Post on 15-Apr-2017
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PHENOTYPING FOR TOLERANCE TO ABIOTIC STRESSES IN YAM, MAIZE,
BANANA AND COWPEA
Workshop on Implementation of IITA’s Genetic Improvement
Strategy
IITA-HQ, Ibadan Nouhoun Belko 09 September 2015 Postdoc Cowpea Agro-Physio
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Climate change will increase intensify & frequency of drought
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Global low soil P availability is a primary constraint to life on earth
Dominance of red and light-gray colors, indicating soil P deficiency for the growth of many cultivated species Importance of P availability as a primary limitation to agricultural productivity in terrestrial environments (from Jaramillo-Velastagui, J. Lynch 2011).
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N balance deficiency – Issue of accessibility & affordability in SSA
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Soil Fertility
Yiel
d
Traditional genotypes lodge at high fertility
But no yield gain at low fertility (*)
Can we develop genotypes with superior yield at all fertility levels?
Benefit from 20th century green revolution
Potential Benefit from 21st century green revolution
Dwarf genotypes respond to high fertility
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Objectives: Know environment, Understand mechanisms, high genetic gainHypothesis: Mine available nutrients, Tap water, Save water, Secure reproductionApproaches: Direct (yield) and Indirect (root - shoot phenes important for specific stress)Water Phosphorus
5%
18%
11%
23%
10cm
20cm
30cm
4ppm
2ppm
0.5ppm
0.25ppm40cm
Stomata response differences to VPD relate to plant hydraulics
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Setting up Screening Protocol for N and K Use Efficiency in Yam
SELECT PARENTS- NUE Trials, Uromi- Performance in Low Fertility Environment, Mokwa
Genotype parents Using SSR/SNP Markers
Generate Populations
Phenotype two Populations In Low N and K Plotsand NUE Trials (field and SH)
Genotype Populations Using polymorphic SSR/SNP Markers
Find Marker - TraitAssociation for NUE of N and K or other agronomic traits
Validate Favourable Markers/QTL (s) using other populations generated with the selected parents
A. Lopez-Montes and R. Bhattacharjee
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Screening Maize for Tolerance to Drought
S. K. Meseka and A. MenkirDrought tolerance: Ikenne, Forestry Zone Field experiments: irrigated & non-irrigated Blocks Planting during the second week of November Sprinkler irrigation system supply 20mm/week Drought stress imposed from 35 DAP until harvest Agronomic traits measured
Results from 2000 to 2015 Genetic bases of tolerance to drought understood 2000+ improved lines developed & shared in WCA NARS & seed companies released varieties/hybrids Farmers adopted improved drought tolerant materials
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Screening Maize for Tolerance Drought & Heat
S. K. Meseka and A. MenkirDrought & heat tolerance: Kadawa, Kano State Field experiments: only one block used Planting during second week of
February Gravity irrigation (furrow) every four
days Irrigation stop in April for 21d then ok
once a week Agronomic traits measured
Results from 2013 to 2015 Genetic bases of tolerance not well
understood 400+ varieties/ hybrids & 1500 inbred
lines screened New inbred lines tolerant to drought and
heat stress with high grain yield identified
Month
Temperature Co
RHMax Min
February 34 21 16
March 39 26 13
April 42 28 15.5
May 40 27 17
June 35 24 21.8
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High N Low N
Low N site developmentSelection & depletion of nitrogen Planting high population density Removal of all crop residuesLow N block (20 kg N/ha) High N (90 kg N/ha)
Screening Maize for Tolerance to low N
S. K. Meseka and A. MenkirLow nitrogen tolerance: Mokwa, Niger State Inbred lines combined tolerance to Low N/Drought Non-additive genetic effects for grain yield provided basis for the exploitation of heterosis Hybrids combining high grain yield with tolerance to drought/low N developed and disseminated to NARS
Results from 1995 to 2015 Genetic bases of inheritance
understood Several low N efficient maize lines
developed and disseminated to NARS NARS in WCA released several
improved low N efficient varieties/ hybrids
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Drought stress research conducted in forestry zone with incidence of rainfall at flowering/grain filling stages
Lack of modern high throughput phenotyping tools & plant growth facilities for screening large populations
Limited knowledge of genetic bases of combined drought and heat stress tolerance in maize plants
Absence of fully irrigated block for comparison in screening for tolerance to combined drought & heat
Traits measured did not include the Plant Root System – relevant indirect trait in water & nutrient uptake
Measurement of most Physiological Traits are time consuming and not practical with large breeding populations
CHALLENGES AND RESOURCE NEEDS
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High throughputgenotyping
Environmental data
Field drought evaluation site + Root phenotyping in Mokwa
Greenhouse drought evaluation, modern tools, collaboration with CERAAS
Marker trait associationMarker assisted
selection
OPPORTUNITIES AND WAY FORWARDInitiation breeding for tolerance to flood and soil acidity/salinity with climate change
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Musa Phenotypic Response to Drought in 4 Env.
