OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE SCIENCES

ACADEMIC COUNCIL OF THE SYMPOSIUM

Co-Chairmen

Huang Hung-chia

Allan W. Snyder

INTERNATIONAL MEMBERS

J. Arnaud Limoges University, France

H. Blok Delft University of Tech-nology, The Netherlands

Charles K. Kao ITT Corp., USA

VI. A. Gambling University of Southampton, England A.K. Ghatak Indian Institute of Techno-logy, India I. P. Kaminow Bell Laboratories, USA J. E. Midwinter British Telecom, England T. Okoshi University of Tokyo, Japan A. A. Oliner Polytechnic of New York Harrison E. Rowe Bell Laboratories, USA

C.G. Someda University of Pavada, Italy Allan W. Snyder Australian National University

E. Spitz Thomson CSF, France

H. G. Unger Braunschweig University of Technology West Germany

NATIONAL MEMBERS OF PRC

Fang Jun-xin Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai Huang Hung-chia Shanghai University of Science and Technology Lin \lei-gan Chengdu Institute of Radio Engineering Ma Xun Kweilin Institute of Optical Communications Yan En-ze Wuhan Institute of Post and Telocommunications Ye Pei-da Peking Institute of Post and Telecommunications

Optical Waveguide Sciences Proceedings of the International Symposium, held at Kweilin, People's Republic of China (PRC), June 20-23, 1983 Sponsored by The Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE)

Edited by

HUANG HUNG-CHIA Member, Academia Sinica Vice President, Shanghai University of Science and Technology

ALLAN W. SNYDER Head, Department of Applied Mathematics School of Advanced Studies Australian National University

1983 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS ~. a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP ., THE HAGUE / BOSTON / LANCASTER •

Distributors

for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Boston, Inc., 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O.Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Optical waveguide sciences.

Inc1.udes index. 1.. Fiber optics--Cangresses. 2. Optical wave

guides--Cangresses. I. Huang, Hung-chia. II. Snyder, Allan W., 1940- III. Chinese Institute of Electronics. TAJ.800.~9 198~ 621.36'~ 83-8143

ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6877-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6875-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-6875-2

Copyright

© 1983 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague. Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1983 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 566, 2501 eN The Hague, The Netherlands.

5

FOREWORD

Over the past decade or more, the art relating to modern

optical waveguides has evolved as a nighly focused interdis-

ciplinary field, so attractive, stimulating and full of far-

reachin3 promise that no parallel could be found earlier in

other branches of applied sciences except, perhaps, in solid-

state electronics and computer technology.

This Proceedings, with a selection of 53 papers and

briefs by 96 authors of 16 countries, is of real internation-

al dimensions. It is the outgrowth of the International

Symposium held June 20-23, 1983, the first international

meeting on this subject taking place in China. Since almost

every country in the world, Eastern or ~;estern, large or

small, has been involved in the study and promotion of this

technological revolution, it is only natural that China

snoula be happy to serve as host country of the international

meeting to promote an interchange of experiences and iaeas

conducive to greater achievements in the future.

At present, several outstanding international meetings

are being held annually or biannually in the United States,

in Europe, or in other regions, on topics relevant to optical

communications. The scope covered by those meetings is

usually very comprehensive, including optical fibers and

integrated optics, laser sources and detectors, systems pro-

blems, etc. With the rarid growth of the science and tech-

nology, we consider it both practical and feasible to res-

trict the scope of scientific discussions at an international

6

meeting to optical waveguide sciences only, as the subject

itself is already broad enough to frame a modern branch of

applied science in its own right.

A unique feature of the Symposium is its intent to inte-

grate the educational, industrial and research aspects relat-

ing to optical waveguides. The inclusion of the educational

aspect, in particular, lends an orientation not found at

other technical meetings on this and similar subjects. The

educational feature is made manifest by the inclusion in the

Proceedings of a paper which proposes a comtemporary course

on optical waveguides. The same feature is also reflected in

papers such as source-solution approach to optical waveguides,

microwave-approach to optical waveguides, etc, which attempt

in-depth treatment of optical waveguides from different view-

points and by way of different mathematical procedures.

