Post on 02-Feb-2020
PerkembanganTeknologi Otomotif
Kendaraanringan
1. Engine
2. Drive train
5. Safety Technology
4. Electrical
3. Chassis
6. Body
Mekanisme Katup
SOHC (Single Over Head Camshaft)
OHV (Over Head Valve)
Teknologi Mesin
Sistem Bahan-bakar
EFI - Analog
Karburator
Sistem Pengapian
Transistorized / CDI
Konvensional (Platina)
VVT-I (Variable Valve Timing Intelligent)
DOHC (Double Over Head Camshaft)
Head Camshaft)
VVTL-I (Variable Valve Timing & Lift Intelligent
Lean Burn Engine
EFI - Microcomputer
D4 (Direct Injection Gasoline)
ESA (Electronic Spark Advance)
IIA (Integrated Ignition Assembly)
DIS (Direct Ignition System)
Sistem Pengisian
W/ IC Regulator
W/ Regulator tipeKontak Point
Teknologi Mesin
Sistem Starter
Tipe Reduksi
Konvensional
Sistem Bahan-bakarDiesel
Pompa injeksiDistributor
Pompa injeksi In Line
Alternator w/ Conductor segment
Tipe Planetari w/ Segment Conductor
Tipe Planetari
Common Rail
EFI Diesel (ECD)
Distributor
BackgroundGlobal Concern on Energy Savings
Fuel price continue increaseExpanding energy consumptions
>US$ 122.17/barrel(Feb, ’12)* * ESDM
Drive the changing
The Changing of Market Need
CO2CO2
Drive the changing of market need
Customer basic needs on car is fun to driveand driving performance.
Focus on :Fuel efficiency, low emissions, while keep driving performance
Apa itu Sistem Hybrid? Gabungan antara dua sumber tenaga
= 100HYBRID
= 100
± 50 + ± 50
100
CONVENTIONAL
Tipe Sistem Hybrid
Series Hybrid
Motor bensin memutarkan generator untuk mensuplai listrik ke motor listrik penggerak rodapenggerak roda
Contoh:
Chevrolet Volt
Paralel Hybrid
Motor bensin sebagai penggerak roda utama, motor listrik hanya membantu akselerasi.
Tipe Sistem Hybrid
Engine
Motor
Contoh:
Honda Insight, MB S400 BlueHybrid, BMW Seri 7 Hybrid
Series & Paralel Hybrid
“Power split device” secara konstan mengatur rasio tenaga motor bensin / listrik ke roda. Dapat menggerakkan kendaraan hanya dengan
Tipe Sistem Hybrid
kendaraan hanya dengan motor listrik saja.
Engine Motor
Plug-in Hybrid
Baterai dengan kapasitas lebih besar (biasanya Lithium) dapat di charge dengan listrik “rumah” untuk
Tipe Sistem Hybrid
“rumah” untuk memperbanyak penggunaan motor listrik dan mengurangi penggunaan motor bensin.
Sampai akhir 2009, Prius Plug-in akan di leasing 500 unit di Jepang, US & Eropa
Prius Low Emissions
% CO2 emission of Prius is 104 g/km ≈ 55% less than others in the same class class
% NOx emissions of Prius is 0.010 g/km and HC of Prius is 0.020 g/km ≈ less than half of others car in the same class
Prius Fuel Consumption
35.5 km/lJapan 10 – 15 ModeJapan 10 – 15 Mode
City drive : 23.2 km/l
Highway : 21.3 km/l
According to EPA test USA
Sejarah TOYOTA Hybrid
1997 20062003 20042001
Prius(NHW10) Estima PriusPrius
1999
Export to
USA(NHW10) Estima
Alphard
PriusPrius(NHW20)(NHW20)
RX400h
HighlanderCamry
1997 20062003 20042001
Crown
GS450h
USA
TOYOTA
TOYOTA Hybrid System in PRIUS Fusion between an internal combustion engine andelectric motor, achieving different function through
different power combinations to create optimum synergy and output.
