Post on 08-May-2015
description
Internet ExplainedPart II: Naming and Addressing
Peter VAN ROSTE“Nerds in the Parliament”European Parliament23 May 2011
IP Addresses
‣Electronic devices need addresses to communicate
with each other
‣IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) addresses are
running out
‣IPv6 addresses have been introduced over the last
decade
IPv4 - IPv6
IPv4 IPv6
Format 91.198.174.2 3ffe:6a88:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7344
Range 4 × 109 3,4 × 1038
Benefits All equipment compatible More secureBetter routing – more stability
IPv4 is running out
IPv4 - IPv6
The Need for Domain Names
There are three main reasons:
‣Remembering addresses
‣Stability (the underlying IP address can change
without any impact on the users)
‣Security (Requests can be diverted to avoid server
overload)
The Need for Domain Names
74.125.77.106
74.125.77.106
147.67.119.102
147.67.119.102 www.europa.eu www.europa.eu
193.252.122.103
193.252.122.103
212.113.82.182
212.113.82.182
212.58.253.68
212.58.253.68
193.23.48.134
193.23.48.134
94.100.119.1 94.100.119.1 www.hyves.nl www.hyves.nl
www.bbc.co.uk www.bbc.co.uk info@standaard.be
info@standaard.be
www.allegro.pl www.allegro.pl
blog.orange.fr blog.orange.fr www.google.it www.google.it
How does it work?
Who’s who?
These are the Key Players:
The user registers a Domain Name (he is the
registrant or domain name owner)
The reseller selling the domain name (and often
hosting or email services) is the registrar
The operator of the country code top level domain
(e.g. .UK) is the registry
ICANN is the global policy coordinator for Top Level
Domains
IANA is the operator of the Root Zone
The Rootzone
Source: http://www.root-servers.org/
The Rootzone
13 identical copies managed by different organisations
European organisations (Netnod and RIPE NCC)
Named A to M
Technical operator: IANA under US DoC contract
Any change requires agreement of US DoC
323 entries 21 gTLDs
11 Test domains
37 IDNs (
254 Country Code Top Level Domains (ISO 3166 list only)