Online Electronics Laboratory• Core Technology

– Consumer Electronics, Computers, and Communications

• Future Projects– Alarm, remote control, robot– Equalizer, mixer, transceiver– Noise reduction headphone– Power hi-fi

Electronics Laboratory• Courses:

– EE352 - Introduction to Electronics Laboratory– EE312 - Basic Electronic Instrumentation

• Laboratory Webpage:– http://www.ee.buffalo.edu/courses/elab

• Instructor:– Prof. Pao-Lo Liu, 215A Bonner Hall– 645-3115 ext. 1207– paololiu@eng.buffalo.edu

Electronics Laboratory I

• Location:– Furnas Hall 415-417

• Hands On

• Support– Mr. Roger Krupski– Teaching Assistants– Senior Assistants

Learning Goals• Instrumentation

– Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Power Supply, Data Acquisition

• Device and Model– Diodes, Transistors, ICs

• Circuit and Design– Analog and Digital, Diagrams and Simulation, Con

struction and Diagnosis

• Experiment and Data Analysis– Safety

• Team Work, Communications, Ethics• Writing Report

What are Needed• Active Team Member NOT Observer

– Meet regularly and work together over the web• Laboratory Manual• Laboratory Notebook

– Bound, Page Serialized• Components

– Prototype Board, Resistors, Capacitors, Wires, Diodes, BJT, FET, Op Amp, ICs

• Reading and Preparation!– 10 hrs of Activities per Week

• Web Resources– http://newton.ex.ac.uk/teaching/CDHW/Electronics2/Electron

icsResources.html

Activities• Lecture• Preparation• Lab Session

– Attend the weekly laboratory session.

• Report– Due in one week; no late report– Will be graded in two weeks.– File re-grading request immediately.

• Exam and Final Project– No missing exam

Grading Guidelines• EE352 – Each Student

– 2 Summary (15 pts each)– 2 Full Reports (20 pts each; identify)– In-Lab Final (30 pts)

• EE 312 – Each Student– 2 Summary (20 pts each)– 1 Full Report (30 pts; identify)– In-Lab Final (30 pts)

Attendance countsReports to be Written in Turns by Team MembersEE352 – Exp. 4 or 6; not both

Writing Reports – http://www.studygs.net/labreports.htm

Experiments• Introduction to Electronics Laboratory• RC Filter and Bridge Circuit• Operational Amplifier• PN Junction Diodes and Switching Characteristics*• DC Power Supply• AC Power Circuit*• Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor• Logic Gates• Digital Circuits• Bipolar Junction Transistor*

* EE352 only

Schedule Posted on the Course Webpage

Equipment• Digital Multimeter

• Oscilloscope

• Function Generator

• Power Supply

• Computer – – Electronics Workbench, PSPICE– Data Acquisition

Digital Multimeter

Digital Multimeter

Voltage (M) and Resistance (+)Current ()CommonAC or DCSensitivity

Agilent Digital Multimeter

Digital Multimeter

• Select the Mode– Current Mode: Different plug– Resistance Mode: Red lead positive

• Select the Sensitivity Scale• AC Measurements

– Limited to few kHz– RMS: peak / 2 for sinusoidal wave– Alternative: oscilloscope

http://www.doctronics.co.uk/meter.htmhttp://www.physics.smu.edu/~scalise/apparatus/mult

imeter/

Digital Multimeter

• Voltage– In parallel with a resistor in the circuit

• Current– In series with a current path in the circuit

• Resistance– Two terminals of a resistor out of circuit

Experiment at Home

10 V !!

Oscilloscope

http://www.seas.upenn.edu/ese/rca/instruments/HPscope/54600B.htmlhttp://www.tek.com/Measurement/App_Notes/XYZs/03W_8605_2.pdf

http://www.educatorscorner.com/index.cgi?CONTENT_ID=2551

Basic instruments emulator, digital oscilloscope basics

Virtual Scope

Scope Online - DSO3062A

Oscilloscope

Waveform, Frequency

Transient, Time

Oscilloscope• Auto Mode• Dual Trace (Voltage vs. Time)

