Post on 31-Aug-2018
Operatori per la comunicazione internazionale
Joseph Lo Bianco
Professor of Language and Literacy Education
The University of Melbourne
Universita` Roma-Tre
Monday 27 February, 2017
11.00-13.00 (Aula 12)
Lesson focus WEEK DATE LESSON FOCUS
1 20 FEB THE LANGUAGE REGIMES OF TODAY: AN OVERVIEW WITH KEY CONCEPTS AND ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY
SOCIETY RELATED TO THE ROLE OF LANGUAGES
2 21 FEB CONCEPTS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY, MULTICULTURALISM AND INTERCULTURALISM
3 27 FEB CONCEPTS AND MAIN AUTHORS IN LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING
4 28 FEB CHINESE AND ENGLISH: THE BIG TWO
5 06 MAR THE EUROPEAN UNION AND LANGUAGES
6 07 MAR ANNA WIERZBICKA AND ADRIAN HOLLIDAY: ENGLISH IS ANGLO AND ENGLISH IS NOT
7 13 MAR LANGUAGE DEATH, REVIVAL AND SURVIVAL.
8 14 MAR ABRAM DE SWAAM, ROBERT PHILLIPSON, ELF: ISSUES WITH GLOBAL ENGLISH
9 10 APR INTERPRETING AND TRANSLATING: SUMMATION AND REVIEW OF COURSE
Language change and la questione della lingua
• How does language change?
• Can language change be “planned”
• Can language policy work?
• Language change through cultivation
• Language change through policy
Lesson 3: CONCEPTS AND MAIN AUTHORS IN LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING
Meet Professor Bernard Spolsky
Born New Zealand. Ph.D. in Linguistics University of Montreal. Head of English, Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Director of the Language Policy Research Center at Bar-Ilan University, Israel. Expert in language testing, second language learning, computers in the humanities, applied linguistics, sociolinguistics and language policy. Former President of TESOL, Senior Research Fellow at the National Foreign Language Center in Washington. Many publications.
What is Language Policy? What is Language Planning?
Spolsky’s 3 components to language policy
language practices
(habits and usage of language)
language values
(beliefs and ideologies about language)
language management
(deliberate interventions in policy, regulations, or laws).
Nations, States and Languages
193 states/nations. More than 7000 languages
What do countries try to do with language policy? Compare Ireland and South Africa. Ireland tried to support one nation (the Irish nation or
ethnicity) in the one state, the Republic of Ireland. South Africa tries to support many ‘nations’, ‘identities’, ethnic groups, in one state, the Republic
of South Africa.
South Africa: before and after Apartheid (1994)
Before: Afrikaans and English After Apartheid
“The official languages of the Republic are Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu”
and “[R]ecognising the historically diminished use and status of the indigenous languages of our people, the state must take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and
advance the use of these languages” and gives support to:
Khoi, Nama and San languages, and sign language and respect for
all languages commonly used by communities in South Africa, including German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Tamil, Telegu and Urdu; and ii), Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit and
other languages used for religious purposes
Republic of Ireland
The constitution (Bunreacht na hÉireann) of 1937, recognises only Irish (Gaeilge), in
Article 8 (1):
“The Irish language as the national language is the first official language”
and at 8 (2)
“The English language is recognised as a second official language”
Precedence is accorded to Irish in various ways.
Irish is the NATIONAL and OFFICIAL language, but English is the DOMINANT language.
CORPUS language change
SCRIPT
TWO REFORMS IN THE CHINESE SYSTEM: Vietnam (Quoc Ngu Romanisation) and Korea (invention of Hangul)
ONE REFORM IN THE ARABIC SYSTEM: Romanisation in Turkey
REFORM WITHIN THE ALPHABETIC SYSTEM: German orthography law of 1996 (Rechtschreibreform)
BORROWING
Maestro, Da Capo, A Capella (English music terms)
IL Manager, Lo Spread, Mergers e Aquisizioni (Italian finance and management terms)
USAGE or ‘domains’ where different languages can be used
Attempts to replace one language with another
CATALAN against CASTILIAN in CATALONIA
MALAY/SWAHILI against English in MALAYSIA and TANZANIA
Somali, Arabic and English replacing Italian in Eritrea, Libya, Somalia
IRISH attempting to replace English in Ireland
Consolidating Dialects
e.g., speak Mandarin campaign in Singapore, Speak Good English Campaigns in Singapore
ACQUISITION last week we discussed 1850-2005 ’first foreign language’
World Englishes
e.g., TEFL, TESOL, ESL, ESD
Asian languages in Australia
Chinese, Japanese, Indonesian, Korean +
Community and Aboriginal Languages in Australia
e.g., Vietnamese, Maltese, Filipino, Latvian
So far we have seen four kinds of language policy
Status: what is the official role of a language in a constitution or a law, and also the cultural status of a language in poetry or literature
Corpus: issues to do with the script, technical vocabulary and other ‘internal’ resources of a language that make it suitable for certain functions
Usage: which domains are different languages used in and the policies to change these domains
Acquisition: which languages to teach in school or university.
Drivers of language change/planning today
International Regulation/Technology
~~~ air traffic control
sea-speak
arresting on the chunnel
UNICODE
Texting
Drivers of language change/planning today
Language Study
Teaching and Learning New or Additional Languages
Business
Recreation
Research
Romance
Cultural Pursuits
Spying
Ethnic Identity
Drivers of language change today
Social Cohesion
~~~
Language rights
Education equality
Cultural Multiculturalism
“Planning” Italian
http://www.accademiadellacrusca.it/it/pagina-d-entrata
Florence 1583 "purity” of the Italian language. 1612, Accademia published the first edition of its Dictionary: the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca,[ the
model for similar works in French, Spanish, German and English
Pietro Bembo influential in standardising and codifying Italian for modern usage.
Locutio prima/Locutio secondaria
MISSING FOR ITALY WAS A NATIONAL LANGUAGE FOR A NATION
Dante’s 4 criteria for building a NATIONAL language from the dialects:
ILLUSTRE
(eminent, enlightened, dignified)
CARDINALE (pointing dialects towards national norms)
AULICUM (official, appropriate for governance)
CURIALE (courtly, esteemed by authorities)
•
•
Some forces for language change in Italy in the global era
In the period of nations the push for language policy was NATIONALISM. Many nations did not have a state. A separate national language would help to produce a state. But in the global age what is pushing language change?
“la sindaca” ”la presidenta” “la coppia gay”. (She/he. Their. His/her. Chairperson)
Communication technology
Commerce, trade and business
Technology
Anti-racism?
Political Correctness?
Environmentalism?
‘interpreting’ culture of English as an international language
Please read:
Language, Place and Learning
Lo Bianco, 2007
Download
able at PASCAL website
http://lcn.pascalobservatory.org/sites/default/files/joe_lo_bianco_-_language_place_and_learning_-_august_2007.pdf