Post on 02-Apr-2019
PARASITIC PLANTS ON
MEDICINAL PLANTS: STUDY IN
PURWODADI BOTANIC GARDEN
Solikin
Purwodadi Botanic Garden-Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Jl.Raya Surabaya Malang km 65 Purwodadi Pasuruan East Java
Email; solikin@lipi.go.id; lipisolikin@gmail.com
The parasitic plants account for about 1% of flowering plants, with more than 3,000 species distributed in 16 families (Kuijt, 1969). Backer and Van den Brink (1965) reported that in Java there were 8 families including the family Loranthaceae(37 species). The family Loranthaceae and Viscaceae have the most species in the world each were 546 and 900 species (Nickrent and Musselman, 2010) that distribute widely throughout Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australasia (except Tasmania), ranging from boreal climates to temperate, tropical, and arid zones, and absent only from extremely dry or cold regions (Barlow, 1983; Kuijt,1969; Raven & Axelrod, 1974; Watson,2001).
The presence of the parasites inhibit plant growth and cause brooming, dieback , yield
and quality also increase operation and protection costs for planning, harvesting, regeneration, and fuel management. Death of distal branches caused by the parasites can reach 30% of the 253 branch
Parasitic plants on different plant species are disease curing specificity, for example, mistletoe
grown on Guava, Kolanuts and Citrus are specific for curing diseases like cancer, hypertension, nervousness and insomnia, while those grown on cocoa is best used for curing diabetes( Ekhaise et al., 2010)
Chemicals content in the parasitic plants were alcaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols,
alcaloid and steroids (Daniel et. al., 2012) The research aimed to invent and to determine composition and dominance of the
parasitic plants on the medicinal plants in Purwodadi Botanic Garden
Research was conducted in Purwodadi Botanic Garden in April- June 2013 by cruising and
vegetation analysis methods
The potential of the medicinal plant species refers to : Burkill (1966), Heyne (1987), PT Eisei
(1995); de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara and Lemmens (1999); van Valkenburrg and
Bunyapraphatsara (2002); Lemmens and Bunyapraphatsara (2003). Identification of the
parasites using the Uji and Samiran (2005). To determine the level of dominance of the
parasites be calculated Relative Density(RD), Relative Frequency (RF) and Importance Value
Index (IVI) with a modified formula (Gopal and Bhardwaj, 1979; Krebs, 1994; Indriyanto,
2006):
RD = total a species specimen number x100%
total specimen number of all species
RF = frequency of a species x 100%
total frequency of all species
Frequency Frequency of host plant = specimens number of the host plant species
total specimens number of the host plants
Frequency of parasitic plant = parasitic species found on the host -i
total number of host specimens
Frequency of branch = branches number to -i found parasite
total number of branches found parasite
Importance Value Index (IVI) = RD + RF
No Species RD RF IVI 2005 2006 2013
1
Macrosolen tetragonus
(Blume)Miq. 9,412 2,565 11,98 + + +
2
Dendrophthoe pentandra
(L.)Miq. 61,76 16,83 78,59 + + +
3
Scurrula atropurpurea
(Blume)Dans. 6,471 1,763 8,234 + + +
4 Viscum articulatum Burm.f. 18,24 4,969 23,2 + + +
5 Viscum ovalifolium Wall ex DC. 4,118 1,122 5,24 + + +
The composition of the parasites and found in Purwodadi Botanic Garden
Notes : - = not found; + = found
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
No. Species Local name Family RD RF IVI (%)
1 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. maja legi Rutaceae 0,545 0,758 1,303
2 Albizia chinensis (Osb.)Merr. sengon Mimosaceae 10,627 7,576 18,202
3 Albizia lebbekoides (DC)Bth. sengon tekik Mimosaceae 0,545 0,758 1,303
4 Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.)Lesch. Ipoh, upas Moraceae 0,817 0,758 1,575
5 Antidesma montanum Blume Wunen,wuni Euphorbiaceae 0,817 1,515 2,333
6 Averrhoa carambola L. blimbing Averrhoaceae 0,545 0,758 1,303
7 Barringtonia asiatica (L) Kurz. keben Lecytidaceae 0,817 0,758 1,575
8 Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masters karmuna Boraginaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
9 Casssia fistula L. trengguli Caesalpiniaceae 25,341 15,152 40,492
10 Ceiba pentandra (L.)Gaertn. randu Malvaceae 4,905 8,333 13,238
11 Citrus hystrix DC. jeruk purut Rutaceae 0,817 1,515 2,333
12 Croton triglium L. cerakem Euphorbiaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
13 Diospyros blancoi A. DC. bisbul Ebenaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
14 Diospyros malabarica(Desr.)Kostel. kreco Ebenaceae 0,817 0,758 1,575
