p. 378 – 386 in your book

The Middle Ages -- Review • Europe years 500-1000 called the “Dark

Ages”– Continuous invaders from south (Magyars)

and west (Vikings)– Loss of security from Roman Empire– DECENTRALIZATION

• Lead to a spiritual revival– Church began restructuring / massive

building projects (Cathedrals)

Muslim, Jew, Christian…

Historical Concept West vs East• Mycenaean Greeks• Athenians/Spartans• Alexander’s

Campaigns• Roman Catholics and

Eastern Orthodox Christians

• Crusaders• Israel• U.S. led coalitions

• Trojans (Hittites)• The Persian Empire• The Persian Empire

• Rise of Islam; Muslims and Turks

• Muslims• Palestine• Iraq/Afghanistan

Historical Concept West vs East

The Crusades

What are they?

• Muslim Turks threatening to conquer Constantinople (capital of Byzantine Empire)

• Byzantine Emperor pleads for help• Pope Urban II – issued a call for a “holy

war” to gain control of the Holy Land • Next 300 years littered with Crusades

against the Muslims.

The Crusades

• Soldiers, trained killers, Knights and the Crusades:

• http:What should we do with these trained killers? //www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-niTeTY7pw

Goals of the Crusades• Economic

– Merchants profited by giving loans to fund the journey– Leased ships to transport armies across Mediterranean– Take trade routes from Muslim traders

• Social– Younger sons, who would not inherit property saw it as a chance

to claim land– Get the violent knights out of Europe….fighting and destruction

in another land.• Political

– Get rid of fighting knights who threatened peace and church property

• Religious– Reclaim Palestine and reunite Christians (was split East & West)– Stop Muslim attacks

1st and 2nd Crusades• All classes gathered in

Constantinople• ill-prepared for war – didn’t

know climate, geography, culture

• No strategy and no leader• All were promised a spot in

heaven• Most were French –

Bohemians, Germans, Englishmen, Scots, Italians and Spaniards joined as well

The First Crusade was launched in 1096

1st Crusade

• An army of 12k approached Jerusalem, and besieged the city for a month

• Capture the city in 1099

• Victory was a narrow strip of land

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGj_bOX9yGo&feature=related

Textbook

•Page 325 and 326

2nd Crusade

• These newly formed Christian states were vulnerable to Muslim counterattack

• 1144 – Edessa reconquered by Turks• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_Y748

407hA• 2nd Crusade organized to recapture the

city – it failed in 1187• Jerusalem had been captured by Saladin

a Muslim leader

3rd Crusade to Recapture Jerusalem

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXCJhNKQw3Q

• Led by 3 of Europe’s most powerful monarchs– Phillip II of France– Frederick I of

Germany– Richard the Lion

Hearted of England– What eventually

happened in 1192?

The Consequences of the Crusades

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EF0uKNJyHj4

• What were some of the consequences of the Crusades?

Consequences

• a) Italian Merchants get rich equipping knights – ports of Italy busier than ever.

• b) Important trade routes re-opened between Europe and the Middle East

• c) New products introduced to Europe – silk, spices, fine cloth, technology

• d) The remaining kings and lords in Europe become more powerful because enemies were killed in the Middle East

Crusades -- Consequences

• e) After the failure of the Crusades, the Middle East remains controlled by Muslim Turks = the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I, 1918