Post on 28-Dec-2015
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
o Types
Colonizing Land
• Plants
– Are terrestrial organisms.
– Are multicellular eukaryotes that make organic molecules by photosynthesis (photoautotrophs).
• Living on land poses different problems than living in water does.
– Plants require structural specializations, such as roots and shoots.
Figure 16.2
Anatomy of a Plant and Terrestrial Adaptations
• Leaves
– Are the main photosynthetic organs of most plants.
– Have stomata for gas exchange.
– Contain vascular tissue for transporting vital materials.
Reproductive Adaptations
• Plants produce their gametes in protective structures called gametangia.
• In plants, but not algae, the zygote develops into an embryo while still contained within the female parent.
Alternation of Generations Seen in Plant Life Cycles
Both the diploid and the haploid life stages are multicellular
• Molecular comparisons and other evidence place a group of green algae called charophyceans closest to plants. Plants evolved from a water-based algae.
Where Did Land Plants Come From?
Figure 16.7
Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in Plant Evolution
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
Ecological Impact
Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts)
• Mosses
– Have no true roots (filamentous rhizoids instead: terrestrial adaptation)
– Lack vascular tissue
– Must live in or near standing water
– Have a waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration (major terrestrial adaptations)
– Developing embryonic plants are retained within the gametangium (ovary) of the mother plant
– Have a dominant gametophyte (1n) generation
Figure 16.8
Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
Figure 16.10
Mosses Have a Dominant Gametophyte (1n) Generation or Life Stage
Moss Life Cycle
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
Ecological Impact
Figure 16.7
Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in Plant Evolution
Ferns
• Ferns
– Have true roots
– Have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
– Must have water nearby during reproduction
– Forms haploid spores that germinate into tiny haploid gametophyte
– Dominant sporophyte (2n) generation
– Formed huge swamp forests about 360-250 million years ago (Carboniferous Period) fossil fuels
Figure 16.11
Adult Ferns, Shoots, and Reproductive Structures
Ferns Have a Dominant Sporophyte (2n) Generation
2n
1n
Figure 16.12
Swampy Fern-Tree Forests Common 300 Million Years Ago
Fern Life Cycle
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms (Conifers)
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
Ecological Impact
Figure 16.7
Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in Plant Evolution
Gymnosperms (Mostly All Cone-Bearing Plants)
• A drier, colder climate at the end of the Carboniferous period favored the evolution of gymnosperms, the first seed plants.
• The descendants of early gymnosperms
– Include the conifers, cone-bearing plants.
• Gymnosperms have:
– Needle-like or scale-like leaves
– Male and female cones to make pollen and eggs
– “Naked” ovaries within cones (not fully enclosed by tissue)
– Eggs develop into seeds
– Wind pollinated, form winged seeds
– Dominant diploid (sporophyte) generation
– Persistent leaves (evergreen)
Gymnosperm (Conifer) Needles and Leaves
Arrangements of needles on a stem
Figure 16.13
Most Gymnosperms Are Evergreen and Reproduce with Cones
Figure 16.16
The Ovaries in a Female Cone are “Naked” or Incompletely Housed By Integument Tissue
Pine Life Cycle
Figure 16.14
Gymnosperms Have a Dominant Sporophyte Generation (e.g. Adult Trees)
Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
Ecological Impact
Angiosperms
• Angiosperms
– Supply nearly all of our food and much of our fiber for textiles.
• More efficient water transport and the evolution of the flower help account for the success of the angiosperms.
• Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) have:
– Flowers (both sex parts) instead of cones
– Seeds inside enclosed ovaries
– Seeds that are further embedded in nutritious tissue within fruits
– Broad and flattened leaves which are deciduous
– A dominant sporophyte (diploid) generation
– Are usually animal pollinated (some wind)
Figure 16.17
Bee Pollinating
Anatomy of a Flower
Angiosperm (Flowering Plant) Leaves Are Broad and Flattened
Figure 16.18
The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm (Sporophyte Dominant)
2n
1nPlant Fertilization
Seed Development
Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse)
Fruit Development
• The seed being enclosed within an ovary distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms.
Angiosperm Fruits Are Fleshy
• A fruit is a ripened ovary that helps protect the seed and increase its dispersal
Flowering/Fert
Seeds
Fruit
Figure 16.19
Seed Dispersal Strategies of Plants
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
o Types
Fungi
• Characteristics of Fungi:
– Eukaryotic, and most are multicellular.
– Cell walls of the polysaccharide chitin
– Chemoheterotrophic nutrition, 30% are parasitic
– Constructed of thin filaments called hyphae that form mycelia
– Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually.
– Include the molds, yeasts, and club fungi (mushrooms)
– Fungi are extremely important to ecosystems because they decompose and recycle organic materials.
Figure 16.20
Diverse Forms Within Kingdom Fungi
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
o Types
Figure 16.21
Club Fungi: The Mushrooms
Molds: Mats of Mycelia
Fungal Reproduction and Nutrition
Some molds, like Penicillium produce antibacterial chemicals
(antibiotics)
Yeast: Single-celled fungi
Saccharomyces cerevesiae: baker’s and brewer’s yeast
Candida albicans: pathogenic yeast causing vaginal yeast infections and systemic candidiasis in AIDS patients
Parasitic Fungi
• Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about 30% make their living as parasites.
Figure 16.3
Most Plants Have Mycorrhizae Fungi On Their Roots
• Lichens
– Are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae.
– Are an example of a cooperative living arrangment called mutualism.
Lichens Are Classified As Fungi But Are Part Protistan
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
o Types