Post on 24-Jan-2021
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Celebrating
Legacy and New Frontiers
Vahid Madani and Damir Novosel
Washington DC
May 8-9, 2013
Phadke –Thorp Symposium
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Don‟t worry if somebody takes credit for your innovative work; you will be able to do it again
and they will not
Arun Phadke and Jim Thorp
Working in a team, does not reduce contribution and importance of an individual; it makes it much
stronger
Arun Phadke and Jim Thorp joint Franklin Award recipients
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
U.S. and Canada 2009
PMU Deployment
Source: NASPI
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
U.S. and Canada 2012
PMU Deployment
Source: NASPI
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
2006 (16 Applications)
NASPI Synchrophasor Roadmap
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
2012 (26 Apps.)
NASPI Synchrophasor Roadmap
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
3-Year Deployment
Benchmarking Synchrophasor Projects
Big bang – all real-time closed loop control, protection,
operation & other applications
Monitoring; visualization & operation analysis
outside of control room
Number of PMUs Conservative
Aggressive
Control room functions; some real-time applications
Data visualization and operation analysis in
control room
Applications
B
C
F D
E
I G H
X On-going US Synchrophasor Projects
A
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
PMU Progression
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
PMU Applications in Distribution
• Islanding detection and formation
• Restoration and re-synchronization
• Distribution state estimation
• Adaptive fault location and detection
• High-impedance fault
• Power Quality (Harmonic estimation)
• Volt / VAR Optimization
• Load modeling & Parameter estimation
• Voltage and transient stability
monitoring, including Fault Induced
Delayed Voltage Recovery (FIDVR)
monitoring
• Closed-loop feeder operation
• Condition monitoring & Dynamic rating
• Post mortem analysis
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
After 2003 U.S. & 2006 European Outages
Recommendations
August 14, 2003 Outage: U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force Report
"A valuable lesson is the importance of having time-synchronized system data recorders. The Task
Force’s investigators labored over thousands of data items to determine the sequence of events, much like
putting together small pieces of a very large puzzle. That process would have been significantly faster and
easier if there had been wider use of synchronized data recording devices…"
Recommendation 12a – The reliability regions, coordinated through the NERC planning committee,
shall within one year define regional criteria for application of synchronized recording devices in
power plants and substations…
November 4, 2006 Disturbance - UCTE Final Report System
UCTE-wide Awareness System
" …On November 4, this was true more than ever – the information about the split of the system into three
areas was available to some operators with significant delay. This issue might be solved via a dedicated
central server collecting the real-time data and making them available to all UCTE TSOs. In this way, each
TSO will obtain within a few minutes essential information about disturbances beyond their own control
area. "
Recommendation 4 - UCTE has to set up an information platform allowing TSOs to observe in real
time the actual state of the whole UCTE system in order to quickly react during large disturbances.
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Synchronized Data
November 2006 Europe
Before
Separation
After
Separation
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Key Findings
India Blackout
• Better visualization and planning of
the corrective actions
• Deployment of Wide Area Monitoring,
Protection and Control Systems
• Better regulation of interchanges
• Better coordinated planning of
outages of state and regional
networks, specifically under depleted
condition of the inter-regional power transfer corridors.
• Mandatory activation of primary frequency response of
Governors
• Adequate reactive power compensation, specifically dynamic
• Under-frequency and df/dt-based load shedding
• Avoid miss-operation of protective relays
Source: Report from the Enquiry Committee on Grid Disturbances in Northern Region,
India, September 2012
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Preventing Large Blackouts
Multiple Contingencies with Complex Interactions
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Experiences with SIPS
64%
9%
15%
3%
6%
3%
Global Participants
IEEE PSRC Report - 2009
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Lessons Learned – FERC Report,
Situational Awareness
Angular Separation • Ability to determine, in real
time, the standing angles that would result following major transmission line outages
• Placing PMUs in locations such that standing angles can be seen directly by system operators in SCADA/EMS systems
Real-Time External Visibility • Lack of adequate awareness of
external contingencies that could impact one’s system
Real-Time Tools • E.g., Without having tools in
place to determine the phase angle difference between the two terminals of a line after the line tripped, one should not / cannot commit to restore the line quickly.
• Need seasonal and next-day contingency analyses that address the angular differences across opened system elements
• Having, but not using the real-time tools to monitor system conditions
• Real-Time Contingency Analysis (RTCA) tools need to be functional and operating
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Preventing Blackouts
• Widespread electric outages are a symptom of strategies for grid management
• Analysis of recent disturbances
reveals common threads o Learn from the past and proven methods
to mitigate
o Blackout propagation should
be arrested
o Restoration time could be reduced
New York City on October 31, 2012 Photographer Iwan Baan
Image published in New York Magazine
• Use of Smart Grid for Improved Situational Awareness
and Control
• Not possible to avoid multiple contingency initiated
blackouts
HOWEVER…
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Preventing Blackouts
The Probability,
Size and
Impact of
Wide Area Blackouts
can be
REDUCED …… !!