Torque(N·m)
Motor
Engine
Speed (rpm)
2000 4000 6000
100
200
300
400
Auxiliary Battery(Sealed Type)
2ZR-FXE Engine
Cooler
HV Battery Unit• Battery Module
(DC 201.6 V)• Junction Block• Battery Smart Unit
THS Main Components
Power Cable
Inverter with Converter Assembly• Boost Converter • Inverter• MG ECU• DC/DC Converter
for Auxiliary Battery
ECM
Power Management Control ECU (HV CPU)
Cooler Compressor with Motor Assembly
P410 Hybrid Transaxle• MG1 • MG2
THS Main Components• Power-dividing Mechanism (Planetary Gears)
§ MG1 – Sun Gear
§ MG2 – Ring Gear Wheels
§ Engine – PlanetaryCarrierCarrier
THS Main Components
Blue: EngineBlue: Engine
Click, movie
Yellow: MG1
Orange: MG2
Yellow: MG1
Orange: MG2
THS Main Components
• Power-dividing Mechanism (Planetary Gears)
Planetary Carrier: fixedRing Gear: rotates (input)
Ring Gear: fixed
Planetary Carrier: rotates (input)
THS Main Components
• Power-dividing Mechanism (Planetary Gears)
Planetary Carrier: fixedRing Gear: rotates (input) cnt : mundur mesin diam
THS Main ComponentsHybrid Transaxle
Counter Drive GearGear
Final Drive Pinion Gear
Counter-driven Gear
Final Ring Gear
Chain-driven Sprocket
Reduction Mechanism
Differential Mechanism
THS Main ComponentsHybrid Transaxle• MG1 / MG2
– Compact and lightweight, highly efficient AC 650 V motor generator
MG2MG1
THS Main ComponentsHybrid Transaxle• MG1
– Main operations ® Generator
– When engine starting ® Starter
MG1Stator Coil
Rotor
Speed Sensor
THS Main Components• MG2
– When driving ® Main power to engine power (Starting off) or provides supplementary
– When braking ® Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy
MG2Stator Coil Rotor
Speed Sensor
THS Main ComponentsAtkinson Cycle:Compression < Expansion
Compression Expansion
Depending on driving condition, cylinder volume is varied by VVT-i operation
THS Main ComponentsEngine• Atkinson Cycle
– Depending on the driving condition, the cylinder volume is varied by VVT-i
Valve Timing (Intake Valve) Cylinder Volume
TDC
105°
72°
VVT-i Operation
BDC
THS Main ComponentsEngine• Atkinson Cycle
– Intake valve close timing is late
Valve Timing (Intake Valve) Cylinder Volume
TDC
105°
Co
mp
ress
ion
S
tro
ke
Exp
ansi
on
Str
oke
BDC
THS Main ComponentsEngine• Atkinson Cycle
– Intake valve close timing is early
Valve Timing (Intake Valve) Cylinder Volume
TDC
72° Exp
ansi
on
Str
oke
Co
mp
ress
ion
S
tro
ke
BDC
THS Main ComponentsInverter Assembly• Components
– Inverter
• DC « AC high voltage
– Variable-voltage System• DC201.6V stepped up to max. DC500V
– DC-DC Converter• DC201.6V stepped down to DC 12V
– A/C Inverter
• DC ® AC to drives the A/C compressor
THS Main ComponentsInverter Assembly
HV Battery
Inverter AssemblyInverter Assembly
Variable-voltage System
MG1
MG2
Inverter
HV Battery
A/C Inverter
MG2
DC - DC Converter
THS Main ComponentsInverter Assembly
Variable-voltage
Max. DC 650V ¯̄DC 201.6V
Inverter AssemblyInverter Assembly
MG1
HV Battery
DC 201.6V DC500VVariable-voltage System
•IPM (IGBT)•Reactor
AC500V
MG2
: Discharge : Charge
MG1
Inverter(IPM)
THS Main ComponentsInverter Assembly
Inverter Assembly
– Cooling circuit is used for inverter assembly
– Separate cooling system from engine
Reservoir TankReservoir
Pump
RadiatorElectric Water Pump
MG1 / 2
Radiator
Inverter
THS Main ComponentsHV Batteray
The Battery has been made from Nickel-Metal Hydride (201.6V)’04 PRIUS: 168 cell ((1.2V x 6 cells) x 28 modules) = DC 201.6 V
THS Main ComponentsHV Batteray
Current Sensor