– Waveform display and timing comparison• Time Base Adjustment

– 5-10 cycles of sine wave– Clearly measurable rise or fall time

• Sensitivity, Position• DC or AC coupling

– AC coupling: high pass filter; droop• Trigger Source

– A, B, line, external; low or high pass filter to get stable display• Averaging• Measurements Using Cursors: V, t, rise time• Data Acquisition

– Save BMP, export data– LabView or Intuilink

Manual posted on course website

Labview

Operate, Run Print LabView screen shot Data file

Intuilink

• Scope screen shot• Digitization and data file

– two columns – time, voltage– three columns – time, trace 1 voltage and trace 2 voltage

Digitization

Screen Shot

Spreadsheet• Data Processing

– Subtraction, addition, averaging

• Data Plotting– Insert Chart– Chart Type: XY (Scatter) with line– Data Range– Series: Multiple traces– Scale– Axis

• X: Time

• Y: Voltage

• Data Analysis– Fourier analysis

Experiment at Home - Power Supply

Safety: Do not short the power supply!

Power Supply

Dual Adjustable VoltageCommon Reference - Ground NodeCurrent LimitingEarth Ground5-V Source

Experiment at Home – Sound Card Function Generator

Function Generator

Input waveforms to characterize circuit response

Virtual Function Generator

Function Generator• Waveforms

– Sine, square, triangular, sawtooth• Frequency• Amplitude

– Peak-to-peak or RMS– DC Offset– Output impedance

• Reading off by a factor of 2

• Other functions– Modulation– Sweeping

http://www.seas.upenn.edu/ese/rca/instruments/HPfuncgen/WaveFormGen/WaveFormGen.htmlFull manual posted on course website

Prototype Circuit Board

Power Bus

Ground Bus

Bridge the Gap

Internal Contacts

Prototype Circuit Board

• Post Assembly– Align notches– Make sure the post is not shorted to the metal

• Wire to the Post– Only insert the exposed metal wire– Do not let the insulator extend into the post

Prototype Board Assembly

• Tools– PSPICE– Electronics Workbench, Multisim

• Virtual Instrument

– LTSpice

• Getting Started– Short instruction in manual– Demo on course website– http://faculty.citadel.edu/mckinney/pspice.pdf

• Practice, Practice, and Practice!

Simulation

Procedures of Simulation• Compose the Circuit.

– GUI Schematic Capture– Text Circuit Description File

• Correct Errors.• Run Simulation.• Review Results.

– Bias Voltage, Waveform, Frequency Response

• Optimize the Circuit.

Resistor Identification• Fixed Resistors - Color coded

– Carbon film, metal wire– black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray,

whitewhite– 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9– Two significant digits; one multiplier– Example: brown black brown; 100 – More color ring: Tolerance

• Gold 5%• Silver 10%

– Color code calculator: http://www.seas.upenn.edu/ese/rca/calcjs.html

• Adjustable Resistors - Potentiometer

Fixed Resistors and Resistor Array

Potentiometer or Pot

• CurrentI = V / R

• PowerP = I V = I2 R

– Resistor rated at 0.25 W can burn while operating above its power handling limit.

Power Dissipation

• Capacitors - Labeled or number coded– Number Coded:

• 104; 10 x 104 = 105 pF

– Labeled:• 22; 22 pF• 10 F

– Electrolytic capacitors are labeled and polar.– Accuracy code

• K; 10%

http://www.electronics2000.co.uk/calc/calccap.htm

Capacitor Identification

Electrolytic, ceramic, mica, tantalum, polystyrene film

Electrolytic capacitor in wrong polarity has a leakage current.- Wrong bias, circuit fails to function

When biased above its rated voltage, an electrolytic capacitor could explode.- Shock

Safety: For electrolytic capacitors, do not reverse bias or over voltage. It may explode!