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
• How to achieve more benefits from the
investments o More system integration and data mining
o More business process optimization
• More customer focus o What does it mean to the consumers
o What benefits will they see
• How to operate and maintain the
installed smart grid assets more
efficiency
• Better wide-area situation awareness
What’s Next
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Operational Applications
• Enhanced Energy Management Systems
o Adding synchrophasor measurements to existing SE
o Track dynamic state changes of a system during disturbances
• Post-Disturbance Event Analysis for Planners and Engineers
• Operator and Engineering Training, Dispatch Training
Simulator (DTS)
• Provide interfaces with EMS and with third parties
• Distributed State Estimation
• Situational Awareness, Visualization and
Alarming for Operators o Abnormal angles and voltages
o Line overloads and oscillations monitoring
o System restoration
• Real-time Voltage Instability Indicator / Index
(RVII) and Contingency Analysis based on
PMU availability
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Volt-Angle Visualization
1. “Relative Voltage Angles” with respect to Reference”
• The difference between the measured voltage angle and
the voltage angle measured at a common “reference”
bus
2. “Voltage Angle Differences” between a pair of nodes
in system
• The „Voltage Angle Difference‟ is computed as
difference in the voltage angle between two locations:
typically between the “source” and “sink” areas of the
system, or across a known corridor or interface
Note: The two locations don‟t necessarily have to be at
the two ends of a transmission line.
3. “Voltage Angle Rate-of-Change” to detect sudden
disturbances in the system
• Computed as change in voltage angle over a user-
defined time period (e.g. 1 second).
• Represents relatively fast changing angles in time (e.g.
pre- and post-event angle change during a disturbance)
Relative Angle
‘Voltage Angle Differences’
‘Voltage-Angle Rate
of Change’
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Tools - Computing Reactive Power
Margin & Contingency Analysis
Real-Time Voltage Stability Indication (RVII)
• Ability to process data from different sources (PMUs,
SCADA, simulation outputs (static and dynamic)) o Takes immediate advantage of available PMUs
o Scales up well with increased number of PMUs
• Good results from system tests o Slowly changing system operating conditions (load ramp)
o Tracking system dynamics after disturbances
• Simple implementation in
Control Center tools and/or
local IEDs for: o Operator tools to increase
situational awareness
o Local automated actions
o Addition to SIPS
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
PG&E Proof of Concept Facility
Instrumental in gathering the knowledge to provide the industry
with direction and a fast track process for maturing the
standards such as the IEEE C37.118.2, C37.238, C37.242, C37.244, and IEC-61850-90-5
• Risk management: Identifies and remedies product and system integration issues
• A conduit to the industry standards
• Tests have resulted in: o Identification of standards' gaps
o Remedied integration issues with potential for serious delays during field installation
• Fine tuning applications for
functionality and performance
• Transition from development to
operation for training future users
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Development
Standards & Guides - Working in a team
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Lessons Learned - 61850-90-5
• Automatic configuration to be supported
• Transparency function similar to PDC Data Gateway function
o Data visibility from upstream devices to downstream devices
o Transparent passing data “as is”
• Data conversions
o Clarity on converting data between IEC 61850-90-5 & IEEE C37.118.2
o In particular, configuration is of importance / interest
• Flags
o Definition and use of various flags in IEEE C37.118 and IEC TR
61850-90-5 to be clarified and aligned
• Test ground for:
o IEC 61850-90-5 “implementation Agreements”, UDP Configuration
Buffer Set points, etc.
o Importance of the receiving processor‟s buffer size when using
UDP multicast
o Multicast 61850-90-5 data transport with IGMP 3 and going through
various firewalls
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
WECC WISP Wide-Area Network
for Western Interconnection
synchrophasor data exchange
WECC
Alternat
Control
Center
PDC
TO PDC
TO PDC
TO PDCTO PDC
WECC
Primary
Control
Center
PDC
TO PDC
TO PDC
TO PDC
TO PDCTO PDC
TO PDC
Data Exchange – WECC
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Data Exchange – Eastern Interc.
Interconnecting
RC/TO network
TO PDC
TO PDC
TO PDC
Interconnecting
RC/TO network
TO PDC
TO PDC
TO PDC
Interconnecting
RC/TO network
TO PDC
TO PDC TO PDC
Interconnecting
RC/TO network
Eastern Interconnection
synchrophasor data
exchange network
among RCs
TO PDC
TO PDC
TO PDC
RCx PDC
(Primary)RCn PDC
(Backup)
RCz PDC
(Primary)
RCy PDC
(Primary)
RCx PDC
(Backup)
RCy PDC
(Backup)
RCn PDC
(Primary)
RCz PDC
(Backup)
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Situational Awareness Tools
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Smart Solutions, Practical
Results
Life Has More Light With Arun,
Jim & PMUs
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