15 Eugenia uniflora L. dewadaru Myrtaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
16 Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour. Sambang darah Euphorbiaceae 0,817 0,758 1,575
17 Feronella lucida (Scheff.)Swingle kawisto krikil Rutaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
18 Ficus callosa Willd. ilat-ilat Moraceae 0,545 0,758 1,303
19 Ficus racemosa L. elo Moraceae 1,907 1,515 3,423
20 Ficus religiosa Linn. kayu bodi Moraceae 9,264 3,788 13,052
46 species and 36 genera of the medicinal plants as the hosts the parasitic
plants
21 Ficus rumphii Blume bandira Moraceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
22 Ficus variegata Bl. gondang Moraceae 0,817 0,758 1,575
23
Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz. Var. pyriformis
Boerl. mundu
Clusiaceae 1,090 0,758 1,847
24 Glycosmis trifoliata (Bl.) Sprengel merapi Rutaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
25 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.)Corr. - Rutaceae 3,270 3,030 6,300
26 Lagerstroemia loudoni T&B. bungur Lytheraceae 1,090 1,515 2,605
27 Lansium domesticum Corr. langsep. duku Meliaceae 1,090 2,273 3,363
28 Legerstromia indica L bungur Lytheraceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
29 Limonia acidissima L. kawista batu Rutaceae 1,362 0,758 2,120
30 Mangifera indica L. mangga, pelem,poo, Anacardiaceae 3,815 7,576 11,390
31 Mangifera longipes Griff. - Anacardiaceae 0,817 0,758 1,575
32 Morinda citrifolia L. kudu, mengkudu Rubiaceae 1,090 0,758 1,847
33 Morus alba L. besaran Moraceae 1,635 0,758 2,392
34 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. kemuning Rutaceae 0,817 2,273 3,090
35 Osmanthus fragrans Lour. ui hoa Oleaceae 1,362 0,758 2,120
36 Parkia timoriana (DC.)Merr. kedawung Mimosaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
37 Persea americana Mill. alpokat Lauraceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
38 Pithecelobium dulce (Roxb.)Bth. asam keranji Mimosaceae 10,627 15,909 26,536
39 Sandoricum koetjape(Burm.f.)Merr. kecapi Meliaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
40 Scolopia spinosa (Roxb.) Warb.
kemanden, rukem
karang Flacourtiaceae 2,180 0,758 2,937
41
Stelecocrpus burahol (Blume) Hook.f. &
Thomson kepel
Annonaceae 1,635 2,273 3,908
42 Streblus asper Lour. serut Moraceae 2,180 0,758 2,937
43 Syzigium cumini (L.)Skeels. juwet, jamblang Myrtaceae 0,817 0,758 1,575
44 Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr.&Perry klampok, jambu air Myrtaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030
45 Tectona grandis L. f jati Verbenaceae 1,090 1,515 2,605
46 Terminalia catappa L. ketepeng Combretaceae 0,817 1,515 2,333
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The medicinal plants in Purwodadi Botanic
Garden becoming new host for the parasitic plants
as many as 23 species. They have not been found or
reported previous researchers such as Morinda
citrifolia, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Citrus hytrix,
Terminalia macrocarpa and several plant species .
Cassia fistula was used against wide range of ailments. It has been reported to posses various activities such as anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifeed
ant and larvicidal, antifertility antifungal, antiinflammatory and antioxidant,antileishmaniatic, anti
microbial, antiparasitic, antipyretic, antitumor, antitussive, clastogenic effect,CNS a, hepatoprotective hypocholesterolemic and hypogly
caemic, hypolipidemic, larvicidal and ovicidal, laxative, leukotriene inhibition, sedative effect and anti-anxity effect, and wound healing (Thirumal et. al., 2012)
Cassia fistula
Parametre
Branches
I II III 1V V VI VII
RD 2,43 10,03 23,4043 30,395 21,28 7,903 4,559
RV 3,09 11,856 26,2887 28,866 17,53 8,247 4,124
IVI 5,52 21,886 49,6929 59,261 38,8 16,15 8,683
Table 4.The distribution of the parasites on the branches of
the medicinal plants
The presence of the parasitic plants can cause drying and
death of distal branches of Cassia fistula with frequency
until 75,27 %.
In Purwodadi Botanic garden was found 5 species and 4 genera of the parasitic plants namely Dendrophthoe pentandra (L) Miq., Scurulla atropurpurea (Bl) Dans., Viscum articulatum Burm. f., Viscum ovalifolium DC. and Macrosolen tetragonus (Bl) Miq. which grow as parasite on 46 species and 36 genera of the medicinal plants. The dominant host plant and the parasitic plant each were Cassia fistula and Dendropthoe pentandra with IVI respectively 40,40% and 78,59%. The occurance of the parasitic plants can cause drying and death of distal branchs of Cassia fistula with relavely frequency until 75,27 %.