variation using a suite of diagnostic tools (Microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, solid state NMR, X-ray diffraction, particle sizing, RVA, DCS, invitro amylase etc.)

• Develop & validate a lab model of pig digestion for screening grains and processing techniques

• Special attention to sorghum breaking γ-kafirin bonds (chemical, enzymic, genetic enzyme production)

• Small scale processing & screening• In vivo pig digestion• Commercial processing trials & commercialisation

Novel methods to increase nutrient availability