One of the reasons why special emphasis has been placed

on the educational aspect of optical waveguide sciences at

this Symposium is that our understanding of optical waveguides

has, in a sense, reached a sufficient degree of maturity to

permit all concerned to benefit from discussions on effective

methods of education and the application of already acquired

knowledge in this field. By education, we do not mean narrow-

ly the teaching of college students alone, for the importance

of transferring the wide variety of transmission theories and

technical information of optical waveguides to the enormous

field of industry should not be underestimated, i. e. to the de-

signers, manufacturers, technicians, etc, who are the actual

makers and/or users of optical wave~uides, but who may not

share a great interest in mathematics and abstract concepts.

Especially irr China, who rost an entire decade through

1966-1976, and in some other countries under different situa-

tions, the educational aspect of this science may be of par-

ticular importance in reducing the_technology gap and in mak-

ing it practicable to catch up with the most advanced coun-

tries in the West as speedily as possible.

7

We do not pretend that we have solved at this Symposium

the problems relating to education in optical waveguide

sciences. We have only made a start. A satisfactory solu-

tion of these educational problems presents a hard challenge

to the world-wide scientific circles concerned. But we do

hope that an integration of the afore-mentioned three aspects

relating to optical waveguide sciences, which has been devised

as the Symposium theme, is adequately reflected in the present

Proceedings.

Another feature of the Proceedings is reflected in papers

which deal with the highly focused research areas relating to

t~e subject concerned. In some sense, a certain degree of

maturity has been attained by the optical waveguide sciences,

as we so estimated in connection with the educational feature

of the Symposium papers. In a broader sense, however, this

science is far from mature in view of the fact that a multi-

tude of theoretical and technological problems still await

answers, such as the eventual solution of the making of long-

length polarization-stable single mode optical fibers, the

design and manufacture of various waveguide devices for cohe-

rent transmission systems, the new fibers working at ultra-

long wavelengths, the nonlinear phenomena in optical wave-

guides. etc. In this sense, optical waveguide as a branch of

modern science is still in its infancy, but with promises of

rapid growth. We have the satisfaction to note that a varie-

ty of papers by scientists of different nationalities have

been presented at the Symposium and included in this Proceed-

ings, dealing with forefront research subjects with fruitful

results.

There are also a number of contributed papers dealing

with a variety of specific problems relating to optical wave-

guide science and technology. While papers on single-mode

fibers occupy a prominent position in this volume, several

interesting papers on multimode fibers are selected which

indicate an unfading interest in this more conventional fiber

version. Included in the present volume are also papers on

8

film waveguides and planar waveguide devices, relevant to the

developing field of integrated optics. In reviewing the pa-

pers, the editors consider it prudent to allow immature or

sometimes controversial views, especially when the art con-

cerned is not yet in a state of full development.

We are very proud to acknowledge, and honored to have,

the sponsorship of the Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE),

who is fully aware of the necessity to encourage and accele-

rate research in optical waveguide sciences, in general, and

optical fiber in particular. We are also happy to acknowle-

dge the valuable cooperation of many institutions and orga-

nizations, including especially the Chinese Microwave Society

of the CIE, the Shanghai university of Science and Technology,

the Institute of Transmission Lines in Shanghai, and the Ins-

titute of Optical Communications in Xweilin. Special acknow-

ledgement is expressed to the School of Advanced Studies of

the National University of Australia, whose kind assistance

has been indispensible in organizing the Symposium.

Among the large number of individuals to whom we feel

grateful, special thanks go to Miss Shi Zhen-juan, who typed

and proof-read many of the papers with admirable patience and

unfailing cheerfulness.

During the preparation of the Proceedings, it has been a

great pleasure to work with the Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,

whose enthusiasm in promoting the cause of modern science and

technology has made possible the publication of this book in

time for the conference.

