Post on 21-Dec-2015
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.
PERSONALITYPERSONALITYCHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4
What is Personality?What is Personality?
Personality is made up the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings,
and behaviors that make a person unique. In addition to this, personality
arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout
life.
There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors.
Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of
situations.
Personality influences how we move and
respond in our environment and act in
certain ways.
Personality is displayed in more than just
behavior. It can also be seen in out
thoughts, feelings, close relationships, and
other social interactions.
Sigmund Freud ( (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
PERSONALITY DETERMINANTSPERSONALITY DETERMINANTS
PERSONALITY
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
PERSONALITY TRAITSPERSONALITY TRAITS
The visible aspect of one's character as it impresses others He has a pleasing personalityHe is seriousShe is kind
Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
PERSONALITY TRAITSPERSONALITY TRAITS
The more consistent the trait, the more frequently it occurs, the more important it is.
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Major Personality InMajor Personality Indicatorsdicators
The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
The Big Five ModelThe Big Five Model
ExtroversionSociable, gregarious, and assertive
AgreeablenessGood-natured, cooperative, and trusting.
ConscientiousnessResponsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
Openness to ExperienceImaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism.
Emotional StabilityCalm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
The Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorThe Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
July 26, 1875 – June 6, 1961
Isabel Myers and Katriene Briggs has developed on Jung’s work (MBTI)A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.People have inborn behavioral tendencies and preferences2 million people uses the instrument each year both in education and companies
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
DIMENSIONS OF MBTIDIMENSIONS OF MBTI
2 Mental Processes
How people "Perceive" or
take in information.
How people form
"Judgments" or make
decisions.
2 Mental Orientations
How people interact with
the world and where do
they direct their energy
How do people deal with
the outer world
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorMyers-Briggs Type Indicator
Write a description of what you see?
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
How Do People PerceiveHow Do People Perceive
Those who prefer Sensing
Perception favor clear,
tangible data and
information that fits in
well with their direct here-
and-now experience.
Those who prefer
Intuition Perception are
drawn to information that
is more abstract,
conceptual, big-picture,
and represents
imaginative possibilities
for the future.
SENSING INTUITION
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
How Do People PerceiveHow Do People Perceive
Focus on details & specifics
Admire practical solutions
Notice details & remember
facts
Are pragmatic - see what is
Live in the here-and-now
Trust actual experience
Like to use established skills
Like step-by-step instructions
SENSING
Focus on the big picture &
possibilities Admire creative ideas Notice anything new or different Are inventive - see what could be Think about future implications Trust their gut instinctPrefer to learn new skills
INTUITION
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Suppose you are a manager. You are to
make a critical decision. You have to
fire one of your employees. Which one
would you choose?
A new worker which is real hard
working and skillful
A old worker that is out of date
Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorMyers-Briggs Type Indicatoradapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Those who prefer
Thinking Judgment have
a natural preference for
making decisions in an
objective, logical, and
analytical manner with an
emphasis on tasks and
results to be
accomplished.
Those whose preference
is for Feeling Judgment
make their decisions in a
somewhat global,
visceral, harmony and
value-oriented way,
paying particular
attention to the impact of
decisions and actions on
other people.
THINKING FEELING
How Do People JudgeHow Do People Judge adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Make decisions objectively
Appear cool and reserved
Are most convinced by rational
arguments
Are honest and direct
Value honesty and fairness
Are motivated by achievement
Argue or debate issues for fun
Decide based on their values &
feelings
Appear warm and friendly
Are most convinced by how
they feel
Are diplomatic and tactful
Value harmony and
compassion
Are motivated by appreciation
Avoid arguments and conflicts
How Do People JudgeHow Do People Judge
THINKING FEELING
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Where do people prefer to focus there Where do people prefer to focus there attention, get their energy?attention, get their energy?
Those who prefer Introversion
draw their primary energy from
the inner world of information,
thoughts, ideas, and other
reflections. When circumstances
require an excessive amount of
attention spent in the "outside"
world, those preferring
Introversion find the need to
retreat to a more private setting
as if to recharge their drained
batteries.
Those who prefer Extraversion
are drawn to the outside world
as their elemental source of
energy. Rarely, if ever, do
extraverted preference people
feel their energy batteries are
"drained" by excessive amounts
of interaction with the outside
world. They must engage the
things, people, places and
activities going on in the outside
world for their life force.
INTROVERSION EXTRAVERSION
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Where do people prefer to focus there Where do people prefer to focus there attention, get their energy?attention, get their energy?