Prof. Swennen Rony and collaborators
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Williams
Cachaco
Lep Chang Kut
Osmotic stress during in vitro growth
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Green-house screening for leaf area and transpiration efficiency response to drought
Leaf
are
a af
ter
18
wee
ksTr
ansp
irat
ion
effic
ienc
y
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4 varieties Pahang (AA) Guyod (AA) Cachaco (ABB) Nakitengwa (AAAh)2 water treatments Irrigation No irrigation10 replicates
Field screening for pseudostem height and leaf area response to drought between 10 - 40 DAIS
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Field high throughput phenotyping for Gs and ΔT response to drought
Evolution of ΔT across daytime
Transp ~ evapo cooling Detected by IR imaging
Stress
Optimal
CONCLUSION AND WAY FORWARD - Screening tools use in breeding
program - The B & A genomes sources of
resistance - AA genome screening with LIPI
partners- Segregating populations: QTLs
800 seeds - Sequencing all hybrids
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Screening for tolerance to low soil P and rock P use efficiency in Cowpea
K. Suzuki, C. Fatokun, O. Boukar
Pot trials for comparison of shoot growth response to different P applications Genotype with 28 entries P application with 3 levels (0 and 30 mg P/kg of KH2PO4 and 90 mg P/kg of Togolese Rock P) In a split plot design with 2 replications
N uptake(g/pot)
Shoot dryweight at 8WAS (g/pot)
Chlorophyllcontent at 5 WAP
Chlorophyllcontent at 7 WAP
Plant height at5 WAP (cm)
Plant height at7 WAP (cm)
Nodulenumber
Nodule dryweight (g/pot)
Root dryweight (g/pot)
P uptake (g/pot) 0.888** 0.817** 0.342** 0.232ns 0.308** 0.219ns 0.548** 0.098ns -0.056ns
N uptake (g/pot) 0.845** 0.299** 0.221ns 0.388** 0.319** 0.541** 0.137ns 0.045ns
Shoot dry weight at8 WAS (g/pot) 0.283ns 0.348** 0.490** 0.327** 0.575** 0.021ns 0.011ns
Shoot dry weight at 8 WAP has significant correlation with P and N uptake.
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Variations in shoot growth response to low soil P and rock P in Cowpea
Shoot DW under 90 mg P/kg Rock P
Shoot DW under 0 mg P/kg KH2PO4
Decrease in shoot biomass in 90 mg P/kg Rock P relative to 30 mg P/kg KH2PO4
Decrease in shoot biomass in 0 mg P/kg relative to 30 mg P/kg KH2PO4Based on their shoot
biomass production under both 0 mg P/kg KH2PO4 and 90 mg P/kg Rock P: Iron Bean, IT87D-941-1,
IT90K-284-2, IT95K-1543 and IT97K-499-38 were consistently low P tolerant and rock P efficient lines
Tvu-7778, Sanzi and IT97K-499-35 were the most low P sensitive and rock P un-efficient lines
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Pot trials for evaluation of optimum dose of rock P for cowpea production Selected lines: Iron bean, IT97K-499-38, IT87D-941-1, Dan Ila
and IT97K-499-35 Rock P application with 5 levels: 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg P/kg In a split plot design with 10 replications
Genotypic difference in shoot growth response to different doses of rock P application
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0
10.0
0 30 60 90 120
aa a
aIron bean at 4 WAP
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0
10.0
0 30 60 90 120
abaaa
bb
IT97K-499-35 at 4 WAP
Shoo
t D
W
(g/p
lant
)
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Genotypic difference in grain yield and nodule number under different doses of rock P
Rock P application (mg P/kg)
Rock P application (mg P/kg)
0.002.004.006.008.00
10.0012.0014.0016.00
0 30 60 90 120
Gra
in y
ield
(g
/pla
nt)
Rock P application (mg P/kg)
aab ab
aIron Bean
0.002.004.006.008.00
10.0012.0014.0016.00
0 30 60 90 120
ababaa
bb
IT97K-499-35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 30 60 90 120
Nod
ule
num
ber
(-)
Iron Bean
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 30 60 90 120
Rock P application (mg P/kg)
Rock P application (mg P/kg)
Gra
in y
ield
(g
/pla
nt)
Nod
ule
num
ber
(-)
IT97K-499-35
60+ mg/kg of rock P appear to be optimum for cowpea shoot production
30+ mg/kg of rock P allow significant increase in grain yield in rock P efficient lines
No clear pattern of rock P applications effects on nodules number across genotypes
Iron Bean and IT97K-499-35 are potential parents contrasting for tolerance to low P and rock P use efficiency and could therefore be used in cowpea breeding program.
