Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry ObjectivesOrganic Chemistry Objectives

– To describe the difference between monomers and polymers.

– To list the basic elements found in living things.

– To describe the general structure of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

– To describe enzymes and discuss their importance to all living things.

Elements Found in Living ThingsElements Found in Living Things

HydrogenOxygenCarbonNitrogen

These are the most basic components of all living things. They can be combined in an infinite number of ways to form the major components of all living things!

Percentage of elements found in Percentage of elements found in animalsanimals

Hydrogen = 10%Oxygen = 63%Carbon = 19%Nitrogen = 4%

Why is there so much hydrogen and oxygen?

Percentage of elements found in Percentage of elements found in PlantsPlants

Hydrogen = 10%Oxygen = 77%Carbon = 12%Nitrogen = <1%

Organic CompoundsOrganic CompoundsCompounds found in living things that

contain Carbon.May also contain Hydrogen, oxygen, and

Nitrogen

Methane Amino acid

Forming Organic CompoundsForming Organic Compounds

Formed by the process of polymerization – the forming of large compounds with many smaller parts.

Small molecules = monomers They combine to make…Large molecules = polymers

Forming Organic Compounds Forming Organic Compounds through polymerizationthrough polymerization

monomermonomermonomermonomermonomer

polymer

Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis

Joins monomers together by removing a water

“De” = loss “hydration” = waterEvery time 2 monomers join a water is

removed.The water is added to break molecules

in a process called hydrolysis.

Did you know?Did you know?

Silly Putty is one big long polymer formed from many smaller

monomers

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Commonly called sugars and starches.“Carbo” for carbon, “Hydrates” for waterMade of CHOHydrogen and Oxygen in a 2:1 Ratio (twice

much hydrogen as oxygen, just like H2O).

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonomers = Monosaccharides

• Glucose• Fructose• Galatose

They combine to make other, larger carbohydrates

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

Two monosaccharides combine to form Disaccharides– Glucose + glucose maltose (malt sugar) + water– Glucose + fructose sucrose(table sugar) + water– Glucose + galactose lactose (milk sugar) + water

What do you notice that all Carbohydrates have in common?

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

Two monosaccharide combine to form Disaccharides– Glucose + glucose maltose (malt sugar) + water– Glucose + fructose sucrose(table sugar) + water– Glucose + galactose lactose (milk sugar) + water

They all end in -ose

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

“poly” = many; “saccharides” = sugarFormed by dehydration synthesisStorage form of glucose (energy) in

organisms.1000’s of glucose molecules join to form

one polysaccharide!

Polysaccharides – Polysaccharides – glucose storageglucose storage

Plants = 2 formsStarch – storage form , digestible by humans

Cellulose- same as starch, but different bonds- can not be digested by humans

The stringy part of celery is mostly cellulose

Polysaccharides – Polysaccharides – glucose storageglucose storage

Animals – store glucose as glycogen

•Glycogen is a highly branched molecule made of 1000+ molecules of glucose.

•This is our short term storage of the glucose molecule

LipidsLipids

Organic compounds that are oily or waxyForm cell membranesChemical messengers

Formation of LipidsFormation of Lipids

Monomers = fatty acids (2 or 3) and glycerol (1)

Formed through dehydration synthesis

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids2 types

– Saturated; solid fat; more tightly packed– Unsaturated; liquid fat; loosely packed;

healthier; may prevent heart disease.

Fats and EnergyFats and Energy

Fats are your bodies long term storage of glucose

Produce more energy/gram than carbohydrates

ProteinsProteins

Contain nitrogenMonomers = 20 different amino

acids, combine to form 1000’s of different proteins!

The bond that joins two amino acids is a peptide bond.

Have a very specific shape when formed.

Amino acids- Amino acids- monomers of proteinsmonomers of proteins

Four sample amino acids.

What do they have in common?

How are they different?

What do you think is removed every time two amino acids are joined?

Protein ShapesProtein Shapes

Based upon their sequence of amino acids, proteins will fold into very intricate and unique shapes.

Protein’s are very sensitive to heatIf your body temperature gets above a

certain level, your proteins “denature.” In other words they change shape, and stop working.

Did You Know?Did You Know?

Protein in your bodyProtein in your body

BONES

HORMONES

BLOOD

ENZYMESLIGAMENTS

Enzymes – special proteinsEnzymes – special proteins

Facilitate all reactions that happen in cellsWith out them reactions would occur very

slowlyEnzymes are reusable!Diagramed in the lock and key model.