It is to be regretted that several outstanding scholars

who have been so generous as to have given, on various occas-

sions, many constructive suggestions for improvement of the

Symposium were not able to come to China and participate in

the Symposium. To all of them we feel deeply indebted.

Owing to the far distance that separates the two co-

editors and the members of the Academic Council of the Sym-

posium, closer collaboration in editing the papers has at

times been difficult. Any deficiencies or problems which

9

may occur in this volume will, therefore, be the responsibi-

lity of the first undersigned, and not of the overseas editor

and the academic members.

March, 1983

HUANG HUNG-CHIA

ALLAN W, SNYDER

CONTENTS

FOREWORD by Huang Hung-chia Allan W. Snyder

PART ONE: EDUCATION-ORIENTED PAPERS

11

5

Pulse Propagation in Optical Fibers 17 J. Arnaud and C. Froehly

Source-type Representation for Fields in Optical Waveguide Sections and Their Consequences for the Spectral Field Constituents 27

H. Blok and A. T. de Hoop

Microwave Approach to Optical Waveguides 35 Huang Hung-chia

A Course in Optical Waveguides 45 B. P. Pal and R. Th. Kersten

PART TWO: SINGLE-MODE OPTICAL FIBERS

Theory of Imperfect Nonconventional Single-mode Optical Fibers huang hung-chia and Qian Jing-ren

Monomode Fibers for Long Haul Transmission Systems J. E. Midwinter

Single-Polarization Single-Mode Optical Waveguiding Schemes T. Okoshi

Measurement of Chromatic Dispersion in Single-}!ode Fibers by

57

69

77

Incoherent Sources 85 B. Costa, M. Puleo and E. Vezzoni

Extraction of Single-Mode Fiber ESI Parameters by Using a Sim-ple Technique for the Measurement of Bend Loss 91

A. B. Sharma, A. H. AI-Ani and S. J. Halme

Determination of Single-Mode Fiber Refractive Index Profiles by a Propagation-Mode Near-Field Scanning Technique 101

Katsumi Morishita

The Effects of Birefringent Fluctuations on a Fiber Optic Gyro 109 R. L. Phillips and L. C. Andrews

12

Birefringence in Weakly Guiding Highly Elliptical Core Fibers A. Kumar and R. K. Varshney

PART THREE: OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE SYSTEMS

115

Recent Progress in Heterodyne/Coherent Optical Fiber Communications 127 T. Okoshi

Polarization Stability Requirements for Coherent Optical Fiber Transmission Systems 133

D. W. Smith, R. A. Harmon and T. G. Hodgkinson

Feasibility and Requirements for Dispersion Compensation in Cohe-rent FOC 137

C. S. Ih

Optical Nonlinearity in Fibers: A New Factor in System Design 145 D. Cotter

PART FOUR: OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE THEORY AND PRACTICE

Inversion Transformations in Geometrical Optics and Allied Subjects 153 S. Cornbleet

Hollow Waveguides for Long-Wavelength I. R. Radiation 165 M. Brenci, R. Falciai, G. C. Righini, V. Russo, A. M. Scheggi S. Sottini and B. Locardi

On the Eigenstates of Polarized Geometrical Rays in Graded-Index Multimode Fibers 173

M.Hashimoto

l,atrix }!ethod for Determining Propagation Characteristics of Optical Waveguides 181

E. K. Sharma, A. K. Ghatak and I. C. Goyal

Variable Section Optical Waveguides 187 A. M. Scheggi, R. Falciai and M. Brenci

Guided Modes of the Graded-Index Optical Fiber with a Parabolic-Index Core 195

H. Ikuno

Approximate Dispersion Curves of Some Noncircular Dielectric Optical Waveguides 203

Weigan Lin

Processing of Near-field Intensity Measurements in Optical Fibers 207 G. Coppa, P. Di Vita and U. Rossi