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Effects of plant genotype roots and rock P applications on rhizosphere soil pH
4.604.704.804.905.005.105.205.305.405.505.60
IT97
K-4
99-3
8
Iron
bea
n
IT97
K-4
99-3
5
Dan
Ila
IT87
D-9
41-1
no-p
lant
Rhi
zosp
here
soil
pH
Cowpea lines
a a
b
c
aa
4.84.94.95.05.05.15.15.25.25.35.3
0 30 60 90 120
Rhi
zosp
here
soil
pH
Rock P application amounts (mg P /kg)
abab
ab
b
a
P uptake by cowpea roots decreases pH in rhizosphere soil
Rhizosphere soil pH increases with increase in rock P applications WAY FORWARD
Elucidate P uptake mechanisms in cowpea Elucidate mechanisms of improved rock P
solubility & uptake
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Dry Seed Weight (g/plant) Stressed plants: 0 to 15.4 g/plant Non-stressed plants: 1.5 to 58.4 g/plant
Number of days to flowering Drought escape strategy: Flowering time reduction under stress
Field screening for drought tolerance and high yield potential in
cowpea germplasmC. Fatokun, O. Boukar, S. Muranaka
Fatokun et al. 2012_Plant Gen. Res. 10:171-176
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Field screening for drought tolerance and high yield potential in
cowpea germplasm
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HT Phenotyping cowpea mini core germplasm collection for adaptation
to drought and low P N. Belko, O. Boukar, C. Fatokun
et al. Screen-house trials for assessing variability in drought-avoidance shoot traits among the cowpea mini core collection in IITA-Kano: Oct 2014 – March 2015 370 lines + 10 checks under non-limiting water condition in 3
replications Gravimetric measurement of whole plant canopy transpiration,
leaf temperature, leaf cholorophyll content, leaf area development and shoot-root biomasses
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Extent of phenotypic variations in plant TR, SPAD-CMR, CTD and LA in
cowpea
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Field trials for assessing differences in growth and yield performance under well-watered and water-stressed conditions in Minjibir station: March-July 2015 348 lines + 12 checks under 2 water regimes in 3 replications Plant phenology (days to flowering and maturity), yield
components (fodder, pod and grain), visual scoring for (i) Striga emergence, (ii) insect leaf damages and (iii) leaf senescence under drought, and SPAD-CMR and NDVI data on selected genotypes
On-going post-harvest activities and data processing
Field screening for tolerance to drought in cowpea mini core
germplasm collection
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2600 2800 3000 3200 3400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Non-stressed grain yield (kg/ha)
Dro
ught
-stre
ssed
gra
in y
ield
(kg/
ha)
58-53
58-57
IAR8/7-4-5-3Iron-Clay
IT00K-901-6
IT83D-442
IT89KD-288
IT90K-284-2
IT93K-503-1
IT95K-1090-2
IT95K-1095-4
IT96D-610IT97K-207-15
IT97K-556-6IT97K-819-132
IT98K-128-2IT98K-205-8
IT98K-317-2
IT98K-428-3
IT98K-498-1
IT98K-698-2
IT99K-124-5
KVX-396
KVX403
KVX-421-25
KVX-525
MougneN’diambour
Petite-n-grn
Suvita 2
Repeat of the field yield based evaluation under WW & WS in Minjibir: Sept-Dec 2015 Integration of partitioning / grain filling parameters and drought tolerance indices
Beebe et al. 2013_Field Crops Res. 148:24–33
Belko et al. 2014_Crop Science 54:1-9
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Field and image based phenotying of root traits for adaptation to drought and low phosphorusField and lab trials for evaluating genotypic differences root
system architecture and anatomy at the ARBC Willcox-AZ with PSU partners: July-Sept 2015
Fifty lines planted in single row plot under WW conditions in 5 reps
5 plants per plot excavated and visually scored for root traits (Shovelomics: angle, number, density, diameter) and root samples taken for cross section anatomy analysis
5 seedlings per line for analysis of root hairs density and length using DIRT & ImageJ
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Research plan for genetic improvement (high genetic gain): 1. Identification of plant traits conferring tolerance to drought and adaptation to low P 2. Dissecting traits interactions (trade-off, synergism) and plasticity/stability 3. Parameterization - Modeling the effect of traits across env. and stress scenariosOpportunities and future: • Penn State University and ARBC/G Howard Buffet Foundation
and ICRISAT for high throughput phenotyping of relevant root and shoot traits for adaptation to drought and low fertility
• Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU-KIT) Germany, WASCAL Burkina Faso, and Depart. Crop Sci in North Carolina State Univ for modeling to develop guidelines for farming options in response to climate variability
Challenges and resource required: Field and lab research facilities (irrigation, drought and low P screening sites, striga pression, lysimetric system, rain-out shelter, screen-houses, lab space with specific equipment etc.) and human resources (technicians and students).
Opportunities and Way forward Challenges and resource needs
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MERCI DE VOTRE ATTENTION