Post on 16-Mar-2016
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ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES•Macromolecule means “Giant Molecule”•Organic macromolecules are based on the “skeleton” of carbon•Life is based on Carbon for two reasons
1. Carbon is abundant in nature2. Carbon has the ability to bond with
itself and many other elements due to having only four electrons in its highest occupied energy level.
Carbon bonding
Polymerization Macromolecules are built by linking
smaller molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers)
Monomers combine by disconnecting from some of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms between them
After the monomers bond, the excess oxygen and hydrogen atoms combine forming a water molecule
Since the bonding process releases water, we call it a dehydration reaction.
Polymerization
Press Pause, Think, and ShareThink about the following…1) What is a macromolecule?2) How many bonds can
carbon form?3) What is the relationship
between monomers and polymers?
Share with your team what you think.
What did you discuss?What is a macromolecule?A large molecule made of several smaller moleculesHow many bonds can carbon form?4 because it only has 4 electrons in it’s outer shell.What is the relationship between monomers and polymers?Monomers bond together to form polymers
Press Pause, Think, and Write Write down what was
important? Be sure to include…1) What a
macromolecule is?2) How many bonds
can carbon form?3) What the
relationship between monomers and polymers is?
Types of Macromolecules•Carbohydrates: •Sugars and Starches•Lipids: •Fats and Oils•Proteins: •Muscle tissue•Enzymes•Nucleic Acids: •Microscopic genetic material/DNA(we’ll talk about this more later)
Carbohydrates:Monosaccharides Carbohydrates are used for energy The monomers of carbohydrates is a simple
sugar C6H12O6. These simple sugars are called monosaccharides All monosaccharides have the same molecular
formula just different shapes Examples
1. Glucose2. Fructose3. Galactose
Examples of Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates:Disaccharides
Disaccharide= double sugar They are made by joining two
monosaccharides Examples
1. Sucrose: table sugar2. Maltose: gain sugar3. Lactose: milk sugar
Example
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
Polysaccharide= many sugars This is a long chain of monosaccharides Examples:
1. Starch: Grain foods2. Cellulose: Plant fibers
Press Pause, Think, and ShareThink about the following…1) What is the general
structure of a carbohydrate?2) What are the three types of
carbohydrates and describe their structure?
3) What are the functions of carbohydrates in living things?
Share with your team what you think.
What did you discuss?What is the general structure of a carbohydrateC6H12O6
What are the three types of carbohydrates and describe their structure?Monosaccharide= 1 sugarDisaccharide= 2 sugarsPolysaccharide= 3 or more sugarsWhat are the functions of carbohydrates in living things?Provides energy
Press Pause, Think, and Write Write down what was
important? Be sure to include…1) What is the general
structure of a carbohydrate?
2) What are the three types of carbohydrates and describe their structure?
3) What are the functions of carbohydrates in living things?
Lipids Lipids are made mostly of carbon and
hydrogen and oxygen Water-avoiding molecules= hydrophobic Lipids are used in three ways
Long term energy storage Cushion of organs Skeleton of plasma membrane around cells
Consist of two monomers bonded together1. Glycerol2. Fatty acids (contains hydrocarbon chains)
Lipids
Types of Lipids
If there is at least on carbon to carbon bond that is a double bond in a fatty acid chain.
When each carbon atom in the fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon by a single bond.
Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature
Saturated: solid at room temperature
Press Pause, Think, and ShareThink about the following…1) What are the two
monomers that make up lipids?
2) How are saturated and unsaturated lipids different?
3) What are the functions of lipids in living things?
Share with your team what you think.
What did you discuss?What are the two monomers that make up lipids?Glycerol and fatty acidsHow are saturated and unsaturated lipids different?Saturated lipids are solid at room temperature and have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms.Unsaturated lipids are liquid at room temperature and have a double or triple bond on the carbon atoms.What are the functions of lipids in living things?Long term energy storage and cushion for organsSkeleton for plasma membrane in cells
Proteins Proteins contain nitrogen, hydrogen,
oxygen and carbon Extremely long polymers of monomers
called amino acids Responsible for almost all of our day to
day functions Used for muscles, act as hormones and
enzymes, and do much of the work inside body cells
•Amino acids are linked together in a chain called a polypeptide•The polypeptides are precisely twisted, folded. And coiled into a unique shape
Building a Protein
Proteins up close and personal All amino acids have
three of the central carbon's partners the same and then of side group that is different
The amino acids combine to form polypeptides which then fold into precise shapes
Press Pause, Think, and ShareThink about the following…1) What are the monomers
for proteins2) What is the relationship
between an amino acid, polypeptide, and protein?
3) What are the functions of proteins in living things?
Share with your team what you think.
What did you discuss?What are the monomers for proteinsAmino acidsWhat is the relationship between an amino acid, polypeptide, and protein?Amino acids are linked together in a chain called a polypeptide. The polypeptides are precisely twisted, folded. And coiled into a unique shape forming the proteinWhat are the functions of proteins in living things?Used for muscles, act as hormones and enzymes, and do much of the work inside body cells
Nucleic Acids Monomer= Nucleotides
Nucleotides have three parts Sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen Base
Nucleic Acids Many nucleotides come together to form
the polymer nucleic acids Examples= RNA and DNAFunctions= Hold our geneticinformation
WHY DOES THIS HAPPEN?
Bananas turn brown when left outside after a while because certain chemicals in the fruit react with the oxygen in the air by destroying cells, creating that icky brown color.
An Enzyme speeds this reaction up!
Enzymes Unique type of protein Speeds up chemical reactions by
lowering the energy needed to start the chemical reaction (activation energy)
Specific shape for specific reactions Can be used over and over againWatch animationhttp://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html
Let’s RecapMacromolecule Structure
(Monomer)Function
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide C6H12O6
• Short-term energy
Lipids Glycerol and Fatty Acids
• Energy storage• Cushion for organs• Barriers
Proteins Amino acids • Muscles• Speeds up
chemical reactions (enzymes)
• Transports things• Makes hormones