Paris: Capital of the 19th century

• “Academic art” and Modernism’s (self justifying) narrative

• France as center of European art and artisanship.– State sponsorship– Artisanal economy– consumption

The Contentious French

• 17891789

• 18301830 “the July Revolution” and the “July Monarchy”

• 18481848 Second Republic

• 1852-1870 Second Empire

• 18701870 The Paris Commune

• 1870 The Third Republic

The Bourbon monarchy

• Absolutism

• The academies

• Taste and power

The Bourbon Monarchy

Louis 14 (1643-1715) Hyacinthe Rigaud,

Portrait of

Louis 14,

1701

Versailles (1680s)

Versailles: Galérie des glaces and French artisanship

Louis 16 (1774-1792)

• Would absolutism survive?

• Causes of the revolution– Debt– Privilege– Reform

• From fiscal to constitutional crisis

Revolution #1 (1789-1815)

• 1789; popular uprising and constitutional change

• 1791-2: the constitution unravels

• 1792: war. Monarchy overthrown. The 1st republic

June, 1789: Tennis Court Oath

July, 1789: Fall of the Bastille

• 1791-2: the constitution unravels

• 1792: war. Monarchy overthrown. The 1st republic

• 1792-1794 Terror. Civil war. European war.

• Thermidor (July, 1794)

• 1795-1799 The Directory

Execution of Louis 16 (Jan, 1793)

Napoleon’s rise

• 1793 serves under the Terror

• 1795 on serves under the Directory

• 1799 overthrows the Directory

• 1804 ends the 1st republic; proclaims Empire

Under the Directory: The

Italian campaigns

David, Napoleon Crossing the St.

Bernard Pass

Jacques Louis David, The Coronation of Napoleon (December 2, 1804)

• Napoleon’s legacies– War and empire– Global ramifications– Law– Institutional stability

– Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon in his study (1812)

Napoleon’s “orientalist” legacy:

• 1798 Invasion of Egypt

• Description de l’Egypte

• Luxor Temple

• Rosetta Stone

• 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna

• The Restoration: Louis 18, then Charles 10

• 1830: The July Revolution “three glorious days”

• Chas overthrown, crown goes to Louis Philippe, duc d’Orléans

Delacroix Liberty Leading the People

Louis Philippe, King of the French (1830-1848)

Place Louis 16, 1829

Building the Place de la Concorde, 1830s

Daumier, Le Ventre Legislatif

Louis Philippe’s star wanes the pear king (poire= nitwit)

1848: Revolution again1848: Revolution again

• Causes: political exclusivity, working-class unrest, European-wide economic crisis of 1840s

• The Second Republic (1848-1852)

• Polarization and bloodshed: the June Days, 1848

From Second Republic to Second Empire

• Presidential elections, 1848

• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

• 1851 : “Rubicon” declares 10 yr term

• 1852 declares 2nd Empire

• Verdicts:– Karl Marx: history repeats itself, 1st as tragedy, 2nd as

farce– Alexis de Tocqueville, The Ancien Regime and the

Revolution

Napoleon III, Baron Haussmann, and the rebuilding of Paris

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Haussmann’s new streets

Street clearance for the Opéra

The Opéra

• 1870: Franco Prussian War, LNB defeated.

• 1870:1870: 3rd Republic declared

• 1870-18711870-1871 Paris Commune

• May, 1871 - la semaine sanglante (bloody week) - repression of the Commune.

Manet, Café concert

Degas, Chanteuse

au gant1877

Monet, Blvd des

Capucines,1873