Error Analysis of Refractive Index Profile Measurements of Optical Fibre and Preform 213

P. L. Chu and I. Whitbread

Concatenation Phenomena in Multimode Fibers 223 Carlo G. Someda

13

Analysis and Design of the Angular Scrambling Star Coupler 229 Huang Shang-yuan and Wang Twen-shang

An Accurate Analysis of the Emission from a Semiconductor Laser and Its Application to Excitation of an Optical Waveguide 237

T. Takenaka, O. Fukumitsu and M. Tanaka

Backscattering in Optical Fibers 245 A. R. Mickelson

Hamiltonian Analysis of the Propagation of Beam Modes in Multi-Mode Gradient Index Fibers 249

Walter K. Kahn and Shuwen Yang

Asymptotic Mode Expansion in Diffused Optical Waveguides with Gaussian Profile 257

Fan Jun-qing

PART FIVE: PLANAR OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES

Carrier-Induced Index Change in AIGaAs InGaAsP Lasers and Its Influence on Optical Waveguiding

Joanne S. Manning and Robert Olshansky

Waveguide Type Optical Isolator and Circulator Using Magneto-Optic Garnet Thin Films

Yasumitsu Miyazaki

263

~71

Mode Coupling Coefficients and Brewster's Law of Waveguide Gratings 277 Pan Xiuwen and Tao Shangping

Numerical Calculation of the Diffraction Pattern on the Focal Line of a Chirped Grating Lens on Optical Waveguides 283

Zhou Shu-tong and Lin Zong-qi

Waveguide Optical Planar Lens -- A New Design 293 Zang De-yu

On a Zig-Zag Ray Picture in a Planar Waveguide 299 K. Yasumoto

Scattering of Surface Waves on Transverse Discontinuities in Symme-trical Multi-layer Dielectric Waveguides 307

K. Uchida and K. Aoki

Cutoff Frequencies of Optical Planar/Cylindrical Structures Using the Resonance Technique 315

C. D. Papageorgiou, J. D. Kanellopoulos and A. C. Boucouvalas

PART SIX: SYMPOSIUM BRIEFS

Throughput and Coupling in Optical Fibers Henri Hodara

Beam Propagation in the Paraxial Approximation R. Castillo, A. K. Ghatak and H. Hora

327

329

14

Leaky-wave Modes and Their Role in the Numerical Evaluation of the Field Excited by a Line Source in a Non-Symmetric, Inhomogeneously Layered Slab Waveguide 331

H. Blok

Optical Image Transmission Through a Single Fiber by Chromatic coding 333

T. C. Yang and C. Froehly

Transient Stimulated Raman Scattering in Glass Fiber 335 Gan Fuxi, Jin Deyun, Huang Guosong and Chen Shizheng

Research on Intensity Distribution of Multi-Order SRS in an Optical Fiber 337

Yang Tian-long, Gao Pei-juan and Zhao Dong-huan

Experimental Investigation of Prism-Grating Couplers 339 Xu De-wei, Wang Xian-ziu and Zhang Qinying

Transmission of High Power Laser Beams Through Optical Fiber 341 Ye Biqing and Ma Zhonglin

Coupling between Single-mode Lasers and Single-Mode Fibers 343 Zhu Yan-nian and G. Wenke

Faraday Rotation in Monomode Fiber with Axially varying Magnetic Field 345

Qian Jing-ren

LiNb0 3 Waveguides by Electrically Enhanced Ion Migration and a Com-parison of Techniques 347

Chen Yi-xin

Geodesic Lenses for Integrated Optics 349 W. Jiang, G. R. Dubois and V. l-f. Ristic

Zirconia Containing Optical Fibers Pulled by Double Crucible Method 351 L. Kociszewski, R. Stepien and J. Buzniak

Launchi.ng Light From Semiconductor Lasers into Single-Mode Fiber 353 Optical Waveguides

LIST AND INDEX OF AUTHO~S 355