Component Identification

• Transistors - 2N3904– Pin configuration: EBC

• Op Amp - 741– Pin configuration:– 2-in, 3+in, 4-V, 7+V, 6 out, 1,5 offset– Notch - pin 1

• ICs – • Data Sheet

Putting it All Together

• Prototype Circuit Board– Power supply and ground bus– Semiconductor devices– R, C– Short wires

• Ground Reference• Power Line Filter

– Switching transient

http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/breadb.htm

Recommendations

• Read the laboratory manual.

• Run Multisim or PSPICE.

• Put the circuit together before the laboratory.

• Plan what to do in the laboratory.

• Don’t make up or copy reports.

Introduction• Oscilloscope –

– Trigger; small signal– AC or DC coupling– Timing comparison– Data acquisition

• Power supply – current limiting• Function generator• Voltage divider• E-Bench/Multisim or PSPICE

http://coecsl.ece.uiuc.edu/me360/me360Lab1.pdf

Oscilloscope

• Synchronization of small signal– Trigger: channel, filtered– External, strong, synchronized signal

• Small AC signal on DC– AC coupling

• Low Frequency– DC coupling

• Ground Loop Noise– Single primary ground, reference node

• Measurements– Amplitude, frequency (period)

• Timing Comparison– Dual trace– Cable length at high frequency

USB Oscilloscope• Analog to digital converter

– 1 M samples/sec• USB interface• Software

– Front panel– FFT– Screen catch– Data file

• Limitations– Trigger not perfect– Limited bandwidth

USB Oscilloscope• Adjustments

– Channel– Trigger– Time– Sensitivity– Single trace acquisition– Cursors for measurements

• File– Save BMP– Export data

Oscilloscope

Auto

Bench Power Supply

• Voltage Source– Constant voltage– Adjustable

• Protection– Current limit; <100 mA

• Select source A• Set to 1V; minimum curren

t• Attach a 10- resistor• Turn current limit knob unti

l 100 mA– No longer constant voltage

• Multiple Voltages– Common or ground referen

ce

Set voltage

Set current limit

Select dial A or B

Cellular Phone Power Supply

• Preparation– Unplug, cut cable, identify the positive

wire– Do not short wires– Plug in, measure dc voltage; < 10 V– Check ac ripple with USB

oscilloscope; use capacitor if needed• Limitations

– Voltage is not adjustable– Current has no limit, no short circuit

protection• Add a fuse• Verify circuit connections before

plugging in the power

Agilent Power Supply

Function Generator• Waveform Selection

– Sine (frequency scan)– Square (time or transient response)

• Amplitude– Peak-to-peak– 50 load assumed (reading x2 actual)

• Frequency• Offset

– Digital pulses

Sound Card• Codec• Synthesizer

– Software programmable

• Limitations– Frequency range

• DC or 20 Hz• 20 kHz

– Amplitude• 1-2 V

– Transient spikes– Frequency fluctuations– Noise– No offset adjustment

Sound Card Function Generator

Function Generator

Waveform

f, V

Change dial

Decimal PointDC Offset

Keypad Enter

Unit

Voltage Divider

21

21

2

|| RRZ

RR

RVV

o

ino

Derive mV signal for inputProtect USB oscilloscope

• Do not use “Earth Ground”• Pick one reference node as the primary groun

d node– Power supply common node

• Connect oscilloscope to common• Connect function generator to common• Connect the ground of circuit to common

• Do not form a ground loophttp://www.channld.com/hum.html

Ground Reference

• Set up function generator• Display waveforms on oscilloscope and record da

ta in file• DC and AC coupling

– Low frequency waveform– Small AC signal on large DC

• Compare timing using dual traces• Voltage divider

– Practice triggering with weak signal and external trigger

• Practice PSPICE or Electronic Workbench / Multisim

http://people.sinclair.edu/nickreeder/flashgames.htm

Activities

• Can you operate the laboratory equipment?• Do you know how to read resistance and

capacitance?• Have you done PSPICE simulation of the

voltage divider circuit?– Why is a 47- resistor used?

• Have you grabbed a waveform from the oscilloscope? How about the data file?

• Have you read the lab manual?• Do you have a partner and parts for the next

experiment?

Review