Have quiet energy
Listen more than talk
Think quietly inside my head
Think, then act
Feel comfortable being alone
Prefer to work "behind-the-
scenes"
Have good powers of
concentration
Prefer to focus on one thing at a
time
Are self-contained and reserved
Have high energy
Talk more than listen
Think out loud
Act, then think
Like to be around people a lot
Prefer a public role
Can sometimes be easily
distracted
Prefer to do lots of things at
once
Are outgoing & enthusiastic
INTROVERSION EXTRAVERSION
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Assume you are going on a trip.
What would you be doing before
the trip?
Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorMyers-Briggs Type Indicatoradapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Those who prefer Judging rely
upon either their T or F
preference to manage their outer
life. This typically leads to a
style oriented towards closure,
organization, planning, or in
some fashion managing the
things and or people found in
the external environment.
Those who prefer Perceiving
rely upon either their S or N
preference to run their outer life.
This typically results in an open,
adaptable, flexible style of
relating to the things and people
found in the outside world. The
drive is to experience the
outside world rather than order
it.
JUDGING PERCEIVING
How do people deal with the outer How do people deal with the outer world? world?
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Make most decisions pretty
easily
Are serious & conventional
Pay attention to time & are
prompt
Prefer to finish projects
Work first, play later
Want things decided
See the need for most rules
Like to make & stick with plans
Find comfort in schedules
May have difficulty making
decisions
Are playful & unconventional
Are less aware of time & run late
Prefer to start projects
Play first, work later
Want to keep their options open
Question the need for many
rules
Like to keep plans flexible
Want the freedom to be
spontaneous
JUDGING PERCEIVING
How do people deal with the outer How do people deal with the outer world? world?
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
ISTJ“Take Your
Time and Do It Right”
ISFJ“On My Honor,
to Do My Duty…”
INFJ“Catalyst for
Positive Change”
INTJ“Competence + Independence =
Perfection”
ISTP“Doing the Best I Can With What
I’ve Got”
ISFP“It’s the Thought
That Counts”
INFP“Still Waters Run Deep”
INTP“Ingenious
Problem Solvers”
ESTP“Let’s Get
Busy!”
ESFP“Don’t Worry, Be Happy”
ENFP“Anything’s
Possible”
ENTP“Life’s
Entrepreneurs”
ESTJ“Taking Care of
Business”
ESFJ“What Can I Do
For You?”
ENFJ“The Public
Relations Specialist”
ENTJ“Everything’s Fine – I’m in
Charge”
Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorMyers-Briggs Type Indicatoradapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorMyers-Briggs Type Indicatoradapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Major Personality Attributes Major Personality Attributes Influencing OBInfluencing OB
Locus of control
Machiavellianism
Self-esteem
Self-monitoring
Risk taking
Type A personality
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Locus of ControlLocus of Control
Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate.
InternalsIndividuals who believe that they control what happens to them.
ExternalsIndividuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
MachiavellianismMachiavellianism
Machiavellianism (Mach)
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.
Niccolò Machiavelli
(1469-1527)
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Self-Esteem and Self-MonitoringSelf-Esteem and Self-Monitoring
Self-Esteem (SE)
Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking themselves.
Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Risk-TakingRisk-Taking
High Risk-taking Managers◦ Make quicker decisions
◦ Use less information to make decisions
◦ Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations
Low Risk-taking Managers◦ Are slower to make decisions
◦ Require more information before making decisions
◦ Exist in larger organizations with stable environments
Risk Propensity◦ Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job requirements should be
beneficial to organizations.
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Type A-Type BType A-Type B
Type A’s1. are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;2. feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;3. strive to think or do two or more things at once;4. cannot cope with leisure time;5. are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in
terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Type B’s1. never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its
accompanying impatience;2. feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements
or accomplishments;3. play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their
superiority at any cost;4. can relax without guilt.
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Achieving Person-Job FitAchieving Person-Job Fit
Personality Types
• Realistic
• Investigative
• Social
• Conventional
• Enterprising
• Artistic
Personality Types
• Realistic
• Investigative
• Social
• Conventional
• Enterprising
• Artistic
Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland)
Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Relationships Relationships among among
Occupational Occupational Personality Personality
TypesTypes
Source: Reprinted by special permission of the publisher, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., from Making Vocational Choices, copyright 1973, 1985, 1992 by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. All rights reserved.
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.
Let’s stop
it here
adapted from Robbins, OB, 10th ed.