Module
SMR3
SMR2
Resister
Battery ECU
SMR1
Service Plug Connector
THS Main Components• Battery ECU
– Maintains control of HV battery SOC (State of charge)
– Ensures battery capability
Battery ECU
SOC Control
Cooling Fan Control
Electrical Leakage Detection for High-voltage System
Diagnosis Function for HV Battery
HV Battery Condition Detection
•HV ECU
CAN
Battery Cooling Fan Relay
Service Plug
Temp. Sensors (Thermistor)
Battery Cooling Fan Motor
HV BatteryCurrentSensor
+
-
High-voltage System for HV Battery•HV ECU•Engine ECU•A/C ECU
Battery Cooling Fan Controller
THS Main Components• Battery ECU
– Controls SOC to match THS characteristics
– The SOC is maintained at approx, 60%. A margin is given for further recharging via regenerative braking
– Sends requests to HV ECU to obtain desired SOC
THS Main Components• SOC Control
– When the SOC is dropped, battery ECU sends the “Charge Request” signal to HV ECU
Battery ECU
SOC
Charge Request
Power Request
HV ECUEngine ECU
HV Battery Engine
DriveCharge
Voltage (SOC)
Charging
Control
MG1
Item Prius Corolla Altis
Engine Type 2ZR-FXE 1.8L 16V DOHC VVT-I
1ZZ-FE 1.8L 16V DOHC VVT-I
Compression ratio 13.0 : 1 10 : 1
Max Output PS/rpm 99/5,200 143/6,000
Maximum Torque kgm/rpm 14.2/4,000 19.1/4,200
THS Main Components
Motor Type Synchronous AC motor (650 V)
Maximum output in PS 81.6
Maximum torque Nm 207 (546 setelah di reduksi)
Total System Maximum output in PS 136
Battery Type Nickel-metal hydride
THS : How it Works
Gasoline Engine
Motor/Generator Battery
Engine
Motor/GeneratorPower-split Device
PCU/Inverter
THS : How it Works1. Start and low to mid-range speeds
The engine stops when in an inefficient range,such as at start-up such as at start-up and in low to mid-rangespeeds. The vehicle runs on the motor alone.
Click, movie
THS : How it Works
Engine power is divided by the power split device.Some of the power turns the generator, which in turn
2. Driving under normal conditions
turndrives the motor. The rest of the power drives the wheels directly. Power allocation is controlled to maximize efficiency.Click, movie
THS : How it Works
Extra power is supplied from thebattery, while the engine and
3. Sudden acceleration
engine andhigh-output motor provide smoothresponse for improvedacceleration characteristics.
Click, movie
THS : How it Works
The high-output motor acts as a high-output generator,driven by the vehicle’s wheels. This regenerative braking
4. Deceleration, braking
brakingsystem recovers kinetic energy as electrical energy,which is stored in the high-performance battery.
Click, movie
THS : How it Works
Battery level is managed to maintain sufficient reserves. The engine
5. Battery recharging
The enginedrives the generator to recharge the battery when necessary.
Click, movie
THS System Operation
Start-offNormal Driving Acceleration Deceleration Stop
Electric motor only
Motor and Engine
Motor and Engine (additional power
drawn from battery)
Battery charging
Engine automatically
shuts off
THS : Others System• Brake System
– ECB (Electrically Controlled Brake)
– Hydraulic brake pressure is controlled by electrical signal and cooperate regenerative brake
Hydraulic Brake
Skid Control ECU
Vehicle Condition
Driver’s Demand
HV ECU
Regenerative Brake Control
Hydraulic Brake Control
THS : Others SystemBrake System
– The total brake force provided by both hydraulic and regenerative brakes matches the braking power required
62
Regenerative Brake Hydraulic Brake